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AbstractThe lightning overvoltage is one of key issues in designing the insulation of transmission line and power apparatus.
Usually the influence of the impulse corona is ignored in numerical analysis of electromagnetic transients in power systems due
to the lack of experimental data. But the relationship between the
overvoltage and the insulation size of 1000-kV ac ultra-high voltage
(UHV) power systems enters the nonlinear region, and a small decrease in overvoltage will lead to a high reduction in insulation
size and bring huge economical benefits. So fully understanding
the corona characteristics of the 1000-kV UHV transmission line
is helpful to understand the actual wave process and realize a suitable insulation design of the 1000-kV UHV system. Experiments on
the lightning impulse corona characteristic of bundle conductors
for 1000-kV transmission lines are carried out in the China UHV
ac test base and the impulse corona Q-V curves of different bundle
conductors are obtained. The results show that the impulse corona
leads the increment of the capacitance of the conductor. Analysis
on the Q-V curves shows that the occurrence of the positive impulse corona has a time delay after the lightning impulse voltage
exceeds the corona inception voltage and the delay time is a tenth
of a microsecond. At the end of this paper, a simulation model for
corona based on the empirical formulas of Q-V curves fitted from
the test results is proposed, and is applied to the overvoltage analysis of 1000- kV transmission line and substation. The analysis results show the lightning impulse corona has a large influence on the
lightning overvoltage of the transmission line and substation.
Index TermsCorona cage, electromagnetic transient calculations, impulse corona, lightning impulse, Q-V curve, ultra-high
voltage (UHV) bundle conductors.
I. INTRODUCTION
IGHTNING overvoltage plays an important role in designing the insulation coordination of transmission lines
and substations. In order to simulate the lightning overvoltages
precisely, many studies have shown how to consider the lightning impulse corona [1][6]. The corona discharge around the
conductors decreases the conductor impedance and increases
Manuscript received April 08, 2013; revised July 05, 2013 and August 03,
2013; accepted August 07, 2013. Date of publication August 30, 2013; date of
current version September 19, 2013. This work was supported in part by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 5073001, in part
by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Project) under Grant
2009CB724504), and in part by the China State Power Grid. Paper no. TPWRD00408-2013.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key
Lab of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (e-mail:
hejl@tsinghua.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2278120
curve.
the coupling factors between the lines. Thus, the wave distortion and attenuation caused by impulse corona in propagation
should be considered in the precise simulations.
When the voltage on the conductor exceeds the corona inception voltage, the charges are generated not only on the conductor surface but also in the adjacent space [7]. Normally, the
charge versus voltage ( - ) curve of the conductor is used to
represent the characteristic of impulse corona [8][10]. A typical curve as shown in Fig. 1, consists of three parts [8].
is relative to voltage, and the
For a voltage of less than
slope of the curve is the natural capacitance of the conductors
. For voltages greater than the corona inception
increases nonlinearly with
voltages
and less than
. For the voltages
, which is larger than
slope
decreasing section, the charge on the conductor decreases with
the voltage but the space charge scarcely decreases. As a result,
in this section.
the slope of the curve is close to
Many experimental studies have been carried out on the lightning impulse corona characteristics of conductors in the corona
cage [12], [13] or the conductors above a ground plane [7],
[14][18]. However, only several experiments have been performed on the impulse corona characteristics of 1000-kV ultrahigh voltage (UHV) conductors under positive and negative
lightning impulses [18], [19]. These experimental results are not
enough to establish precise impulse corona model in the simulations. As we know, the relationship between the overvoltage
and the insulation size enters the nonlinear region in UHV systems [20], a small decrease in overvoltage will lead to a high decrease in insulation size and bring huge economic benefits. So to
fully understand the corona characteristics of the 1000-kV UHV
transmission line, it is helpful to understand the actual wave
process and realize a suitable insulation design of the 1000-kV
UHV ac power system.
YANG et al.: LIGHTNING IMPULSE CORONA CHARACTERISTIC OF 1000-kV UHV TRANSMISSION LINES
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curve.
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TABLE I
CONDUCTORS TESTED IN THE IMPULSE CORONA EXPERIMENT
curves of 8
LGJ500/35 s400:
curves of 8
LGJ630/45 s400:
IV. DISCUSSIONS
A. Corona Inception Voltage
The corona inception voltage is the principal characteristic of
the curve. When the impulse voltage exceeds the corona
inception voltage, charges are generated in the space around the
conductors. It can be seen that the curve deviates from the natural capacitance and increases rapidly. Thus, the knee point of
the curve is usually considered as the conductors corona
inception voltage.
As shown in Figs. 5 and 6, the curves become steeper at the
knee points. The steepness of the positive curves is much greater
than the negative ones. The phenomenon can be explained by
the gas discharge. In the negative corona cases, a large number
of free electrons are generated and attached to the air molecules
around the conductors. The negative ions increase the conductor
equivalent radius and restrain the further development of the
TABLE II
POSITIVE LIGHTNING IMPULSE CORONA INCEPTION DELAY
TIME OF UHV CONDUCTORS
corona. In the positive corona cases, positive streamers are generated on the surface of the conductors, and the electric field
in front of the streamers is strengthened. As a result, a corona
under positive lightning impulse voltage is much easier to generate. The positive corona is much stronger than the negative
one. It can be seen from the curves in Figs. 5 and 6 that, under
the same impulse voltage, the positive corona generates more
charges than the negative one does.
The knee point is usually considered as the corona inception
voltage. However, in the positive corona curves, the knee
points of the same conductors are not kept the same, when the
amplitudes of the impulse voltage applied are different and
the other parameters remain unchanged. This phenomenon
has never been observed in the negative lightning impulse and
switching impulse corona.
The impulse corona inception delay time may explain the
phenomenon. The positive impulse corona will not be generated
at the time the voltage exceeds the corona inception voltage.
The reason is that the motion velocity of the positive ions is obviously slower than that of the negative electrons, and the positive ions on the conductor surface need a very short period to
move into space to form positive charges. But for negative impulse corona, the negative electrons are much faster to move
into space to form negative charges. It is possible that there is
a delay time in the negative impulse as well, but the negative
impulse corona inception delay time is much shorter than the
lightning wavefront time and has little influence on the
curve.
The knee points of the UHV conductors are obtained from the
impulse voltage waveform recorded. Table II shows the positive
lightning impulse corona inception delay time of UHV conductors. As shown in Fig. 1, there is a delay time between the corona
inception voltage and the knee point. For the 8 LGJ500/35
bundle conductors, the delay time is from 0.45 to 0.73 s. For
the 8 LGJ630/45 conductors, the delay time is about 0.5 s.
The delay time of the other conductors ranges from 0.4 to 0.9
s without obvious regularity. Under the lightning impulse, the
voltages rise rapidly in the delay time period and the voltage of
the knee point is much higher than the corona inception voltage.
The steeper the impulse is, the higher the knee point voltage is.
The knee point voltages of the same conductors under different
amplitude impulses are scattered over a wide range.
The wavefront time of switching impulse is several hundreds
of microseconds [21], [22], three orders of magnitude larger
than the delay time. The switching impulse voltage barely
changes during the delay time. That explains the positive
YANG et al.: LIGHTNING IMPULSE CORONA CHARACTERISTIC OF 1000-kV UHV TRANSMISSION LINES
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LGJ630/45 s400
(1)
(2)
where is the corona inception voltage, and is the coefficient
of conductors. The natural capacitance of conductors
could be calculated by finite-element analysis software or by the
following approximate formula:
lines
cages
(3)
where
is the subconductor radius,
is the radius of the
bundle conductors. is the height of transmission lines, and
is the radius of the corona cage.
The corona inception voltage
can be calculated by
where
is the corona inception gradient according to Peeks
formula.
is the relative air density and
is the
conductor surface roughness factor.
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TABLE III
COEFFICIENTS IN THE CURVE OF DIFFERENT BUNDLE CONDUCTORS
UNDER NEGATIVE LIGHTNING IMPULSES
The coefficients of different bundle conductors under negative lightning impulse are listed in Table III.
Based on the empirical equations of curves, an applicable corona model is shown in Fig. 10. Transmission lines
are divided into several sections, and the nonlinear capacitance
circuits are added in the electromagnetic transient programs
[2], [9], [23][25], which is different from the linear element
corona model proposed by Motoyama [26], based on Lees
corona model. If the number of discretizations of the transmission line is not enough, the corona models inserted may cause
wave deformation, resulting in reduced overvoltage. This had
been discussed in [25] and the section of the line was decreased
from 200 to 100 to 50 m. Substantial differences were apparent
in the results from 200 to 100 m, but the differences were small
from 100 to 50 m. Thus, in this paper, the transmission line
was divided into sections of 50 m to obtain precise simulation
results. When the applied impulse voltage is lower than the
corona inception voltage , the diode is turned off and the line
charge
increases linearly with voltage . The slope of the
curve is the conductor natural capacitance
.
If the corona inception voltage is exceeded, the diode is turned
on and additional capacitance
is connected with the
circuit in parallel to simulate the effect of corona. When the
crest voltage
is exceeded, the diode is turned off and
only
remains in the circuit. The charge
decreases
following the slope equal to
.
can be calculated
by the empirical equations and is changed in every time step
with the line voltages in the transient simulations.
The energy dissipation during the corona process can be represented by a conductance that comes into effect only at voltages above corona onset, and this could make the model much
more accurate. However, the duration of lightning impulse is
Fig. 12. Overvoltage waveforms on the insulator string when a negative lightning strikes the upper phase line of the 1000-kV transmission line.
YANG et al.: LIGHTNING IMPULSE CORONA CHARACTERISTIC OF 1000-kV UHV TRANSMISSION LINES
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Fig. 15. Influence of impulse corona on the overvoltages at the first tower
(which is 200 m away from the substation) of the 1000-kV UHV substation
when 50-kA lightning strikes the transmission line 1 km away from the
substation.
curves of 4
LGJ630/45 s450:
curves of 6
LGJ630/45 s450:
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incoming point of the 1000-kV UHV substation, and the amplitude decreases by 27% and the wavefront time does by 25%. In
the meantime, the overvoltages on the equipment of the UHV
substation are much lower when impulse corona is considered,
for example, the overvoltages on the series reactor decrease
from 2035 to 1731 kV, lower than the BLIW 1957 kV; as a result, there is no need to install extra surge arresters to protect the
series reactor, and unnecessary cost is avoided.
Fig. 19. Lightning impulse corona
(a) Negative. (b) Positive.
curves of 10
LGJ630/45 s350:
TABLE IV
LIGHTNING OVERVOLTAGES ON THE EQUIPMENT
OF THE 1000-kV UHV SUBSTATIONS
APPENDIX A
The
Figs. 1619
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Prof. H. Weigang for the
suggestions on the tests plan. The authors also appreciate the
field tests and equipment supported by W. Xiong, X. Tao, and
other staff at the UHV AC Test Base.
REFERENCES
VI. CONCLUSION
The knee point of the curve is usually considered to
be the corona inception voltages. However, under the positive
lightning impulse, the knee points of the same conductors are
different. The voltage at the knee point is much larger than the
corona inception voltage. This phenomenon had appeared in
lightning impulse corona test results in the literature [19]; however, researchers had not made a systematic study on it. Corona
inception delay time is proposed in this paper to explain this
phenomenon.
The positive impulse coronas are not generated at the time the
voltage exceeds the corona inception voltage. After a very short
period, the charges are generated in the space. Analyses on the
test results show that the delay time of positive corona ranges
from 0.4 to 0.9 s without obvious regularity. This delay time
is a tenth of a microsecond that can be ignored in the switching
impulse corona. However, it has a significant influence on the
lightning impulse corona characteristic.
The weather conditions have some effect on the lightning impulse corona characteristic. For positive impulses, the corona
onset voltage is much lower and the corona loss is greater under
rainy conditions. While for negative impulses, the corona
curves under rainy conditions almost overlap those under fair
conditions.
Based on the test results, the empirical formulas of
curves are developed. A model to simulate the corona effect of
conductors in the transient calculation is established. The lightning overvoltages on the UHV tower and the UHV substations
are calculated. In our case, with the effect of impulse corona,
the overvoltage on the 1000-kV insulator decreases by 9%, and
the tower lightning impulse withstand level for shielding failure
rises from 33 to 37 kA. The impulse corona could lead the great
attenuation and distortion to the overvoltage waveshape at the
YANG et al.: LIGHTNING IMPULSE CORONA CHARACTERISTIC OF 1000-kV UHV TRANSMISSION LINES
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Shuiming Chen (SM02), photograph and biography not available at the time
of publication.