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Outline
1. How Asia fares globally?
2. What constrains Asian women from entering
the labor force?
3. Evidences from Selected Asian Countries
4. What can policymakers do?
DMC= developing member countries, OECD= Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Source: ILO, Key Indicators of the Labor Market 8th Ed.; WB, World Development Indicators 2014.
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Armenia
Kyrgyz Republic
Georgia
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
OECD Average
Korea, Republic of
Hong Kong, China
Mongolia
China, People's Rep
World Average
India
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Bangladesh
Nepal
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
Brunei Darussalam
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Myanmar
Lao PDR
Cambodia
Samoa
Timor-Leste
Fiji
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Vanuatu
Papua New Guinea
Japan
Australia
New Zealand
80
DMC Average
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Afghanistan
Pakistan
India
Samoa
Sri Lanka
Timor-Leste
Fiji
Malaysia
Indonesia
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Philippines
Solomon Islands
Japan
Bangladesh
Korea, Republic of
Brunei Darussalam
Armenia
Kyrgyz Republic
Tonga
Maldives
Singapore
Georgia
Hong Kong, China
Vanuatu
Tajikistan
Thailand
Australia
Mongolia
China, People's Rep. of
New Zealand
Nepal
Bhutan
Kazakhstan
Viet Nam
Azerbaijan
Cambodia
Papua New Guinea
Lao PDR
Myanmar
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Azerbaijan
Viet Nam
Bhutan
Nepal
Mongolia
0.8
Tajikistan
Vanuatu
Tonga
Kyrgyz Republic
Bangladesh
Solomon Islands
Uzbekistan
0.6
Kazakhstan
New Zealand
China, People's Rep. of Australia
Thailand
Hong Kong, China
Georgia
Maldives
Korea, Republic of
Armenia
Japan
Philippines
Indonesia
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Turkmenistan
Malaysia
Fiji
Timor-Leste
Sri Lanka
Samoa
0.4
India
Pakistan
0.2
6
10
11
12
PRC: M/F 1.2 at birth, high FLFP- internal migration, low fertility;
lower paid positions; wages 63% of men; limited access to
education
South Korea: FLFP lagging behind despite economic
development; FLFP is M-shaped
circumstances.
Provide more skills and vocational training.
Provide information on available employment resources and
job matching
Address mobility, security, and other female-specific concerns
Expand options for parental leave, child care, and flexible work
arrangement
Encourage competition through greater international trade
and openness.
o
Evidence suggests that female labor force participation (FLFP) will increase
in developing countries that locate export-oriented firms with femalespecific jobs.
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
< Primary
Primary
No Training
Secondary
Certificate/
Sr. Secondary
Tertiary
Concluding Remarks
Not all countries require strong policy interventionthere
may be differences across countries.
Demonstration effects can have a very large impact in
breaking social norms.
THANK YOU
http://blogs.adb.org/blog/different-gendersdifferent-decisions-why-asian-women-aren-twork