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A group of interested airlines has formed the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group
(SAFUG). The group was formed in 2008 in cooperation with support from NGOs such
as Natural Resources Defense Council and The Roundtable For Sustainable
Biofuels (RSB). Member airlines represent more than 15% of the industry, and all
member CEOs have signed a pledge to work on the development and use
of sustainable biofuels for aviation.10
Boeing is joining other aviation-related members in the Algal Biomass
Organization (ABO).11
Bio-SPK
The first route involves using oil which is extracted from plant sources
like jatropha, algae,tallows, other waste oils, Babassu and camelina to produce bioSPK (Bio derived synthetic paraffinic Kerosene) by cracking and hydroprocessing.
The growing of algae to make jet fuel is a promising but still emerging technology.
Companies working on algae jet fuel are Solazyme, Honeywell UOP, Solena, Sapphire
Energy, Imperium Renewables, and Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation. Universities
working on algae jet fuel areArizona State University and Cranfield University
Major investors for algae based SPK research are Boeing, Honeywell/UOP, Air New
Zealand,Continental Airlines, Japan Airlines, and General Electric.
See also: Algae fuel
FT-SPK
The second route involves processing solid biomass using pyrolysis to
produce pyrolysis oil orgasification to produce a syngas which is then processed into
FT SPK (FischerTropschSynthetic Paraffinic Kerosene).
Demonstration flights
Date
Operator Platform
Biofuel
Notes
2
GreenFli
Aerovodochod Waste Vegetable Oil Greenflight
October ght
y L29 Delfin
International made
2007
Internati
the very first flight
onal
of an aircraft
powered entirely by
100% biofuel from
the Reno, Stead
airport on the
afternoon of 2
October 2007.
There is no citation
for this entry - it
was made by the
pilot that flew it. In
November of 2008
the same aircraft
and flight crew flew
from Reno, NV to
Leesburg, FL using
100% biofuel for
the first seven of
the nine legs, the
remaining three
were complete don
a 50% biofuel 50%
JetA blend.
Februar
y 2008
Virgin
Atlantic
Boeing 747
Coconut and
Babassu
Decem
ber
Air New
Zealand
Boeing 747
Jatropha
A two-hour test
flight using a 50-50
2008
January
2009
Boeing 737
Algae andjatropha
Continental
Airlines ran the first
flight of an algaefueled jet. The flight
from
Houston'sGeorge
Bush
Intercontinental
Airportcompleted a
circuit over the Gulf
of Mexico. The
pilots on board
executed a series of
tests at 38,000 feet
(12,000 m),
including a midflight engine
shutdown. Larry
Kellner, chief
executive of
Continental Airlines,
said they had
tested a drop-in
fuel which meant
that no modification
to the engine was
required. The fuel
was praised for
having a low flash
point and
sufficiently low
freezing point,
Japan
Airlines
Boeing 747
Camelina,jatrophaan Japan
d algae
Airlines conducted
a one and a half
hour flight with one
engine burning a
50/50 mix of JetA and biofuel from
the Camelinaplant.
17
April
2010
US Navy
F/A-18
Camelina
March
2010
US Air
Force
A-10
Camelina
June
2010
Dutch
Military
Ah-64 Apache
Helicopter
June
2010
EADS
Diamond D42
Algae
Occurred at an air
show in Berlin in
June 2010.20
Novem
ber
2010
US Navy
MH-60S
Seahawk
Camelina
Flown on 5050
biofuel blend Nov.
18, 2010 in
Patuxent River, Md.
The helicopter,
from Air Test and
Evaluation
Squadron 21 at
TAM
Airbus 320
Jatropha
A 5050 biofuel
blend of
conventional and
jatropha oil21
June
2011
Boeing
Boeing 747-8F
Camelina
June
2011
Honeywe
ll
Gulfstream
G450
Camelina
The first
transatlantic biofuel
s flight using a
50/50 blend
of camelina-based
biofuel
andpetroleumbased fuel.2324
August
2011
US Navy
T-45
Camelina
Successfully flew a
T-45 training
aircraft using
biofuels at the
Naval Air Station
(NAS) in Patuxent
River, Maryland.
The flight was
completed by the
Salty Dogs ofAir
Test and Evaluation
Squadron 23 flying
on biofuel mixture
of 50/50 petroleumbased JP-5 jet fuel
and plant-based
camelina.25
Septem
ber
2011
US Navy
AV-8B
Camelina
Boeing 747400
Jatropha
using aviation
biofuels. The flight
was conducted
using Chinese
grown jatropha oil
fromPetroChina.
The flight was 2
hours in duration
above Beijing, and
used 50% biofuel in
1 engine.27
Novem
ber
2011
Continen
tal
Airlines
Boeing 737800
Algae
United / Continental
flew a biofuel flight
from IAH to ORD on
algae jet
fuel supplied
by Solazyme. The
fuel was partially
derived from
genetically
modified algae that
feed on plant waste
and produce oil. It
was the first
biofuel-powered air
service in the US.28
Novem
ber
2011
Alaska
Airlines
Boeing
737 andBomb
ardier Q400
Algae
January
2012
Etihad
Airways
Boeing 777300ER
vegetable cooking
oil
Etihad
Airways conducted
a biofuel flight from
Abu Dhabi to
Seattle using a
combination of
traditional jet fuel
and fuel based on
recycled vegetable
cooking oil30
April
2012
Porter
Airlines
Bombardier
Q400
Camelina
sativa andBrassica
carinata
October NRC
2012
Dassault
Falcon 20
Carinata
March
2013
Cessna 182
Paramus
Flying
Club
Commercial flights
Date
Jun
2011
Operator
KLM
Platfor
m
Biofuel
Boein Used
g
cooking
737oil
800
Notes
KLM flew the world's first commercial
biofuel flight, carrying 171 passengers
from Amsterdam to Paris33
Jul 2011
Lufthansa
Airbu
s
A321
Jatroph
a,
camelin
a plants
and
animal
fats
Jul 2011
Finnair
Airbu
s
A319
Used
The 1,500 km journey between
cooking Amsterdam and Helsinki was fuelled
oil
with a mix of 50 per cent biofuel
derived from used cooking oil and 50
per cent conventional jet
fuel.36 Finnair says it will conduct at
least three weekly Amsterdam-toHelsinki flights using the biofuel blend
in both of the aircraft's engines.
Refueling will be done at Amsterdam
Airport Schiphol.37
Jul 2011
Interjet
Airbu
s
A320
Jatroph
a
Aug
2011
AeroMexic
o
Boein
g
777200
Jatroph
a
Aeromexico flew the world's first transAtlantic revenue flight, from Mexico
City to Madrid with passengers39
Oct
2011
Thomson
Airways
Boein
g
757200
Used
Thomson flew the UK's first commercial
cooking biofuel flight from Birmingham
oil
Airport on one engine using biofuel
from used cooking oil, supplied
by SkyNRG40
Algae
March
13,
2013
KLM
Boein
g
777206E
R
Used
KLM begins weekly flights by a Boeing
cooking 777-200 between John F. Kennedy
oil
Airport in New York City, USA and
Amsterdams Schiphol Airport,
Netherlands42 using Biofuel supplied
by SkyNRG43
May 16,
2014
KLM
Airbu
s
A330200
Used
KLM begins weekly flights by an Airbus
cooking A330-200 between Queen Beatrix
oil
International Airport, in
Oranjestad Aruba 44 and Amsterdams
Schiphol Airport, Netherlands (with a
stop-over in Bonaire)42using Biofuel
supplied by SkyNRG43
Aug 4,
2014
Gol
Transporte
s Areos
Boein
g
737700
Inedible
corn oil
and
used
cooking
oil
Nov 7,
2014
Scandinavi Boein
an Airlines g
737600
Used
SAS Flight SK2064 flew their first ever
cooking flight using bio-fuel
oil
between Stockholm and stersund usin
g a 10 % blend of JET A1 based on used
cooking oil. It was also the first flight
from Arlanda Airport46
Nov 11,
2014
Scandinavi Boein
an Airlines g
737700
Used
SAS Flight SK371 flew the first ever
cooking Norwegian domestic flight using biooil
fuel between Trondheimand Oslo using
a 48 % blend of JET A1 based on used
cooking oil47
Mar 21,
2015
Hainan
Airlines
Used
Hainan Airlines conducted China's first
cooking commercial biofuel flight carrying 156
oil
passengers from Shanghai to Beijing.
The fuel, supplied by Sinopec, was a
fuel blend of approximately 50 percent
aviation biofuel mixed with
conventional petroleum jet fuel.48
Boein
g
737800
Environmental effects
Further information: Biofuel Greenhouse gas emissions
A life cycle assessment by the Yale School of Forestry on jatropha, one source of
potential biofuels, estimated using it could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to
85% if former agro-pastoral land is used, or increase emissions by up to 60% if
natural woodland is converted to use.49 In addition, biofuels do not contain sulfur
compounds and thus do not emit sulfur dioxide.
Many different standards exist for certification of sustainable biofuels. One such
standard often cited by airlines is the one developed by the The Roundtable For
See also
References
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