Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Directional Drilling
Directional Drilling
- Overview :
Controlled directional drilling is the engineering
process of planning and drilling a well
It is a drilling method in a predetermined trajectory,
until reaching a target or objective situated off of the
vertical line that passes thorough the rig
Directional drilling started as corrective operations for
some problems occurring during drilling such as:
Sidetracks due to fishing operation failures or
Extreme borehole tortuosity
Directional Drilling
- Overview :
Today, however, the applications of directional wells
in the industry are manifolds
Most recent advances include the drilling of horizontal
wells and multilateral wells, have revealed extremely
efficient in increasing the productivity of reservoirs
with small thickness
Directional Drilling
- Overview :
Among the most important uses of directional wells
is the development of offshore fields
The cost of the development of those fields using
vertical (conventional) wells would have made their
exploitation prohibitive
Directional Drilling
Directional Drilling
- Application of Directional Drilling :
Inaccessible locations:
Natural or artificial barriers preclude the access
from the vertical of the target
Relief wells:
Technique used to combat a blowing up well
Directional Drilling
- Application of Directional Drilling :
Natural directional wells:
Use the natural tendency of certain formations
to reach the target with lower cost
(vertical too expensive)
Horizontal wells:
In thin formations, horizontal wells increase the
area exposed to flow, increasing production
Directional Drilling
- Application of Directional Drilling :
Sidetrack:
10
Directional Drilling
11
Directional Drilling
- Application of Directional Drilling :
Environmental pressures, as for example in Alaska
and in the Amazon, have increased the use of
onshore directional drilling
12
Directional Drilling
- Well Trajectory Local Coordinate System:
The planned and drilled trajectories of a directional
well are either 2D or 3D objects
Associated to any point along the trajectory
(planned or actual) there are
three values that can be determined (planned
trajectory) or measured (actual trajectory)
Those values can be used to determine the
coordinates of the point in the rig local coordinate
systems
13
Directional Drilling
- Well Trajectory Local Coordinate System:
The values are :
Measured Depth
Inclination
Azimuth
14
Directional Drilling
- Well Trajectory Local Coordinate System:
The measured depth at the point of the trajectory
is the measured of the length along the trajectory,
from the rotary table to the point
15
Directional Drilling
- Planning a 2D Directional Well Trajectory :
16
Directional Drilling
- Planning a 2D Directional Well Trajectory :
The location of the rig determines the rig local
coordinate system
The rig and the target determine a vertical plane
which contains the vertical V, and the target T
17
Directional Drilling
- Planning a 2D Directional Well Trajectory :
18
Directional Drilling
- Planning a 2D Directional Well Trajectory :
Point R corresponds to the rig location, and also
the origin of the rig local coordinate system
Point T is the target, whose coordinates (v, n, e)
are respectively the TVD, relative North/South,
and relative East/West coordinates of the target
19
Directional Drilling
- Planning a 2D Directional Well Trajectory :
The distance d from the target to the vertical axis V
is called the horizontal departure to target and is
calculated from the relative coordinates n and e as
follows:
20
Directional Drilling
- Planning a 2D Directional Well Trajectory :
The target azimuth is the angle of the vertical
plane and is given by:
21
Directional Drilling
- Planning a 2D Directional Well Trajectory :
The parameters v (TVD) and horizontal departure
d are the basic parameters we need to plan the 2D
trajectory of the directional well
22
Directional Drilling
- Terms for Well Trajectory :
23
Directional Drilling
- Terms for Well Trajectory :
24
Directional Drilling
- Terms for Well Trajectory :
The position of the KOP will also affect the final
and/or the maximum inclination of the trajectory
The engineer, therefore, will have to simulate
several trajectories and choose the one that best
fits the characteristics of the region to be drilled
Some restrictions on the trajectory will narrow the
range of possibilities
25
Directional Drilling
- Terms for Well Trajectory :
For example, the ideal or necessary angle to reach
the target :
To drill the reservoir perpendicular to the plan of
highest permeability in anisotropic rocks, or
26
Directional Drilling
- Terms for Well Trajectory :
The hole section that follows the KOP is called
build-up section
It is always recommended to run a casing shortly
after the end of the build-up section
A cased borehole will prevent the formation of key
seats which may lead pipesticking problems
Since casing projects should follow several design
criteria, it is appropriate, and advisable, that
engineers work as an integrated team aiming to
end up with a small number of optimized plans
that comply with all design criteria
27
Directional Drilling
- Terms for Well Trajectory :
The final choice will consider economics, logistics
(availability of deflection tools at or close to the
location, etc)
28
Directional Drilling
- Geometric Elements of 2D Well Trajectories:
The simplest curved segment used in trajectory
planning is the sector of circle
An advantage is that only one parameter is
required to define the curve
29
Directional Drilling
- Geometric Elements of 2D Well Trajectories:
The radius and the curvature are related by
30
Directional Drilling
- Geometric Elements of 2D Well Trajectories:
The curvature can be expressed as:
31
Directional Drilling
- Geometric Elements of 2D Well Trajectories:
The radius can be calculated by:
32
Directional Drilling
- Geometric Elements of 2D Well Trajectories:
It is common also to refer to curvature as :
buildup rate
(BUR for building angle curves)
dropoff rate
(DOR for dropping angle curvatures
doglegseverity
(DLS for curves in general, and in particular to
measure the degree of tortuosity of a trajectory)
33
Directional Drilling
- Geometric Elements of 2D Well Trajectories:
The TVD and the horizontal departure are the basic
parameters needed to plan a 2D trajectory for a
directional well
34
Directional Drilling
- Geometric Elements of 2D Well Trajectories:
35
2D Trajectory Geometries
36
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold
Build, Hold, and Partial Drop (Modified S type)
37
38
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
Drilling starts vertical to the KOP
39
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
The Build and Hold type has three parameters
and two degrees of freedom:
KOP
BUR
Maximum Inclination
40
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
Determine KOP given BUR and max
(Max.Inclination)
41
42
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
Determine KOP given BUR and Max. Inclination
43
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
44
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
Determine max given KOP and BUR
45
46
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
Determine max given KOP BUR and
47
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
48
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
Determine BUR given KOP and max
49
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
Determine BUR given KOP and max
50
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
Determine BUR given KOP and max
51
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build and Hold (Profile A):
52
53
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build, Hold, and Drop (profile C):
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build, Hold, and Drop (profile C):
The Build and Hold type has five parameters and
four degrees of freedom:
KOP
BUR
Maximum Inclination
DOR
EOD (vertical depth of the endof-drop)
55
56
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build, Hold, and Drop (profile C):
Determine max given KOP, BUR (c1), DOR (c2),
and EOD
57
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build, Hold, and Drop (profile C):
Determine max given KOP, BUR (c1), DOR (c2),
and EOD
58
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build, Hold, and Drop (profile C):
59
60
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build, Hold, and Partial Drop (profile B):
Drilling starts vertical to the KOP
61
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build, Hold, and Partial Drop (profile B):
From this point, angle decreases (drop-off
segment) until a given inclination is obtained
(end of drop)
62
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build, Hold, and Partial Drop (profile B):
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Build, Hold, and Partial Drop (profile B):
64
65
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Continuous Build (profile D):
Drilling starts vertical to the KOP
66
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
In addition to these basic types, there exist other
special profiles
These profiles are more suitable to deep drilling
projects, extended reach wells (ERW), and
horizontal wells
67
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Catenary:
68
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Double Build:
This type is very common in horizontal drilling
69
Directional Drilling
- Classifying 2D Well Trajectories:
Reverse Double Build: