Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
GUIDE TO
SITE INVESTIGATION
GEOGUIDE 2
GUIDE TO
SITE INVESTIGATION
Prepared by:
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Homantin, Kowloon,
Hong Kong.
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66 Queensway,
Hong Kong.
Hong Kong.
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FOREWORD
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E.W. Brand
Principal Government Geotechnical Engineer
September 1987
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CONTENTS
Page
No.
T I T L E PAGE
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
PART I : INTRODUCTION
1,
SCOPE
2.
TERMINOLOGY
3,
4,
GENERAL PROCEDURES
5.
4.1
4.2
DESK STUDY
4.3
S I T E RECONNAISSANCE
4.4
4.5
GENERAL
5.2
TUNNELS
5.3
5.4
WASTE T I P S
5.5
OTHER EARLIER U S E S
Page
No.
5.6
6,
ANCIENT MONUMENTS
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
6.1
GENERAL
6.2
T O P O G R A P H I C M A P S AND A E R I A L P H O T O G R A P H I C IMAGERY
6.2.1
M a p a n d Plan Scales
6.2.2
A e r i a l Photographic I m a g e r y
6.2.3
O r t h o p h o t o M a p s and Plans
6.3
6.3.1
Identification and Interpretation of
Ground Features
6.3.2
E x a m p l e s o f A P I in H o n g K o n g
7,
8,
9,
OBJECTIVES
7.2
P L A N N I N G AND CONTROL
S I T E S FOR NEW W O R K S
8.2
D E F E C T S OR F A I L U R E S O F E X I S T I N G F E A T U R E S OR WORKS
8.3
S A F E T Y O F E X I S T I N G F E A T U R E S AND W O R K S
8.3.1
E f f e c t o f N e w W o r k s upon E x i s t i n g
F e a t u r e s and W o r k s
8.3.2
T y p e s of E f f e c t s
8.3.3
Procedure
8.4
M A T E R I A L S FOR CONSTRUCTION P U R P O S E S
GENERAL
10.2
C H A R A C T E R AND V A R I A B I L I T Y O F T H E GROUND
10.3
10.3.1 G e n e r a l
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NO.
10.3.2
10.3.3
Slope a n d R e t a i n i n g W a l l C o n s t r u c t i o n
10.4 P R E L I M I N A R Y I N V E S T I G A T I O N
10.5 L O C A T I O N
10.6 S P A C I N G
10.7 D E P T H O F E X P L O R A T I O N
10.7.1
General
10.7.2
F o u n d a t i o n s for Structures
10.7.3
Embankments
10.7.4
C u t Slopes
10.7.5
Pavements
10.7.6
Pipelines
10.7.7
Marine Works
10.7.8
Tunnels
11.2 S I T E C O N S I D E R A T I O N S
OR G R A V E L
12.3 GRANULAR S O I L S
12.4 I N T E R M E D I A T E S O I L S
12.5 V E R Y S O F T T O S O F T C O H E S I V E S O I L S
12.6 F I R M T O S T I F F C O H E S I V E S O I L S
12.7 C O H E S I V E S O I L S CONTAINING B O U L D E R S . C O B B L E S
OR G R A V E L
12.8 F I L L
12.9 ROCK
12.10 S O I L S D E R I V E D F R O M I N S I T U ROCK W E A T H E R I N G
12.11 D I S C O N T I N U I T I E S
12.12 C A V I T I E S
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13,
65
13.1
GENERAL
65
13.2
65
13.3
INVESTIGATION O F P O T E N T I A L CORROSION O F S T E E L
65
13.4
I N V E S T I G A T I O N O F F I L L CONTAINING I N D U S T R I A L W A S T E S
66
GENERAL
14.2
S T A G E S AND P L A T F O R M S
14.3
FLOATING CRAFT
14.4
WORKING B E T W E E N T I D E L E V E L S
14.5
LOCATING BOREHOLE P O S I T I O N S
14.6
DETERMINATION O F REDUCED L E V E L S
14.7
D R I L L I N G , S A M P L I N G AND T E S T I N G
GENERAL
15.2
P L A N N I N G AND D I R E C T I O N
15.3
15.4
15.5
LABORATORY T E S T I N G
15.6
S P E C I A L I S T ADVICE
15.7
INTERPRETATION
15.8
OPERATIVES
GENERAL
16.2
PURPOSE
16.3
INFORMATION REQUIRED
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NO.
16.3.1
16.3.2
Soil and R o c k
Water
16.4 I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N
18.2 D E E P T R I A L P I T S AND C A I S S O N S
18.3 H E A D I N G S OR A D I T S
18.5 L I G H T C A B L E P E R C U S S I O N BORING
18.6 M E C H A N I C A L A U G E R S
18.7 ROTARY
18.7.1
18.7.2
18.7.3
O P E N H O L E D R I L L I N G AND ROTARY C O R E D R I L L I N G
General
Flushing Medium
Inclined D r i l l i n g
18.8.1 W a s h B o r i n g
18.8.2 O t h e r M e t h o d s of B o r i n g
18.9 B A C K F I L L I N G E X C A V A T I O N S AND B O R E H O L E S
19.2 S A M P L E Q U A L I T Y
19.3 D I S T U R B E D S A M P L E S F R O M BORING T O O L S OR
EXCAVATING E Q U I P M E N T
19.4 O P E N - T U B E S A M P L E R S
19.4.1 P r i n c i p l e s o f D e s i g n
19.4.3 T h i n - W a l l e d S a m p l e r s
19.4.4 G e n e r a l P u r p o s e 100 mm D i a m e t e r
O p e n - T u b e Sampler
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19.4.5
Sampler
19.5
19.6
19.6.1 General
19.7
SAND SAMPLERS
19.8
R O T A R Y CORE SAMPLES
19.9
BLOCK SAMPLES
19.10.1 General
19.10.2 Labelling
Specimens of Rock
20,
21,
GROUNDWATER
20.1
GENERAL
20.2
20.2.5
Electrical Piezometers
20.3
GROUNDWATER SAMPLES
TESTS I N BOREHOLES
21.1
GENERAL
21.2
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No.
21.3
VANE TESTS
21.3.1
General P r i n c i p l e s
21.3.2
A d v a n t a g e s a n d Limitations
21.4
PERMEABILITY TESTS
21.4.1
General P r i n c i p l e s
21.4.2
Preparations for t h e Test
21.4.3
Variable-head T e s t
21.4.4
Constant-head Test
21.4.5
A n a l y s i s of R e s u l t s
21.4.6
21.4.7
A d v a n t a g e s a n d Limitations
21.5
21.5.1
General P r i n c i p l e s
21.5.2
Packers
Application a n d M e a s u r e m e n t of P r e s s u r e
21.5.3
21.5.4
M e a s u r e m e n t of Flow
21.5.5
Execution of T e s t
21.5.6
Results a n d Interpretation
21.6
PLATE TESTS
21.6.1
General
21.6.2
Limitations
21.6.3
Preparation
21.6.4
B e d d i n g of t h e P l a t e
Application a n d M e a s u r e m e n t of Load
21.6.5
21.6.6
M e a s u r e m e n t of Deflection
21.6.7
Execution of T e s t
21.6.8
U s e s of t h e T e s t
21.6.9
Supplementary Test
21.6.10 Horizontal P l a t e T e s t s
21.7
PRESSUREMETER TESTS
21.7.1
T e s t Description
21.7.2
E q u i p m e n t Calibration
21.7.3
Forming t h e T e s t P o c k e t
21.7.4
Results a n d Interpretation
21.7.5
T e s t s i n Rock
21.8
21.8.1
Impression Packer S u r v e y
21.8.2
Core O r i e n t a t o r s
129
22.1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
129
22.2
129
22.3
130
22.4
DOUBLE-HOLE SAMPLING
130
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22.5
23,
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
GENERAL
23.2
DYNAMIC PROBING
23.3
STATIC
23.3.1
23.3.2
23.3.3
23.3.4
23.3.5
23.3.6
23.4
STATIC-DYNAMIC PROBING
General D e s c r i p t i o n
Mechanical Cone P e n e t r o m e t e r s
Electrical Cone P e n e t r o m e t e r s
General Recommendations
U s e s a n d Limitations of t h e T e s t
P r e s e n t a t i o n of R e s u l t s
25,
26,
FIELD TESTS
24.1
GENERAL
24.2
24.2.1
P o i n t Load S t r e n g t h
24.2.2
S c h m i d t Hammer Rebound Value
24.3
INFILTRATION TESTS
PUMPING TESTS
25.1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
25.2
GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS
25.3
TEST SITE
25.4
PUMPED WELLS
25.5
OBSERVATION WELLS
25.6
TEST PROCEDURES
25.7
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
DISCONTINUITY SURVEYS
26.1
GENERAL
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No.
26.2
27,
GENERAL P R I N C I P L E S
27.2
SAND R E P L A C E M E N T M E T H O D
27.3
CORE C U T T E R M E T H O D
27.4
W E I G H T I N W A T E R METHOD
27.5
WATER D I S P L A C E M E N T M E T H O D
27.6
27.7
27.8
28,
29,
NUCLEAR METHODS
GENERAL
28.2
S T R E S S M E A S U R E M E N T S I N ROCK
28.3
S T R E S S MEASUREMENTS IN S O I L S
BEARING TESTS
29.1
V E R T I C A L LOADING T E S T S
29.1.1
General Principles
29.1.2
Limitations of t h e T e s t
29.1.3
S i t e Preparation
29.1.4
Test Arrangement
29.1.5
Measurements
29.1.6
Test Methods
29.1.7
Analysis of Results
29.1.8
Interpretation o f R e s u l t s
29.2
29.3
P R E S S U R I Z E D CHAMBER T E S T S
29.4
29.4.1
General
29.4.2
Test Method
29.4.3
L i m i t a t i o n s and U s e o f T e s t
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No.
30.
31,
32.
33.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
30.2
SAMPLE PREPARATION
30.3
TEST ARRANGEMENT
30.4
MEASUREMENTS
30.5
TEST METHODS
30.6
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
LARGE-SCALE F I E L D T R I A L S
31.1
GENERAL
31.2
METHODS OF INSTRUMENTATION
31.3
31.4
CONSTRUCTION TRIALS
BACK ANALYSIS
32.1
GENERAL
32.2
FAILURES
32.3
OTHER CASES
GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYING
33.1
GENERAL
33.2
LAND GEOPHYSICS
33.2.1
Resistivity
33.2.2
Gravimetric
33.2.3
Magnetic
33.2.4 Seismic
33.3
MARINE
33.3.1
33.3.2
33.3.3
33.3.4
33.4
BOREHOLE LOGGING
33.5
CORROSION TESTING
GEOPHYSICS
General
Echo-Sounding
C o n t i n u o u s S e i s m i c Reflection P r o f i l i n g
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NO.
34,
35.
36,
37,
38,
35.1
35.2
STORAGE OF SAMPLES
35.3
INSPECTION FACILITIES
VISUAL EXAMINATION
36.1
GENERAL
36.2
SOIL
36.3
ROCK
36.4
PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS
TESTS ON SOIL
37.1
GENERAL
37.2
SAMPLE QUALITY
37.3
SAMPLE SIZE
37.4
TEST CONDITIONS
37.5
TESTS ON ROCK
39,
FIELD REPORTS
40,
S I T E INVESTIGATION REPORT
40.1
GENERAL
40.2
DESCRIPTIVE REPORT
40.2.1
R e p o r t as R e c o r d
40.2.2
Introduction
40.2.3
Description of Site
40.2.4
Geology
183
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No.
40.2.5
40.2.6
40.2.7
40.2.8
40.2.9
40.3
Field Work
Borehole Logs
Incidence a n d Behaviour of Groundwater
Location of Boreholes
Laboratory Test Results a n d Sample Descriptions
ENGINEERING INTERPRETATION
40.3.1
Matters t o be Covered
40.3.2
Data on which Interpretation i s Based
40.3.3
Presentation of Borehole Data
40.3.4
Design
40.3.5
Construction Expedients
40.3.6
Sources of Materials
40.3.7
Failures
40.3.8
Calculations
40.3.9
References
REFERENCES
TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES
FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
PLATES
LIST OF PLATES
PLATES
APPEND ICES
APPENDIX A : INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR DESK STUDY
APPENDIX B : SOURCES OF INFORMATION
APPENDIX C : NOTES ON SITE RECONNAISSANCE
APPENDIX D : INFORMATION
REQUIRED FOR DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION
APPENDIX E : SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
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PART I
INTRODUCTION
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1, SCOPE
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P a r t s IV a n d V. P a r t s IV a n d V discuss methods of g r o u n d
investigation, sub-divided a s follows : P a r t IV deals with
excavation, boring. sampling, probing a n d tests i n boreholes;
P a r t V deals with field tests a n d laboratory tests on samples.
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this Geoguide.
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2, TERMINOLOGY
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PART I 1
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
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4, GENERAL PROCEDURES
4.1. I
General
The costs o f a site investigation are low in refatJon to the overall cost
o f a project and may be further reduced b y intelligent forward planning.
Discussion at an e&y stage with a speciaht contractor wifl help to formdate
The technicaf requirements o f the
an efficient and economic plan.
investigation shoufa' be the overriding factor in the selection o f investigatory
methods, rather than the]> cost.
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4.1
4.1.2
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4.2
DESK STUDY
As a
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SITE RECONNAISSANCE
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Nearby cut sfopes can reveal soil and rock types and their stablzty
characteristics, as can old excavations and quarries. Shilarly, in the vicinity
there may be embankments or bu~idings and other structures having a
settfement history because of the presence of compress~Bleor unstable soih.
Other important evidence that might be obtained from an inspection is the
presence of underground excavations, such a s basements and tunnefs. The
beha viour of structures simiar to those intended shoufa' also pro vide useful
hformatJon, and the absence of such structures may be significant, a s may be
also the presence of a vacant site zn the midst of otherwise intensive
de vehpment.
Exampfes of earlier uses of the site that may affect new construct~on
works are given in Chapter 5.
4.4 DETAILED EXAMINA TION AND SPECIAL STUDIES
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For most projects, the design and planning of construction will require a
detaded examination of the site and its surround~ngs/see afso Append~kD).
Such requirements may necessitate a detailed land survey /see Append~xD.ZI, or
an investigation of liabifity to flooding. The hvestigation of ground conditions
is dealt with in Parts IZI and IK Other requirements may entail studies of
special subjects such a s hydrography /see Appendix D. 3); micrometeorofogy /see
Append~kD. 4); sources of mater~als (see Appendix D. 5); disposal of waste
materials /see Appendix 0.6); or other en vironmental considerations.
Tbe poss~B~Xty
of disused tunnels affecting the site should also be
considered (see Section 5.21.
In areas where underground cavities are suspected (Culshaw & Waltham,
1987). it may be necessary to carry out a special study to assess the suitability
of the site for development (see Section 7.1 ).
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31
If a site has been used for other purposes in the past, this can have a
significant effect on the present intended use. A careful visual inspechon of a
site and the vegetation i t sustains may reveal clues suggesting interference
with the natural subsoil conditons at some t h e in the past. Examples are
given in Sectlbns 5.2 to 5.6.
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5.1 GENERAL
B).
TUNNELS
WASTE TIPS
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5.2
5.6
ANCIENT MONUMENTS
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6, AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
GENERAL
6.2
6.2.1
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Accurate topographic maps a n d plans can b e produced from aerial photog r a p h s . A partial catalogue of maps a n d plans available from t h e Lands
Department i s given in Table 1 ( s e e also Appendix B.l.1). Large scale plans
(scales 1:500 t o 1:l 000) a r e usually most a p p r o p r i a t e f o r s i t e investigations of
small a r e a s , whereas plans with scales of 1:5 000 t o 1:20 000 a r e more
a p p r o p r i a t e f o r d i s t r i c t o r regional s t u d i e s .
6.2.2
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6.2.3
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F i g u r e 6 shows a n example of a vertical black and white aerial photog r a p h of p a r t of Hong Kong Island a n d includes t h e corresponding portion of
t h e 1:20 000 scale geological map ( G C O , 19861. Some f e a t u r e s of t h e bedrock
s t r u c t u r e c a n be i n t e r p r e t e d from t h e aerial photograph. For example, t h e
location of t h e f a u l t line shown on t h e geological map can b e clearly seen a s a
s t r a i g h t , deep valley i n t h e c e n t r e - e a s t p a r t of t h e photograph. Near t h e
north e a s t e r n c o r n e r of t h e photograph, t h e photolineaments indicated on t h e
map can b e seen t o correspond t o less clearly-defined valleys.
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PART I I 1
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OBJECTIVES
An understanding o f the geology o f the site i s a fundamentaf requirement in the planning and interpretation o f the ground i n vestigatlbn. I n some
cases where the geology i s relatively straightforward and the engineering
problems are not complex. suffic~entgeofogical hformation may have been
provided by the desk study, subject to confirmatibn b y t r i d p i t s or boreholes
o r both. I n other cases, i t may be necessary to undertake geolog~calmapping,
which is discussed i n Chapter 9.
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7.1
Special measures may b e r e q u i r e d to locate disused t u n n e l s o r u n d e r g r o u n d cavities, which may collapse, resulting in damage t o s t r u c t u r e s ( s e e
Sections 8.3.2. 10.3.3 a n d 10.7.2). Other h a z a r d s may a r i s e from earlier uses of
t h e s i t e (see Chapter 5 ) .
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7.2
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In vestigat~ons
for new works d~Werfrom the other types of h vestigatlbn
mentioned ILJ Chapter Z in that they are u M y wider li, scope because they
are required to y~eldinformation to assist h selecting the most suitable
location for the works, and the des~gnand construction of the works. For
example, when slope excavathn has to be carr~edout, a knowledge of the
subsurface materi*alsand groundwater cond~*tibns
should indkate :
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8.1
w h e t h e r t h e n a t u r e of t h e g r o u n d will c h a n g e a s a r e s u l t
of excavation, e.g. opening of relict joints in t h e soil
mass,
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8.2
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Types of Effects
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In the ~ h v e s t ~ g a t ~ofo n
the safety of existing features or works, the /list
requirement is an apprec~htionof the changes to the ground that are likely to
occur.
The ground investigahon wifl need to provide knowledge of the
subsurface materials, together with the examination and testing of samples to
assess the effect that the changed cond12ions are likely to have on these
mater~kls. In some cases, it may be necessary to carry out a detailed analysis
to estimate the effect of the changed conditins on the safety of the existing
features and works.
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8.3.3 Procedure
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The greater the natural variabifity of the ground, the greater wi'l be the
extent o f the ground jhvestigation requii-ed to obtain an ihdicatlbn of the
character o f the ground The depth of exp/orahon is generafly determined by
the nature o f the works projected, but it may be necessary to exp/ore to
greater depths at a lihited number o f poihts to establish the overall geological
conditions. The technical development of the project should be kept under
continuous review, since decisions on the design will influence the extent of
the jir vestigation.
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In Hong Kong. soils derived from insitu rock weathering generally exhibit
great variability even within relatively short distances. Granitic and volcanic
rocks, which together form the major portion of the solid geology of the
Territory, may be weathered to soils typically to depths of 30 m and 10 m
respectively.
Under certain geological conditions, granitic rocks may be
weathered to over 100 m deep. Examples can be found in the Mid-levels area. Ma
On Shan and Yuen Long. It i s important to recognize that ground conditions
may not always improve with depth; on occasions, hard rock a t t h e ground
surface may be underlain by thick zones of weaker material. Similarly. fill
materials within reclamations may vary considerably. Hong Kong soils and rocks
are further discussed in Geoguide 3 ( G C O . 1988).
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10.1 GENERAL
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10.3.3 Foundations f o r S t r u c t u r e s
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10.4
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10.5
10.6
SPACING
Although no hard and fast rules can be laid down, a relatively close
spacing between points o f &orahon,
e.g.
I0 to 30 m, wi/ often be
appropriate for structures. For structures small in plan area, explorahon
should be made a t a minimum o f t h e points ifpossible. Where a structure
consists o f a number o f adjacent units, one exp/oration p o h t per unit may
suffice.
Certain engineerhg works, such as dams, tunnels and major
excavations, are particularly sensih've to geological conditons, and the spacing
and locahon o f exploration points shouM be more closely related to the
detailed geology o f the area than I> usual for other works.
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10.7.1
Foundations f o r S t r u c t u r e s
(a/
(bl
(cl
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In each case, the depth should be measured below the base o f the
footing or raft.
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load on it.
The whole pile load. possibly with t h e
addition of down d r a g . will have t o be b o r n e b y t h e
s t r o n g e r materials lying below t h e weak materials, e i t h e r
in e n d bearing o r t h r o u g h s h a f t resistance.
10.Z 3 Embankments
10.7.4
C u t Slopes
Pavements
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10.7.7
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For marine works, the effects described in Sections 10.7.2 and 10.7.3 may
apply and, in additbn, consia'erafion shouh' be given to the effects of fi'dal
variations.
10.7.8
Tunnels
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GENERAL
Although the character of the ground and the technic& requirements are
the most important aspects in the selection of methods of ground investigation,
sefectrbn may also be ifluenced b y the character of the site, the a v d a b ~ x t y
of equipment and personneL and the cost of the methods.
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11.1
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
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For g r o u n d investigation within o r r e q u i r i n g access t h r o u g h privatelyowned land, including properties of t h e utilities companies a n d armed forces,
permission should f i r s t be obtained from t h e owners. For Government land,
approval should b e s o u g h t from t h e r e l e v a n t District Lands Office. For sites
u n d e r t h e control of Government, approval must b e obtained from t h e r e l e v a n t
Department concerned. Such s i t e s include r e s e r v o i r s , service r e s e r v o i r s , roads.
highways, c o u n t r y p a r k s , Urban Council p a r k s , etc. Permission t o e n t e r a s i t e
f o r purposes of g r o u n d investigation may place f u r t h e r restrictions on .the
methods used. For example, i t may be necessary t o control o r eliminate t h e
r e t u r n of flushing media from boreholes t h a t affect a d j a c e n t slopes, fish ponds.
cultivated fields, o r highways ( s e e Section 18.7.1). Also, t h e p r e s e n c e of
foundations and services often r e s t r i c t t h e u s e of inclined drilling t h r o u g h
existing retaining walls into a d j a c e n t properties.
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the
u s e of
certain
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borehole or field testing (see Chapters 20, 21 and 25), and is not, i n genera/, a
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12.1 GENERAL
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GRANULAR SOILS
These soils include sands, silty sands and sandy silts, and are fairly
common in alluvial or marine deposits. Boreholes in these materials may be
sunk by the light cable percussion method using the shell, or by rotary
drilling. Disturbed samples taken with the shell are likely t o be deficient in
fines, and therefore of class 5 only. Samples suitable for a particle size
distribution test, class 4 , may be obtained using the split barrel standard
penetration t e s t sampler. Larger class 4 samples can sometimes be obtained
using UlOO sampling equipment with a core-catcher.
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12.3
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12.4
INTERMEDIATE SOILS
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12.6
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12.7
12.9
ROCK
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d i s t u r b a n c e , especially in highly f r a c t u r e d o r jointed rock. The use of l a r g e r sized equipment producing cores of a b o u t 100 mm diameter o r more will also
help t o improve core recovery.
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1988).
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12.10
12.12
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In most rocks, the mass properties depend largely on the geometry and
nature of the discontinuities. This can requ~iethe engineering properties to
be measured in the plane of the discontinu~'tresalong specific orientathns
determined by the anti'c~pateddirections of the stresses to be applied The
controf by discontinuities over the strength and deformtlbn characteristi'cs of
a ground mass is less obvious in so17s derived from ihsitu weathering than in
moderately weathered to fresh rock, but may be equa//y imgortant.
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CAVITIES
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13.1 GENERAL
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The scope of the work, including the methods of drilling, samphhg and
insitu testhg, requires careful considera&on depending on the parthuhr
difficulties of the site. When working over water it is essenttkl that due
consideration is given to safety requirements, navigational warnings, and the
regulations of Government Departments and other authorities.
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14.1
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Jack-up platforms, and special craft fitted with spud legs, can be floated
into positlbn and then jkcked out of the water to stand on their legs. They
can combine manoeuvrability w12h fu/fi/ent of the requirement for a fked
w o r m platform.
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The design of dl staging, towers and platforms should take into account
the nature of the seabed, fluctuating water levels due to tides, waves and
swefl conditions. It is essential that such constructibns should be sufficjently
strong for the boring operations to resist waves, tidal flow and other currents
and floatihg debris.
Special techniques are required to deal with fluctuating water levels due
to tides, waves and swell conditions (Plate 3 B ) , particularly with rotary drilling
where a constant pressure between the drill bit and the bottom of the
borehole is required (Smyth & Mcsweeney, 1985).
When the heave is
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14.5
14.6
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14.7
D R I L L I N G , S A M P L I N G AND T E S T I N G
Marine investigations commonly encounter interbedded marine and alluvial deposits underlain b y weathered bedrock. Each stratigraphic horizon may
contain distinctly different materials and may require different investigatory
techniques (Beggs. 1983; see also Chapter 12).
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(which is 0.146 m below Principal Datum), so that the reading can be used t o
obtain t h e reduced levels of t h e seabed and subsurface geological boundaries.
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GENERAL
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15.3
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15.1
complexity of t h e anticipated g r o u n d
conditions,
(d)
(e)
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(c)
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15.7 INTERPRETATION
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75
GENERAL
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16.1
fbl
(cl
fdl
fel
ffl
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fa)
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16.3.2 Water
INSTRUMENTATION
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PART IV
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Shallow trial pits are usually dug by hand using a pick and shovel,
working in the pit. For this purpose, timber shoring is usually provided
when excavation is deeper than 1.2 m. The spacing of the shoring should
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The field record of a shallow trial pit should include a plan giving
the location and orientation of the pit, and a dimensioned section showing
the sides and floor. Ground conditions should be fully described in
accordance with Geoguide 3 (GCO, 1988) or a suitable alternative system,
and samples taken should be fully documented. Two examples of trial pit
logs are given in Figures 7 and 8. Logs should always be supplemented
with colour photographs of each face and of the base of the pit. The
positions and results of any field testing should also be recorded, such
as insitu density tests or Schmidt hammer, hand penetrometer and hand
shear vane index tests.
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quality (block) samples and for carrying out insitu tests. rial pits are
insitu rock weathering and colluvium, both of which often exhibit a high
degree of variability.
Pits may also be used to investigate the
sampling and testing have been completed, since open pits can be a hazard.
be left open temporarily should be covered and sealed so that rain water
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strip, extending from the crest to the toe of the slope, in which the
coverings.
Bamboo scaffolding or access ladders are provided for
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methods, employing a clay cutter for dry cohesive soils, a shell (or
bailer) for granular soils, and a chisel for breaking up rock and other
hard layers. The drill tools are worked on a wire rope using the clutch
of the winch for percussive action. The shell can only be used when there
is sufficient water in the borehole to cover the lower part of the shell.
MECHANICAL AUGERS
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18.6
18.7.1 General
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There are two basic types of rotary drilling : open hole (or full
hole) drilling, in which the drill bit cuts all the material within the
diameter of the borehole; and core drilling, in which an annular bit fixed
to the outer rotating tube of a core-barrel cuts a core that is returned
within the inner stationary tube of the core-barrel and brought to the
surface for examination and testing. Drill casing is normally used to
support unstable ground or to seal off open fissures which cause a loss
of drilling fluid. Alternatively, drilling mud or cement grout can be
used to seal open fissures.
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18.7.2
Flushing Medium
with t h e
is v e r y
used a s
clay o r
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18.7.3
which
tends to
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18.8
18.8.1
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There are many other methods of borhg, which have been developed
generafly to obtain maximum penetration speed, e.g. rotary percussive drilfing
for blast holes and grouthg. When such boreholes are sunk for purposes other
than ground i f fvestigation, hinited informaobn about ground conditons may be
obtained, provided that the boreholes are drfled under controlled conditons,
with measurement of rate ofpenetration, observaoon of drilling character13tics.
and sampHng of the drfling flushings fXorner & Sherrel' 19771.
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89
There are four main techniques for obtdining samples (Hvorslev, 19481.'
fa)
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19.1 G E N E R A L
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Sampfes obta~hedby techniques (b1, fc1 and fdl wifl often be suffic~entJy
intact to enable the ground structure wl'thin the s a m e to be examined. The
quamy of such samp/es can vary considerably, depending on the technique and
the ground cond~'t~ons,
and most wi7f exh~Bitsome degree of d~kturbance. A
method for class~yfyingthe guafity of the sampfe
given in Sechun 19.2.
Sections 1.9.3 to 19.9 describe the various sampfing techniques and give an
indication of the sampfe quak2ie.s that can be expected
Intact samples
obta~hed by t e ~ h n l q u e(b),
~ fc1 and /dl are u s u d y taken in a vertical
direction, but specially orientated samples may be required to investigate
particular features.
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BSI N975b; 197501 give precise details o f the mass o f so17 sample
required for each type o f test. Where the approximate number o f tests is
known, it is a simple matter to estimate the total amount o f soil that has to
be obtained. I f the programme of laboratory tests is uncertan, TabAe 7 gives
some guidance on the amount of soil that should be obtahed for each series of
tests. Where materials for mineral aggregates, sands and flters are b e h g
considered, detads of the size o f sample requked are given in BSl f1975al.
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The quality o f the sample depends on the technique used for sinking the
borehole or excavation and on whether the ground is dry or wet. When
disturbed samples are taken from below water in a borehole or excavation,
there is a danger that the samples obtahed may not be truly representative of
the ground. This I> particukify the case with granular soils conta'n~hgfines,
which tend to be washed out of the tool. This can be partly overcome by
plachg the whole contents o f the too/ h t o a tank and allow~hgthe fines to
settle before decanting the water.
Class 3.
Class 4.
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fa)
Princ~pfeso f Design
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(4) Non -return valve. The non -return valve should have a large orifice
to allow a? and water to escape quickly and easily when driving the sampler,
and to assist in retention of the sampfe when removing the sampler from the
borehole.
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3
Wal/friction. This can be reduced by a suitable inside clearance.
and by a clean, s m t h finikh to the i'nsi.de of the tube.
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fc) Area rath. The area raho represents the volume of so17
displaced by the sampfer in proportion to the volume of
the sample (Figure 13). It should be kept a s s d as
possible consistent with the strength requirements of the
sampfe tube. The area ratro is about 30%for the general
purpose IOU mm dikmeter sampler, and about 10%for a
thin-walled samp/er. Scnne special samplers have a large
outside diameter Dr. relative to the internal diameter D,,
e.g. in order to accommodate a loose inner liner. The
sampling disturbance is reduced by using a cutting shoe
that has a long outside taper, and ik consi'derably less
than that which wouM be expected from the calculated
area ratio.
Below the water table, certain types of laminated soils occurring below
the bottom of the borehole or excavatjon may be dikturbed if the natural
water pressure in the lamha&ons exceeds the pressure imposed by the water
within the borehoe or excavatbn. To prevent this effect, it is necessary to
keep the level of the borehole water above the groundwater level appropriate
to the location of the s d e .
The distance that the t d ik driven shoufd be checked and recorded as,
ifdriven too far, the soil will be compressed in the sampler. A sampling head
with an 'overdrve' space (Figure 131 will allow the sample tube to be
campletely filled without rikk of damaging the sampie. After dri'vihg, the
sampler ik stead17y withdrawn. The length of s@e
that is recovered should
be recorded, compared ~ 9 t hthe diktance that the too/ was driven, and any
dikcrepancy i'nvestigated For example, ifthe lengCh of the s u e is less than
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The samp/r can be driven into the ground by dynarm2 means, using a
drop weight or s M n g hannner, or by a continuous stat12 thrust, using a
hydraulic jack orpulley block and tackfe. There is litt/e published evidence to
indicate whether dynamic or static driving produces less sample disturbance,
and for most ground condioons it is probable that there ik no significant
difference. The driving effort for each sample may be recorded a s an
indicazYon of the consistency of the ground.
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Thin-wded samp/ers are used for soils that are partl'cularly sens~iYveto
sampling disturbance, and consist o f a th~n-waledsteel tube whose lower end
is shaped to form a cutting edge with a s d ins~ileclearance. The area rat20
is about 10%. These samp/rs are suitable only for h e s o i s up to a fim
consistency, and free from large particles. They generally give class 1 samples
in all fine cohesive s o i k ~ n c l u d ~ hsensitive
g
clays, provided that the soil has
by
sinkng
the
borebole.
SSamps between 75 mrn and
not been disturbed
100 mrn in diameter are normally obtaneo'; sampfes up to 250 nun in d~klmter
are often obtained for spec~klpurposes. It should be noted that d~kturbanceat
the base o f a borebole in weak soil will occur below a certain depth because
of stress relief: Piston samples penetrating we// below the base of the
borehole are therefore preferable (see Sect2on 19.5). A typ~calthin-wa/ed
sampler illustrated in Figure 14.
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The samp/er is normally used ih low strength fine so17.s and gives class 1
samples in silt and clay, including sensitive clay. Its ability to take samples
below the disturbed zone and to hold them d ~ r ~ recovery
ng
gl'ves an advantage
over the thin-waled sampler descr~i5edin Sectbn 19.4.3. Although normally
used J> soft clays, spec~klp~ktonsamplers have been designed for use in stryf
c/aus (Rowe, 1972).
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Ini&ialy, the piston is locked to the lower end of the sample tube to
prevent water or slurry from entering the sampler. In soft clay, w~yhthe
piston in this pos~.tJbfl, the sampler can be pushed below the bottom of the
borehole. When the sample depth is reached, the p~ktonis held stabbnary and
the sample tube is driven down by a static thrust until the drive head
encounters the upper face of the piston. An automatic clanp in the drive
head prevents the piston from dropping down and extruding the sample while
the sampler is withdrawn.
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The thin-walled stafionary p~ktonsampler (Plate 4C ) consists of a thinwalled sample tube conta'n~nga close-fitthg sliding p~kton,wh12h is slightly
coned a t its lower face. The sample tube ~k fitted to the drive head, wh~bh13
connected to hollow dr17l rods. The piston is Dked to separate rods wh~bh
pass through a slid~hg~ J b i nt f fthe drive head and up inside the hollow rods.
Clamping devices, operated a t ground surface, enable the p~ktonand sample
tube to be locked together or the piston to be held statrbnary whlye the
sample tube is driven down. F~gure15 shows the bas12 deta7s of a statibnary
piston sampler. The sample d i m t e r is normally 75 nun or 100 mm, but
samplers up to 250 mm d~heteerare used for spe& so17 condithns.
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19.6.1 General
The recovery of tube samples of sand from below the water table
presents special problems because the sample tends to f a / / out of the samp/e
tube. A compressed air sampler (Elkhop, 19481 enables the sample to be
removed from the ground into an air chamber and then lifted to the surface
without contact with the water i n the borehole. The sampler i s general/y
60 mm i n d ~ h t e r . If the sampler I> driven by
constructed to take s-es
dynam~cmeans, the change in volume of the sand caused by the dri-w'ng gives
a sample quality not better than class 3. However, if static thrust i s used,
An
generally &ass 2 and sometrines class I samples can be recovered
alternative design (&rota B Jennings, I9581 introduces a bubble of a>at the
base of the sampler before it i s withdrawn fm the ground
R O T A R Y CORE SAMPLES
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Another type of triple-tube barrel is t h e wireline core-barrel. This nonretractable barrel incorporates a line mechanism for withdrawing t h e inner
barrel up through t h e drill rods without withdrawing t h e outer barrel o r rods
from t h e hole.
This core-barrel may be used in fresh t o moderately
decomposed rock, and in very deep vertical o r inclined holes t o achieve more
rapid drilling progress.
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High quality (class 1) core samples of soils derived from insitu rock
weathering and colluvium can be obtained using t h e large diameter triple-tube
core-barrels i n conjunction with air foam a s t h e flushing medium (see
Section 18.7.2). Samples of class 1 to class 2 can also be obtained using t h e
Mazier sampler in conjunction with air foam o r water a s t h e flushing medium.
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19.9
BLOCK SAMPLES
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LABELLING OF S2MfLE.S
General
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Labelling
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19.10.2
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them in good conditon over long periods, they should be treated as described
below.
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Immediately after being taken from a borehole or exca vaton, the sample
should be placed in a non-corrodible and durable contaher of at least 0.5 kg
capacity. wh~ehthe sample should /il/ witb the minimum of air space. The
contaher should have an airtight cover or seal so that the natural moisture
content of the sample can 62, maintained uno7 tested in the laboratory. For
rock samples, an alternative procedure is to coat the sample lh a layer of
paraffin wax. A microcrystalline wax is preferred because it is less Mely to
shrink or crack. Large disturbed s-es
that are requked for certah
laboratory tests may be packed in robust containers or p h t k sacks.
fa) Immediately after the sample has been taken from the
borehole or excavation, the ends of the sample shouId be
removed to a depth of about 25 mm and any obv~ously
d~kturbedsod ih the top of the s-er
should also be
removed. Several layers of molten wax, preferably
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(6) Sampls
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A label bearing the number of the sample should be placed inside the
container just under the lid. The label should be placed a t the top of the
s.wr.de.
In addWon, the number of the sample should be panted on the
outside of the contaner, and the top or bottom of the sample should be
lhdl'cated. The liners or contaners should be packed in a way that wiyl
minlinize damage by vibration and shock dur~hgtrans12.
19.10.5
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For soft marine soil samples, the tube or liner should be held vertically.
keeping t h e sample in the same direction a s it left the ground, and extreme
care should be taken during all stages of handling and transportation.
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In the extrus~on
process, the core should preferably be extruded i f fthe
same direcbbn a s it entered the barrel. Extruders should be of the p~kton
type, preferably mechanically activated, since water-pressure type extruders
can lead to water contact with the core, and to damage by impulsive stressing
of the core. It should be noted that in weak, weathered or fractured rocks,
extrusion can lead to core d~kturbance,however carefully it is done. The use
of a low-friction transparent plastjc finer in the inne/ tube of a modified
conventional double-tube sw~'vefcore-barrel overcomes the majority of the
problems encountered in core extrusion, and fau7itates preservaoon of the core
in the conditrbn in which it is recovered. The general practice is to tape the
outside of the sleeved core every 200 mm, and lengthwise along the overlap in
the plastic sheet, and then, with the aid of plastic guttering for extra support,
the core can be boxed without too much disturbance to the fabr~k. However,
the presence of abrasive and frmtured m k s may preclude the use of such
hers.
19.10.6
Block Samples
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In remowng the core from the barrel and plac~hg12 in the bau, great
care should be taken to ensure that the core is not turned end for end, but
lies i'n its correct natural sequence. Depths below ground surface should be
indicated by an indelible marker on sma// spacers of core d~.ametersize that
are inserted in the core box between cores from successive runs. W e r e there
is fayure to recover core, or where specimens of recovered core are removed
from the box for other purposes, t h ~ kshould be indicated b y spacing-blocks of
appropriate length. Both the /id and the box should be marked to show the
site location, borehole number and range of depth of the core with~hthe box,
addi~onto the number of the box in refatJon to the total sequence of
boxes for that borehole. Core box mark~hgshould be done so as to facilitate
subsequent photography which, ~Yrequired,
should be carried out a s soon a s 13
practicable after recovery of the core, and before descr~;O~on,
sampling and
testJhg.
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It is usual to preserve a/l core obta'ned from the borebole for the
period of the main works contract to wh~khthe core dr17ling relates. This is
con venientfy achieved with wooden or plastic core boxes, u s u d y between I m
and 1.5m ~ ' lnength and divided long12ud~hallyto hold a number of rows of
core. The box shoufd be of such depth and the compartments of such ~ ~ 7 t h
that there is mini& movement of the cores when the box J> closed
fCeological Society, 1970). The box should be fitted with a h~k-ged/id and
strong fastener, and should be designed so a s not to be too heavy for two
persons to lift when the box ~k full of core.
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103
20, GROUNDWATER
GENERAL
since they have a profound influence on the behaviour o f the ground during
There is always the
and after the constructfbn o f engineering works.
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20.1
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20.2.2
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20.2.3
Standpipe Piezometers
If t h e pore p r e s s u r e temporarily d r o p s below atmospheric, t h e openhydraulic piezometer will c e a s e functioning, b u t being self de-airing, i t will
resume satisfactory operation without maintenance.
The piezometer t u b e
should generally not be smaller t h a n 1 2 mm internal diameter o r t h e self deairing function may be impaired (Vaug han. 1974).
20.2.4
Hydraulic Piezometers
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p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r . A i r i n t h e t u b e s will c a u s e e r r o n e o u s r e a d i n g s , a n d
because of t h i s t h e t u b e s m u s t b e k e p t full of w a t e r a n d routinely de-aired.
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The success of pore water pressure measurement depends upon the care
taken during instdation and seahhg of the p~ezometeror standp~pe. The
porous element should be fully saturated and filled with de-aired water before
installaation.
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In soft ground, the porous element can often be pushed or driven ihto
position. It is, howe ver. necessary to a void clogg~hgthe porous element if12
is pushed thmugh soft clays. This can be ach~evedby u s ~ n ga drivep~ezometer wh~'chhas a removable sleeve that covers the element during
driving Parry, 19717 In day. a pushed or driven piezometer shears and
remoulds the chy, destroys the fabric in the clay adjacent to the porous
element, and can lead to erroneous measurements o f insitu permeab12ty. It
should also be noted that the actfbn o f push~hgor driving may set up high
excess pore-pressures, wh~khin s o i s o f low permeability may take a long t h e
to diss~pate. In harder ground, the instrument J> installed in a borehole with
the porous element surrounded by weLl-graded sand. Above the sand, the
borehole should be sealed off: preferably with grout.
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20.2.7
20.2.8
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Groundwater
systematically. A
readings have been
with corresponding
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Soil Suction
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20.3
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CROCINDWAATER SAMPLES
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21.1 GENERAL
General Principles
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It is necessary to clean out the bottom of the borehole. When the test
is carried out below the groundwater level. certain types of soil may be
loosened below the base of the borehole by the acaon of the boring tools and
b y pressure d~Yferencesbetween the groundwater and water ih the borehole.
This effect can be paro'cularfy severe in sands. The effect can be reduced b y
keeping the borehole topped up with water and b y very careful operaoon of
the boring tools but often these exped~entswill not be completely successfuL
The great merit of the test, and the main reason for its widespread use,
is that it is simple and inexpensive. The soil strength parameters which can
be inferred are very approminate, but give a useful guide in ground conditlbns
where it may not be possible to obtain borehole sampZes of adequate quality,
e.g, gra vels, sands, silts, c h y containing sand or gra vel and weak rock. In
conditlbns where the quality of the 'undisturbed' samp/e is suspect, e.g. very
sJty or very sandy clays, or hard clays, it is often advantageous to alternate
the samp/ng with standard penetration tests, thereby obtahing a check on the
strength. I f the samples are found to be unacceptably disturbed, it may be
necessary to use a different method for measuring strength, e.g, the plate test
described in Sections 21.6 and 29.I.
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When the test is carried out in soils derived from insitu rock
weathering in Hong Kong, it is commonly extended to high blow counts,
sometimes in excess of 200. However, it is recommended that the test
should be discontinued when the blow count reaches 100 or if the hammer
bounces and insignificant penetration is achieved, as is frequently the
case when corestones are encountered. If the test is curtailed due to
hard driving, the number of blows used to achieve the actual penetration
should be measured and recorded (e.g. Blow/Penetration = 100/80 mm), and
this may be used to estimate the blow counts for 300 mm penetration.
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When the test is carried out in granular sods below groundwater level,
the so17 may become loosened, even when the test is carried out i n strict
accordance with BSI (19756) and the borehole has been properly prepared. In
certain circumstances, it can be u s e m to contihue driving the sampler beyond
the distance specified, adding further dry1 rods as necessary. Although this is
not a standard penetration test, and should not be regarded as such, it may, a t
least, give an indication as to whether the deposit is really as loose as the
standard test may indicate. When there is good reason to believe that
unrealstically low vahes are being recorded, considerafion should be glSvento
the use of some other test which can be performed independently of a
borehole, e,g. the cone penetration test described in Section 23.3.
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upon the dimeter of the borehole, and these tests should not be regarded a s
standard penetration tests. They may, however, pro vide useful informatlbn to
drive the standard split spoon sampler a distance of 300 mm. The sampler is
bottom of the borehole before the test is carried out. The number of blows
recorded; the test may then proceed, with recording of the number of blows
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21.3
21.3.1
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tests.
The test is normally r e s t r i c t e d t o fairly uniform, cohesive, fullys a t u r a t e d soils, a n d is used mainly f o r clay having a n undrained s h e a r s t r e n g t h
of u p to a b o u t 75 kPa. The r e s u l t s are questionable i n s t r o n g e r clays, or if
t h e soil t e n d s to dilate on s h e a r i n g o r is fissured.
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21.3.2
Advantages a n d Limitations
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The mah advantage 13 that the test itself causes /ittle d~kturbanceof
the ground. Th13 I> partz'culzly apparent ~ isensitive
)
clays, where the vane
test tends to give higher shear strengths than those derived from laboratory
tests on samples obtahed with the genera/ purpose sampler described i n
Section 19.4.4. I n these condihns, the vane test results are g e d l y
considered to be much more reliable. If the test 13 carried out i n so2 that i s
not uniform and contains even thin layers of laminatrbns of sand or dense s17t,
the torque may be misleadingly high. The presence of rootlets i n organic
so17s, and also of coarse parOWes, may lead to erroneous results.
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the filter material used has a permeabii'ity much greater than that of the soil
being tested. Recommendatrons for sealing the borehole above the granular
filter are gi'ven ih Sectron 20.27.
In order to avoid errors in flow
measurement due to compression and solution o f trapped air in the leads,
ceramic piezometer tips should be saturated with de-aked water before
installath
The period required for constant-head tests is decreased and the interpretation simplfied ifshort lengths of borehole are used for the test. Pore
pressures should be in equilibrium before the test is performed, and with clays
of low permeability it can take several months for the pore pressures set up
by the drilling of the borehole to equa/lie. For soih derived from ihsii'u rock
weathenhg and co//uvium, equalizatton typicdy occurs very much faster.
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The fist operatlbn is either to fi// the piezometer tube with water
(falling-head tesN or to force the water level down by a fbot-pump or bikycle
pump (rising-head test). The head in the borehole IS then d o w e d to equalize
with that in the ground, the actual head being measured at ihtervals of trine
from the commencement of the test. The depth o f the borehole should be
checked to determihe whether any sediinent has come out o f suspension or
whether the bottom of the borebole has heaved during the test period
21.4.4 Constant-head Test
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21.4.5
Analysis of Results
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where k
I>
q I>
F(t2
- t') loge
z-fceneral approach)
. . . . .
I31
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k =
I>
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where k
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It shouh' be noted the above formulae assume that the natural groundwater level remains constant throughout the test. For the cam where the
natural groundwater varies, see Hvordev f19511.
C
IS the coeffic~kntof consolidahon or swelling,
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//,w
fc1 The
1
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21.5
21.5.1
The results of the test are usua/y expressed in terms of Lugeon units.
a permeabifity of I Lugeon i/;under a head above
groundwater level of I00 m, a I m length of borebole accepts I /ire of water
per mhute. Lugeon did not specify the dXmeter of the borehole, which 13
usually assumed to be 76 mm fN size), but the test I> not very sensitive to
change in borehole dimeter unless the length of borehole under test is small
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21.5.2 Packers
Several types of packer are in use, such as the mecban~kaltailp~be,the
manual mechan~kal-expandingpacker and the hydraulic self -expanding packer.
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Water pressure is applied by a flush pump as used for diamond bit core
dr17ling. The maximum water pressure which should be applied should not be
suffic~entto cause uplift o f the ground or to break the seal o f the packers li,
deep holes in weak rock. The standard head o f 100 m above groundwater level
may not b e attainable in these conditons.
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This comprkes a rubber canvas duct tube which can be iMated aganst
the sides o f the borehole by means of pressurized gas (Figure 31). Bottled
nitrogen or oxygen IS fed down the borehole through a small diameter nylon
tube. The inflafionpressure has to be sufficient to expand the packer against
the head of water in the borehole, but not sufficient to cause heaving of the
ground surface or fracturing of the rock. A useful rule of thumb 1%that the
pressure, in kPa, should lie between 12 times and 17 times the depth, in
metres, o f the borehole.
The difference between the diameter of the
uninflated packer and the d i e t e r of the borehole should be such that the
packer can be easily inserted. A t the same t h e , the inflated diameter of the
packer should be sufficient to provide an efficknt seaL A double packer is
two packers connected by a length o f p&e of the same length as the test
section. The test water is introduced between the packers.
where h is the pressure head causing flow into the rock fml,
to head fml,
the mid-point of
H,
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H, is the h e ~ g h o
t f natural groundwater level above the mid-
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Measurement of Flow
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21.5.5
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Results a n d I n t e r p r e t a t i o n
rate (litres/minute),
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21.6.1 General
The techniques used for tests in large and sma// dXmter boreholes
differ in some respects and, where differences occur, the methods are
described separately in Chapter 29. The diameter of the plate used sboufd so
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Section 29.1.2 and they ap&y similarly to the borehole test. Additiondfy, in
of the load!hg plate on the test surface, and hence values obtained for the
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a suitable auger or hinged bucket operated at the end of a drifl rod assembly.
A layer of neat cement mortar is then placed a t the bottom of the boreme b y
with the load applied to the cofumn by means of a n hydraulic jack operating
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means of a tremie or bottom opening bucket, and the plate lowered down the
hole and lightly pressed on to the surface of the mortar. Plaster and resins
can also be used for bedding.
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fII Large Diameter Boreholes The main use of the test is to determine
the strength and deformation character~ktksof the ground It is sometimes
used to establish the working load of plies ( Sweeney & Ho. 1982).
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21.7
PRESSUREMETER TESTS
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Readings are taken at the ground surface on pressure and volume gauges
whkh are connected to the central cefl b y means of a back-pressured annular
pfastik tube. The pressure tube and probe must be calibrated on site. The
function of the guard cefls is to ensure a condition of plane strain in the
ground i n contact with the central ceh! The probes are manufactured in four
sizes up to 75 mm d~.meter,and can be operated at considerable depths. The
Mknardpressuremeter can be used i n soil or weak rock, but is not suitable for
stronger rock, since the instrument I> fimited b y its sensitivity to the tube
calibration. I t can be used in granular soils where special means are used to
insert it.
Another pressuremeter that has been developed has a 150 mm dimeter
gas-expanded probe in which the deformation is measured directly b y
potentimeters located 1j7 the centre of the probe OfcXinlay & Anderson,
1979. It can be used to determine the deformation characteristics of the
more deformable weathered rocks.
21.7.2
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Equipment Calibration
(a)
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21.7.3
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21.7.4
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21.8.1
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21.8
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al, 1983; Gamon, 1984a; S t a r r & Finn, 1979), a n d i t can be used in conjunction
with t h e p a c k e r (water absorption) t e s t t o define t h e location, orientation a n d
opening of discontinuities where high water losses have occurred.
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21.8.2
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character
and
geological
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22.2
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In soils derived from insitu rock weathering, colluvium and some fill
materials. t h e ground profile can be defined by taking samples using a triplet u b e core-barrel. Samples should be taken continuously o r a t close intervals
supplemented by standard penetration tests. Continuous rotary coring should
be undertaken in fresh to moderately decomposed rock. Where a r u n with t h e
rotary core-barrel results in poor core recovery, it may be useful to t r y to
recover a small drive sample using t h e split barrel SPT sampler. However. this
does not obviate t h e need to a d j u s t t h e rotary coring equipment and
techniques in order to obtain t h e best core recovery possible.
22.3
DOUBLE-HOLE SAMPLING
I n t h i s method. a borehole is f i r s t s u n k t o ascertain t h e ground profile.
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22.4
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not required for 'undisturbed' tests, should be spkt along their longitudinal
axis and carefufly examined and described i n their fresh condition. This
exercise should be repeated later when soil is i n a semi-dried state and the
fabric may be more readily identified Where h~ghlyvariable ground conditions
are expected, it may be advantageous to s1h.4 one or more boreholes first,
either b y rotary core samp/ng or b y cable tool boring with conthuous tube
sampling. The cores or tube samples can then be examined to give guidance
for samp/ing at selected depths in other boreholes which are sunk subsequently
close to the initial borehfes (see Sechon 22.4).
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In the borehole vane test, only the small volume of clay that is rotated
b y the vane IS tested, and individual results often show a considerable scatter.
For this reason, vane tests should be carried out as frequently as possible.
The vertical interval will be determined by the depth at which the test is
carried out below the bottom of the borehole; this interval is usuafly 500 mm.
Chser spacing can be obta~nedusing the penetration vane apparatus.
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133
GENERAL
23.2
DYNAMIC PROBING
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23.1
i s achieved.
23.3.1
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23.3
For accurate work, the weight of the inner rods should be taken into
account in calcufai2ons. In very soft soils when sound~ngsare carried to a
significant depth, the weight of the Inner rods may exceed the force on the
cone or cone plus jacket; in these c~kcumstances,it is lhpossible to o b t a i ~
readings. Thzk effect can be reduced b y the use of alumzhium inner rods. The
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The cones are generafly parallel-sided, and the friction jkcket, where
~k immediate& behind the point, as shown
Figure 39a (see also
Plate 10B). However, parallel-sledded electrical cones do not give exactly the
same results as those obtained witb the mechanical cone penetrometer,
altbough the dfyferenceis u s u d y of little hportance. Electr~kalcones with a
profile modified to give better agreement witb the mechanical cone are also
avadable /Figure 39b and cl.
fitted,
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inner rods should be free to slide ins]-de the push rods, and the cone, and
fr~ktronjacket where used, should be checked for free sliding both a t the start
and a t the end of each penetratron test. All push rods and inner rods should
be straight, clean and we//-oiled i n t e r d y . The accuracy of the load and
pressure gauges should be checked period~'callyby calibratron.
General Recommendations
fal
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/dl
Presentation of Results
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23.3.6
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The cone penetrometer test is also the preferred substitute for the
standardpenetration test i n soil conditons where results of the latter test are
suspect, and where hard driving is not antbpated. The test is aIso commonly
used as a rapid and economical means of interpolating between borehok.
Although it may be possible to estimate the type of so17 through which the
cone is passing a s described above, it is preferable to carry out the test in
conjunction with some other means of determ~h'ng the nature of the soil
present.
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23.3.5
STATIC-DYNAMIC PROBING
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PART V
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139
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The size of sample tested in a fild test w17l depend on the nature of
the ground and type of test, and may vary from a fraction of a metre, such a s
in the insitu triawial state of stress measurements, to several metres for fied
tri;?/s,t o one or two kilometres in the pumping test.
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24.1
24.2
24.2.1
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Point Load S t r e n g t h
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24.2.2
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24.3
142
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From the data obtained from the test, the coefficients of permeabifity,
transmissivity and storage can be determined for a greater mass of ground
than b y the use of the borehole tests described i n Chapter 21. The results
can be used in the evaluation of dewatering requirements and groundwater
resources, as we//as i n the design of positive groundwater cut-offs. It shouh'
be noted that a given coefficient of transmissivity can result from many
different distributions of permeabifity wfth depth. I f the test is intended for
the evaluation of permeability in the design of dams and other similar projects
where seepage is an important consideratrun, the use of down-the-hole vel0c1'ty
pmfifing a t constant outflow can provide a permeabifity prome of the ground.
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25.2 CROUNDWA T
I6 during the test, changes in the shape of the cone of depression that
are due to extraneous causes are a significant fraction of those due to
pumping, then the resulthg estimate of permeabi/ity may become unacceptable.
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Although the choice of test site may be dictated by practibd considerations, such as access and avai/abjXty of existing borebolees. the site
should be representative of the area of interest. The hydrological conditions
should not change appreciably over the site. It IS essental that discharged
water is not able to return to the ground under test.
Suctlbn pumps can be used where the groundwater does not have to be
depressed by more than about 5 m below the h t a k e chamber of the pump, and
drawdown can be increased b y setting the pump in a pit. For greater depths,
submersible pumps are preferable. The more permeable the ground, the greater
the pump capacity required to produce measurable drawdowns in the
observation we&.
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Such influences can be corrected b y monitoring Mdton, l962/, both before and
d u r k testing.
Where possible, and within the limitations set by the
permeability, the pumping rate should be chosen so that resulting changes i n
water leveh are much greater than those due to extraneous causes, thus
minimizing the effects of the latter on the results.
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It
particu/ar/y important to mahtmh a constant pumping rate when
vertical flow velou'ties in the pumping well are being measured for the purpose
of determining the relative permeab~jrihesof spec~zchoriions in the ground
under test. The pumping rate may be cohtroM by a gate valve in the
discharge fine or b y varying the speed of the pump, or both. The rate of flow
from the pump may be measured by a flow or or12ce meter, or b y a notch
tank with automahk recordng.
OBSERVATION WELLS
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pumping wel/ drawdown data alone, more reliable values are obtained using
data from one or more observa&on web. The recommended mh~inumnumber
of observation weh's required to yield reasonably representative results is four,
arranged i n two rows at right angles to each other. Their distances from the
pumping we// should approx~inateto a geometr~kalseries. It may be necessary
to add more wefls ifthe initlal ones yield anomalous data. I f linear boundary
conditions are associated with the site /e.g. river, canal or an impermeable
subsurface bedrock scarp, fault or dyke), the two rows o f observation wells are
best arranged p a r a m and normal to the boundary.
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25.7
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149
GENERAL
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26.1
26.2
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The main engineering u s e of a field r o u g h n e s s s u r v e y is f o r t h e a s s e s s ment of design values of discontinuity s h e a r s t r e n g t h (Hoek & Bray, 1981).
This is achieved b y combining t h e s u r v e y r e s u l t s with d a t a from d i r e c t s h e a r
t e s t s o r assumed basic friction angles.
Methods f o r i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e
contribution of r o u g h n e s s t o discontinuity s h e a r s t r e n g t h in Hong Kong g r a n i t e
a r e discussed b y Hencher & Richards (1982); t h e application of a r o u g h n e s s
s u r v e y a t a n engineering s i t e in North Point. Hong Kong i s described by
Richards & Cowland (1982).
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Procedures f o r u n d e r t a k i n g a n d i n t e r p r e t i n g field r o u g h n e s s s u r v e y s a r e
described in detail b y t h e ISRM (1978). The most commonly-used method is t o
employ a s e t of thin circular plates of various diameters. These are t a k e n
i n t o t h e field a n d a series of discontinuity dip directions a n d dip angles a r e
measured in t u r n f o r each plate when placed on t h e discontinuity surface. The
accuracy of t h e s e measurements is improved by taking a l a r g e number (e.g. 50
o r more) r e a d i n g s f o r each plate a n d by e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e discontinuity s u r f a c e
i s relatively l a r g e a n d reasonably r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a particular joint set. The
r e s u l t s a r e often presented as contoured polar diagrams on a n equal-area
s t e r e o g r a p h i c projection. The smallest base plate will give t h e l a r g e s t s c a t t e r
of r e a d i n g s a n d t h e l a r g e s t r o u g h n e s s angles ( a n d vice v e r s a ) . A graphical
plot of maximum r o u g h n e s s angles v e r s u s plate diameter i s often used t o a s s e s s
t h e sensitivity of t h e relationship between r o u g h n e s s a n g l e a n d length of
potential s h e a r displacement along t h e discontinuity plane.
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G E N E R A L PRINCIPLES
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27.1
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27.7
NUCLEAR METHODS
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The procedure I> to place the ring on a levelled surface, packing sand
under it where it I> not in contact with the soi4 and weighhg it down with
sandbags. Polyethylene sheeting is placed over the rig, pressed into it and
smoothed out as far as poss13le so as to fine completely the cyfindrkal cavity
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The polyetbyJ.ene sheeting is then removed, the hole excavated, and the
spo17loadedlinto s k ~ p for
s subsequent weighing and grading, 2requ1ied Care
is needed i n the excavaaon to ensure that the density ring is not disturbed
and, to this end, the edge of the excavation should be kept a t least 150 mm
away from the inner edge of the ring. The sides of the hole should be
trimmed to minimize projecting stones.
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Polyethylene sheeting is then placed over the ring and hole and partidly
secured with sandbags. Water I> then run in from a measured source and, at
the same time, the po/yethylene lining is fed into the hole, helping it into
crevices and minimking folds. This continues until the water level is again up
to the mark on the inside of the density ring. The difference in the two
volumes is then a measure of the volume of the hole. It is customary to aflow
the water to remain i n the hole for a period of t h e to see whether there is
any fafl of water level which would indYcate leaks in the polyethylene lining.
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so formed A measured supply of water is then run into it and the volume
required to fill it up to the mark on the density ring I> noted
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Data on the initlk/ insitu state of stress lir rock and so17 masses before
the execution of works are increas~nglyimportant in design, more particularly
when using lin12e element analysis. The mpst favourable or~entation,shape,
execution sequence and support of large and complex underground cavitks and
the predicthn of the fiial state of stress existhg around the completed works
are dependent on knowing the initial insitu state of stress. Measurements of
insitu stress have shown that in many areas the horizontal stresses exceed the
vertical stress, which in turn often exceeds that calculated assuming that only
gravity is acting on the ground mass.
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28,l GENERAL
Stress measurements may be made us~ngelectrical strain gauges, photoelastic discs, sofid inclusions and systems for measur~ngthe diametral change
of a borehole. Some equ~pmentis des~gnedto measure stress change with
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With the exceptJon of the static equifibrium method /Morgan & Panek,
1963), the a vailable techniques generally require that the material in which the
measurements are made behaves i n a near elast~k,homogeneous and isotropic
manner, and that it is not excessively fractured or prone to sweliXng as a
result of the effects of drilfing water. For the over-cor~hgmethods, the
elastic behav~ouris assumed to be reversible, the elastk constants behg
obtained from laboratory tests.
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fd)
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T,,
L/
fh) The three prinwpal stresses and thmi directions fto the
nearest degree), d a t e d to both a borehole or adit awik
system and a global w k system.
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In soft clays, hydraulic pressure cells have been carefully jacked into
t h e ground, o r installed in a pre-bored hole (Kenney. 1967).
The
"Camkometer", a self boring pressuremeter, reduces disturbance t o a minimum
by fully supporting t h e ground it penetrates (Windle & Wroth, 1977). The total
horizontal insitu s t r e s s may then be obtained by measuring t h e contact
pressure.
Facilities t o measure pore pressure a r e available in t h e same
instrument. Hydraulic fracturing has also been used t o estimate minimum
horizontal stresses in soft clay (Bjerrum & Anderson. 1972).
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W h e r e tests are carrfed out h rock, blastrirg for rock excavaaon may
seriously affect the rock to be tested This effect can be minlinied by u s h g
s d charges, and by l i n h h h g the excavafion by hand methods.
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The test is usually carrfed out either under a series o f rnahtaned loads
or at a constant rate of penetrabon. In the former, the ground is allowed to
consohdate under such a load before a further ~ncrementis applieed,.this wil/
yield the drained deformahon characteristics and also strength characteristics
if the test is continued to fa7ure. In the latter, the rate of penetration is
generally such that little or no drainage occurs, and the test gives the
corresponding undrahed deformafion and strength character~ktt'cs.
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29.1
l.ne even transference of load onto the test surface can best be
achieved by setting the plate on a suitable bedd~ngmaterial, which usually
consists o f cement mortar or plaster o f paris.
Where the test is being
performed to measure the deformation character~istics of a relabbvely stiW
materia4 considerable care is required in setting the plate, and a series o f
bedd~hglayers may be needed /Ward e t a/, 1968). Changes in water content of
the ground being tested shouh' be kept to a min~imm.
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When camying out the test below the prevailing groundwater table, the
seepage forces assou'ated with dewatering may affect the properties to be
measured This effect is most severe for tests carried out at signiifiint
depths below the water table in sods and weak rocks. It may therefore be
necessary to lower the water table by a system of wells set outside and below
the test positibn.
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The test I> subject to scale effects. Several plate sizes and shapes are
used, the most ccnnmon being uicu/ar plates ranging from 300 mm to 1 000 mm
in d i m t e r . The choice depends on the problem b e ~ h gstudied In rocks,
plates larger than 1 000 mm d'kmeter may be used. depending on the johting
frequency,
The test arrangement used by the U.K. Bu17ding Research
Establishment 13 shown in Figure 43 and 13fully described elsewhere /Marsland.
1971; 1972; Ward et a/, 1968).
an adit is given in
BSI (1981a).
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29.1.5 Measurements
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(11 General. The test 13 most frequently used to measure the ultihate
bearing capacity.
In cases where setdements and elastic deformaation
character13tiks o f the ground need to be detemined as in rock foundations.
care should be exeruked to work at stresses that are relevant.
The
observatrbn of defomation, parti'cululy at low stress lev& requiies the
utmost care in sample preparation and settrig-up irmeaningful results are to
be achieved The errors that can be introduced by sample dikturbance and
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29.1.6
ii, size
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3
Constant Rate of Penetration. Constant rate o f penetratlbn tests
are more suitable for soils. Such tests are descr18ed b y Marsland (19711 for
plates ranging from 38 mm to 868 mm diameter. using a penetration rate of Z.5
mm/mn.
Where the maximum bearing capacity is not clearly defined, the
value o f the bearing pressure at a settlement o f 15 per cent o f the plate
diameter is used I f the undrained deformation modulus IS required, the plate
diameter should be greater than 750 mm. but it is preferable to carry out a
separate test wi2h the load apphed increment&y a t a rapid rate.
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where E
I>
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The assumpOons made for the analysis are that the material is homogeneous, elastk, isotropic and that the classic equation for the penetration of
a rigid c~rcularplate on a semi-infinite plane surface appfies :
is Poisson 3 ratio.
This equation can be used when the test is carried out either at the
ground surface or in a pit whose p h dihensions are at least five trines those
of the plate /Ireland e t a/. 19701. If the test ~k carried out at the end of a
borehole, the expressbn becomes :
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For cohesive so& an estihate o f the undrahed shear strength, C,, can
be obtained from the plate test carried out ih a borehole by using the
following equation .'
C"
9"
- YH
. . . . . .
NO1
N,
is the bulk
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The test site should preferably form part o f the actual excavation, or
be o f the same size and para//e/ to the axis in representative ground The
length o f a test sectlon should be at least five bhes the excavated diameter,
unless allowance can be made for the end effects. The method of excavation
used should be capable of producing a formed surface o f s ~ h i l a rquality to the
actual excavaoon. In order to ascertai, whether the modulus determhed is
drained, partlblly drained or undrained, it is necessary to know the draffage
conditlbns wh'ch applied during the test.
I&u
CBR tests have sometimes been carr~edout lh conj#nc&on with
i m i t u density and moisture content tests and then /inked with laboratory
compacthn tests. A careful study o f all the resulohg data may allow a
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29.4.1
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
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30.1
environmental
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30.4
MEASUREMENTS
Prov~k~on
should be made for the following :
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The shearing force apphkation system should ensure that the load I>
applied un~Yormlyover the p h e of shearing, and that the load and geometrical
centroids are matched to eliminate movement. &%erean i h c h e d shear force
is required, the resultant o f the.sbear force shouMpass through the centre o f
the base of the shearing plane (Brown. 198 1 1. I f a constant norma/ load lk
required for this type of test, suitable reducton has to be made to the applied
normal load durihg testing to compensate for the increase in vertkal
component with increashg shear force. The shear force application can be
developed by sim17ar means to the normal loading. In both cases, care has to
.e.
be taken to ensure that the ground reactbn does not extend to the san?d
The reacton system can frequently be provided by the excavation sidewalls.
In certah cases, it may be necessary to provide the shear force by traction on
a system anchored by pi& or cables. Suffic~enttravel in the shear force
application system should be provided so that the complete test can be run
without interruptrbn.
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The equipment for app/ying the norma/ load can consist of weights,
kentledge, hydraulic rams, flat jacks acting agahst the excavaton m o X or an
anchor system. The reacton system should ensure the unl'form transfer of the
normal loads to the test sample and minimum resistance to the shear
displacement, e.g. by the use of low-friction devices such as ball seathgs or
&ers s( Brown, 1981). A porous phton or other suitable medium can be used
to d~ktributethe load where drahed cond~'tbnsare required The alignment o f
the force needs to be maintahed during the test.
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30.6
ANALYSIS OF R E S U L T S
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171
Large-scale field trikls are carried out in such a manner that the ground
tested on a scale and under conditions comparable with those prevailing i n
the project under ~hvest~gatrbn.
However, such trials are likely to be costly in
terms of instrumentation, the requirements for purpose-made equipment and
technical support. The methods and types of instrumentatrbn available for
monitoring t k l d tests are given in b r ~ e foutline in the fohwing sectrbns,
together with some of the more common large-scale fied trials used to obtain
geotechn~caldata for design and construction.
I>
31.2
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31.1
METHODS OF INSTRUMENTATION
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175
32.2
FAILURES
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32.1
OTHER CASES
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177
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Geophysics
a speciafized method of ground investzgation. Where a
geophyskal investigation is required, the engineer directing the ground
investigation (see Section 15.21 would n o r d l y entrust it to an organ~zatrbn
speciafizing in this work. This organliatzon wdl usua/ly adv13e on the detays
of the method to be used and will interpret the results once they have been
obtained into a form that can be used directly by the dziectzhg engineer.
There 13 advantage in mahtaining a close hison between the directing
engineer and the geophysicist since difficultground conditions may give rise to
problems of interpretation and hence a need for further zhvestigatzon.
Engineering appficationsof geophysics have sometzines been disappointing, and
it is important that the type of hformatzon supp/ied by the investzgation is
suitable for the project (Griffiths & King, 1983; Ridley Thomas, 19821. The
htention of the following sections is to fist the various geopbysicd methods
whkh are currently a vazhble, to give some indicatzon of the problems they may
help to solve and to indicate the fimz'tation of each method. The appficabifity
of the various geophysica2 methods is summarized lh Table 11.
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33.23 Magnetic
33.24 Seismic
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General
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33.3.3
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are d~kcussedby Brown ( 1981 ). Experience in the use of these methods I> at
present relatively lim'ted and the data obtruned should always be correlated
agahst the examinathn and testhg of borebole samples and against the results
of other insitu tests.
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The general procedures for handling and labelling o f samples in the field
are given in Sec&bn 19.10. Samples should be treated with equal care on
arrival at the core store or at the laboratory.
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fel
ffJ
fg)
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fd)
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fbl
lj)
fk)
simple stereo-microscope
where necessary,
f/l
with
magnification
to x30,
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fi)
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187
GENERAL
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36.1
36.2 SOIL
36.3
ROCK
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PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS
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A complete rock descriptlbn should cover both the rock material and rock
mass characteristics. The latter cannot be determined from individual samples,
but may be deduced to some extent from many sampfe descriptions and other
data. Where the mater~hlcharacteristics are not obvious, thin sections are a
valuable aid to f i r s t assessments made with a hand lens.
36.4
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189
GENERAL
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fn many cases, a field test wifl give more reafistic resufts than a
laboratory test because of reduced problems of sampfe disturbance. However.
there is a large body of practr'cal experience behind some o f the common
laboratory tests, and when the data derived from them are used w11h skdL
reliable predictions can be obtahed. The general consideratlbns set out in the
following four sections should be borne in mind.
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37.1
SIZE
T E S T CONDITIONS
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For disturbed sampfes, the amount o f so17 required for any partjcular test
given in Table 7. A s the behaviour of the ground I> greaffy affected by
discontinuioes, 'undisturbed' samples should ideafly be sufficiently large to
include a representative pattern of these discontinuities. ThLs can often be
achieved by the use of large 'undisturbed' samples.
I>
37.4
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Laboratory t e s t s on rock material a r e u n d e r t a k e n t o determine classification. s t r e n g t h a n d deformation parameters. Tests t o determine t h e basic
s h e a r s t r e n g t h of specific discontinuities may also be undertaken. Table 13
lists t h e r a n g e of common laboratory t e s t s on rock, t o g e t h e r with r e f e r e n c e s
and remarks on t h e i r use.
Some of t h e s e t e s t s a r e reviewed in t h e
Geotechnical Manual f o r Slopes (GCO, 1984) a n d BSI (1981a). The significance
of t h e size and quality of t h e sample, t h e t e s t conditions a n d t h e relevance of
t h e r e s u l t s , a s discussed in Chapter 37 f o r soils, also apply in general t o tests
on rock.
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197
40,
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40.2.2 Introduction
40.2.3
Description of Site
The report should contain an unambiguous description of the geographical location of t h e site, s o that the area covered by t h e investigation can
be located readily a t a later date. This should include street names together
with Hong Kong Metric Grid references and a location map a t an appropriate
scale.
The description should also include general statements on site
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The report should have an introductron stating for whom the work was
done, the nature of the in vestigatron and its genera/ /ocatron, the purpose for
which the investigatrbn was made and the period o f trine over which the work
was carfled out.
A n account should be given o f the geology o f the site, and the sources
from which the information was obtahed should be stated (see Section 4.21.
The amount of the data included w i l depend upon the nature of the work
being planned and also upon the amount of data available. The soil and rock
types identified and described in the report should be linked with the known
geology o f the site, see Geoguide 3 ( G C O , 1988).
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40.2.4 Geology
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1
Genera/. The final borehole logs should be based on the visual
examination and descriptrbn o f the samples, the laboratory test results where
appropriate, the drifler's da7y report forms and what I> known o f the geology
o f the site. Being an interpretation o f ground data which may at times be
confiicting. the logs should be finaiised only when the appropriate field and
laboratory work has been conpleted. It IS important that dl relevant data
collected b y the driller, once checked and amended where necessary, shouM be
recorded.
f2l
General Data Common to A l l Logs.
recorded on all logs :
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with a cross-reference on the logs. The subsechons whkh follow indicate the
data which a well-prepared borehole log may contain.
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rotary,
fnl groundwater levels measured subsequent to the completion of piezometers, unless recorded separately.
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disadvantage that the reader may need constantly to refer back to the key.
fa/
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/dl The deith at the top and bottom of each borehole test,
and the nature of the test.
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5
Rotary Dr17fing. For rotary drilling, in additon to the items
referred to i n Sectlbns 40.2.6f21 and 40.2.6f31, the following information should
be recorded in the log :
fcl The depth of the start and finish of each core run.
fdl
1988).
ffl
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Descr~pfions
The visual descriptions o f a// samples tested should appear i n the report.
The precise method o f recording them wifl depend upon circumstances. I t may
be convenient to show them on the same sheets as the results o f the
laboratory tests, or a separate table may be preferable.
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The report should contan a plan showing the prec~selocation and top
level o f each borehole (see Chapter 39).
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fil
fiil
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fie data on which the analysis and recommendations are based shouh' be
clearly indicated.
The information generafly comes under two separate
head'ngs :
fivl
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hi2
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( a ) Slope stability:
geological model; s h e a r s t r e n g t h
parameters; water p r e s s u r e s f o r t h e design condition;
assessment of risk
t o life and economic r i s k ;
recommended slope angle. Comment should be made on
s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e a n d protection measures, a n d on a n y
s u b s u r f a c e drainage r e q u i r e d .
For rock slopes, a n
assessment of potential failures d u e t o unfavourably
orientated discontinuities should be made.
Possible
methods of stabilizing local a r e a s of instability a n d
s u r f a c e protection measures should be recommended.
Advice on monitoring of potentially unstable slopes
should also b e given ( G C O . 1984).
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40.3.4
(c) Embankments:
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fikely amount o f
movement caused b y
adbcent
excavations and
groundwater lowering, compressed air working, grouhng
and ground freezing or other geotechnical processes.
The possibifity o f movement due to increased loading on
adjacent ground may also need to be considered
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40,3.5
Construction Expedients
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Sources o f Materjals
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fcl Embankments:
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40.3.9
References
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REFERENCES
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Addison, R . (1986).
Geology of Sha Tin. 1:20 000 S h e e t 7.
Hong Kong
Geological S u r v e y Memoir No. 1, Geotechnical Control Office. Hong
Kong. 85 p.
On t h e effect of
Anderson, M.G., McNicholl, D.P. & Shen, J.M. (1983).
topography in controlling soil water conditions. with specific r e g a r d t o
c u t slope piezometric levels.
Honq Kong Engineer, vol. 11. No. 11.
p p 35-41.
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ASTM (1985b3. S t a n d a r d test method f o r density a n d u n i t weight of soil i n place b y t h e r u b b e r balloon method. Test Designation D2167-84. 1985
Annual Book of ASTM S t a n d a r d s , American Society f o r Testing a n d
Materials. Philadelphia, vol. 04.08, pp 342-347.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Baguelin, F., Jezequel, J.F. & Shields, D.H. (1978). The Pressuremeter a n d
Foundation Engineering. T r a n s Tech Publications. Clausthal. Germany.
617 p.
Bauer, G.E. & Demartinecourt, J.P. (1982). The modified borehole s h e a r device.
Geotechnical Testing Journal. vol. 6. p p 24-29.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Beattie, A.A. & Lam, C.L. (1977). Rock slope failures - t h e i r prediction a n d
prevention. Hong Kong Engineer. vol. 5, no. 7, p p 27-40 (Discussion.
vol. 5, no. 9, p p 27-29).
test
in
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Benson, R.P., Murphy, D.K. & McCreath, D.R. (1970). Modulus t e s t i n g of rock
a t t h e Churchill Falls U n d e r g r o u n d Powerhouse, Labrador. Proceedings
of t h e Symposium on Determination of t h e In Situ Modulus of
Deformation of Rock.
American Society f o r Testing and Materials
Special Technical Publication. no. 477. p p 89-116.
geotechnical practice.
Bishop, A.W. & Henkel, D.J. (1976). The Measurement of Soil Properties in t h e
Triaxial Test. Edward Arnold. London. 227 p.
Bishop, A.W. P Little, A.L. (1967). The influence of t h e size a n d orientation
of t h e sample on t h e a p p a r e n t s t r e n g t h of t h e London Clav at Maldon.
Essex.
Proceedings of t h e ~ e o t e ~ h n i c aConference
l
on t h e ~ h e a ;
S t r e n g t h of Natural Soils a n d Rocks. Oslo. vol. 1. p p 89-96.
~~~
<
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- ~ -
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Table of Contents
Bjerrum, L.. Nash, J.K.T.L., Kennard. R.M. & Gibson, R.E. (1972). Hydraulic
f r a c t u r i n g in field permeability testing. ~ Q o t e c h n i q u e v, ol. 22, p p 319332. (Reprinted i n Norwegian Geotechnical I n s t i t u t e , Publication no. 94.
1972, p p 1-12).
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Brand, E.W., Burnett, A.D. & Styles, K.A. (1982). The Geotechnical Area
Studies Programme in Hong Kong.
Proceedings of the Seventh
Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, Hong Kong, vol. 1,
pp 107-123.
Brand, E.W., Hencher, S.R. & Youdan, D.G. (1983a).
Rock slope
engineering in Hong Kong. Proceedings of the Fifth International
Rock Mechanics Congress, Melbourne, vol. 1, pp C17-C24.
Brand
Brand, E.W., Phillipson, H.B., ~orrie, G.W. & Clover, A.W. (198333).
Insitu direct shear tests on Hong Kong residual soils. Proceedings
of the International Symposium on Soil and Rock Investigation by Insitu Testing, Paris, vol. 2, pp 13-17,
(Discussion, vol. 3,
pp 55-56).
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Table of Contents
Brian-Boys, K.C., Howells, D.J., Pang, P.L.R. & Koirala, N.P. (1986).
Second Draft Model Specification for Reinforced Fill Structures.
Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong, 83 p.
Briaud, J.L. & Gambin, M. (1984). Suggested practice for drilling
boreholes for pressuremeter testing. Geotechnical Testing Journal,
vol. 7, pp 36-40.
Broch, E. & Franklin, J.A. (1972). The point load strength test.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 9.
pp 667-697.
Brown, E.T. (Editor) (1981).
Rock Characterization Testing and
Monitoring : ISRM Suggested Methods, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 211 p.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
BSI (1975b).
Methods of Test f o r Soil f o r Civil Engineering Purposes
(BS 1377:1975). British S t a n d a r d s Institution, London, 144 p.
BSI ( 1 9 7 5 ~ ) . Methods of Test f o r Stabilized Soils (BS 1924:1975).
S t a n d a r d s Institution, London. 96 p.
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British
BSI (1977).
Code of Practice f o r Protective Coating of Iron a n d Steel
S t r u c t u r e s Against Corrosion (BS 5493:1977).
British S t a n d a r d s
Institution, London, 112 p.
BSI (1981b).
Code of Practice f o r Earthworks (BS 6031:1981).
S t a n d a r d s Institution, London. 88 p.
British
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An approach t o u r b a n engineering
Burnett, A.D. & Styles. K.A. (1982).
geological mapping a s used in Hong Kong. Proceedings of t h e Fourth
International Congress of t h e International Association of Engineering
Geology, New Delhi, vol. 1, p p 167-176.
Carter, J.P. & Booker, J.R. (1984). Determination of t h e deformation modulus
of rock from t u n n e l a n d borehole loading tests. Proceedings of t h e
Fourth Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics. P e r t h ,
vol. 1, p p 509-513.
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Burland, J.B.. Moore, J.F.A. & Smith. P.D.K. (1972). A simple a n d precise
borehole extensometer. GQotechnique. vol. 22, p p 174-177.
Contractor (Hong
Chiang. Y.C. & Ho, Y.M. (1980). Pressuremeter method f o r foundation design
in Hong Kong. Proceedings of t h e Sixth Southeast Asian Conference on
Soil Engineering. Taipei. vol. 1, p p 31-42.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Cole. K.W. & Burland. J.B. (1972). Observations of retaining wall movements
associated with a l a r g e excavation. Proceedings of t h e Fifth European
Conference on Soil Mechanics a n d Foundation Engineering, Madrid,
vol. 1, p p 445-453.
Table of Contents
Delft Soil
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Evans, G.L., McNicholl, D.P. & Leung, K.W. (1982). Testing in hand d u g
caissons.
Proceedings of t h e Seventh Southeast Asian ~ e o t e c h n i c d
Conference, Hong Kong, vol. 1, p p 317-332.
Foott. R., Koutsoftas, D.C. & Handfelt, L.D. (1987). Test fill at Chek Lap Kok,
Hong Kong. J o u r n a l of Geotechnical Engineering, American Society of
Civil Engineers. vol. 113, pp 106-126.
Forth.
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F r o s t . R.J. (1973). Some t e s t i n g e x p e r i e n c e s a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of boulderg r a v e l fill in e a r t h dams. Evaluation of Relative Density a n d I t s Rolesin
Geotechnical P r o j e c t s Involving Cohesionless Soils. American Society f o r
Testinq a n d Materials. S ~ e c i a Technical
l
Publication no. 523, p p 207-233.
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F u n g , A.K.L., Foott. R.. Cheung, R.K.H. & Koutsoftas. D.C. (1984). Practical
conclusions from t h e geotechnical s t u d i e s on o f f s h o r e reclamation f o r t h e
proposed Chek Lap Kok Airport. Hong Kong Engineer, vol. 12, no. 6.
p p 17-26. (Discussion, vol. 6, no. 10, p. 53 a n d vol. 7, no. 2, p p 7-8).
(Second e d i t i o n ) .
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Geotechnical
G C O (1986).
map).
Geotechnical
(Second edition).
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Government
of
Hong
Kong
(1985).
Buildings
Ordinance
(and
Building
Gyenge. M. & Herget, G . (1977). Pit Slope Manual. Supplement 3-2 - Laborat o r y Tests f o r Design Parameters. CANMET (Canada Centre f o r Mineral
a n d Energy Technology), CANMET Report 77-26. 74 p.
Table of Contents
Griffiths, J.S. & Marsh, A.H. (1984). BS 5930 : The role of geomorphological
a n d geological t e c h n i q u e s in a preliminary s i t e investigation.
Proceedings of t h e 20th Regional Meeting of t h e Engineering Group of
t h e Geological Society, Guildford. U K , p p 261-267.
(Published as Site
Investigation Practice : Assessing BS 5930. edited b y A.B. Hawkins.
Geological Society. Engineering Geology Special Publication no. 2. 1986).
(Also published in p r e p r i n t vol. 1. pp 249-259).
Table of Contents
Goodman. R.E., Van, T.K. & Heuze, F.E. (1970). Measurement of rock deformability i n boreholes.
Proceedings of t h e Tenth United S t a t e s
Symposium on Rock Mechanics. Austin, Texas, p p 523-555.
Table of Contents
Handy, R.L. & Fox. N.S. (1967). A soil borehole d i r e c t - s h e a r test device.
Highway Research News. USA, no. 27, p p 42-52.
rock
mechanics
Table of Contents
Hencher, S.R. & Martin. R.P. (1984). The failure of a c u t slope on t h e Tuen
Mun Road in Hong Kong. Proceedings of t h e International Conference
o n Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. S t Louis. Missouri, vol. 2,
p p 683-688.
Table of Contents
Hencher, S.R.. Massey. J.B. & Brand. E.W. (1984). Application of back analysis
t o some Hong Kong landslides. Proceedings of t h e Fourth International
Swnposium on Landslides, Toronto, vol. 1. p p 631-638.
(Third edition).
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Institution of Civil
Institution of Civil
Idel, K.H.. Muhs, H. & Von Soos, P. (1969). Proposal f o r "quality classes" i n
soil sampling a n d t h e importance of boring methods a n d sampling
equipment. P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e Specialty session on Site ~ n v e s t i ~ a t i o n l
Seventh International Conference on Soil Mechanics a n d Foundation
Engineering, Mexico City. p p 56-61.
Table of Contents
80.
ISRM
(1978).
Suggested methods f o r t h e quantitative description of
discontinuities i n rock masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics
a n d Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, vol. 15, p p 319-368.
Table of Contents
ISRM (1985). Suggested method f o r determining point load s t r e n g t h . International Journal of Rock Mechanics a n d Minina Sciences & Geomechanics
Abstracts, vol. 22, no. 2, p p 51-60.
ISSMFE (1977). Report of t h e subcommittee on standardization of penetration
t e s t i n g in ~ u r o p e ,Appendix 5. Proceedings of t h e Ninth ~ n t e r n a t i o n a l
Conference on Soil Mechanics a n d Foundation Enqineerinq, Tokyo, vol. 3.
Table of Contents
Kjellman, W.. Kallstenius, T. & Wager. 0. (1950). Soil sampler with metal foils
: device f o r taking u n d i s t u r b e d samples of v e r y g r e a t length.
Proceedinns of t h e Roval Swedish Geotechnical Institute, no. 1, p p 1-75.
Koirala. N.P.. Hee, A. & Burnett, A.D. (1986). Geotechnical i n p u t t o land u s e
planning in Hong Kong. Proceedinqs of t h e Conference on Plannins a n d
Enqineerinq Geoloqv (22nd Regional Conference of t h e Enqineerinq G r O U D
of t h e Geoloqical Society). Plymouth. UK. p r e p r i n t vol.. p p 729-739.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Lugeon, M. (1933).
Table of Contents
t o insitu
plate
tests.
Ground
Table of Contents
Which EDM?
McCann. D.M.. Jackson, P.D. & Culshaw, M.G. (1987). The u s e of geophysical
s u r v e y i n g methods in t h e detection of n a t u r a l cavities a n d mineshafts.
Q u a r t e r l y Journal of Engineerinq Geology. vol. 20. p p 59-73.
McFeat-Smith. I. (1987).
Drilling long horizontal boreholes f o r s i t e
investigation purposes. Contractor (Hong Kong). J u n e 1987. p p 7-12.
Table of Contents
Mayes. M. (1985).
p p 594-595.
McNicholl. D.P. & Cho. G.W.F. (1985). Surveillance of pore water conditions in
l a r g e u r b a n slopes. Proceedinqs of t h e 21st Annual Conference of t h e
Engineering Group of t h e Geological Society, Sheffield, pp 403-415.
(Published a s Groundwater i n Enqineering Geology, edited b y J.C. Cripps
e t al. Geological Society, Engineering Geology Special Publication no. 3.
1986) (Also published i n p r e p r i n t volume, p p 445-467).
Meigh. A.C. (1977).
field tests.
Proceedings
Structurally
Meigh, A.C., Skipp. B.O. & Hobbs. N.B. (1973). Field a n d laboratory creep
t e s t s on weak rocks.
Proceedings of t h e Eighth International
Conference on Soil Mechanics a n d Foundation Enqineering, Moscow.
vol. 1.2. p p 265-271.
Table of Contents
Meigh.
Table of Contents
Morgan, T.A.
Rock.
Table of Contents
Writing Reports.
A simple d r i v e n piezometer.
~ 6 o t e c h n i q u e . vol. 21.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Naylor. J.A.. Rowland, C.D.. Young, C.P. & Barber. C. (1978). The investigation
of landfill sites. Water Research Centre, U K . Technical Report TR91.
68 p.
Table of Contents
Phillipson, H.B. & Chipp, P.N. (1982). Air foam sampling of residual soils in
H6ng Kong. Proceedings of t h e Specialty Conference on Enqineerina a n d
Construction in Tropical a n d Residual Soils. Honolulu. p p 339-356.
Table of Contents
recent
Phillipson, H.B. & Chipp, P.N. (1981). High quality c o r e sampling
developments in Hong Kong. Honn Konn Engineer. vol. 9, no. 4, p p 915.
Pope, R.G.. Weeks. R.C. & Chipp. P.N. (1982). Automatic recording of
s t a n d p i p e piezometers.
~ r o c e e d i n q sof t h e Seventh Southeast Asian
Geotechnical Conference, Hong Kong, vol. 1, p p 77-89.
Table of Contents
Her
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
~6otechniaue.
Elsevier
Table of Contents
S h e r a r d , J.L.. Dunnigan, L.P.. Decker. R.S. & Steele, E.F. (1976). Pinhole test
f o r identifying d i s p e r s i v e soils. J o u r n a l of t h e Geotechnical Enqineering
D
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
,
voof. 102, p p 69-85.
Siu, K.L.
(1984).
Long.
Table of Contents
)
Hong Kong, p p 75-88. (Published as Geological Society of Honq Kong.
Bulletin no. 2, editgd b y I. McFeat-Smith, 1985).
Skempton, A.W. (1986). S t a n d a r d p e n e t r a t i o n test p r o c e d u r e s a n d t h e e f f e c t s
i n s a n d s of o v e r b u r d e n p r e s s u r e , r e l a t i v e d e n s i t y , particle size, ageing
a n d overconsolidation. Geotechniaue. vol. 36. p p 425-447.
offshore
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Steoh
n . - R.J.~ (1973).
Relative d e n s i t y tests on rockfill a t C a r t e r s Dam.
~ e n s~o
~~~,
~
Evaluation of Relative Density a n d I t s Role i n Geotechnical P r o j e c t s
Involving Cohesionless Soils. American Society f o r Testinq a n d Materials.
S ~ e c i a Technical
l
Publication no. 523. pp 234-247.
Sweeney. D.J. & Ho. C.S. (1982). Deep foundation d e s i g n u s i n g plate load
tests.
Proceedings of t h e S e v e n t h S o u t h e a s t Asian Geotechnical
Conference. Hong Kong. vol. 1. p p 439-452.
Table of Contents
Terrain analysis a n d
Van Zuidam. R.A. & Van Zuidam-Cancelado, F.I. (1979).
classification using aerial photographs : A geomorphological approach.
ITC Textbook of Photo-Interpretation Volume VII - Use of Aerial
Detection in G e o m o r ~ h o l o g ~a n d Geographical Landscape Analysis.
International I n s t i t u t e of Aerial S u r v e y a n d Earth Sciences (ITC).
Enschede. The Netherlands. 333 p.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Way, D.S. (1978). Terrain Analysis - A Guide t o Site Selection Usinq Aerial
Photoqraphic Interoretation. (Second edition). McGraw Hill, New York,
438 p.
Weltman, A.J. & Head, J.M. (1983).
Site investigation manual. Construction
I n d u s t r y Research & Information Association Special Publication no. 25 /
PSA Civil Enqineerinn Technical Guide no. 35. 144 p.
Table of Contents
Ward. W.H., Burland, J.B. & Gallois. R.W. (1968). Geotechnical assessment of a
s i t e at Munford, Norfolk, f o r a l a r g e proton accelerator. ~ g o t e c h n i a u e ,
vol. 18. p p 399-431.
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
TABLES
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
[BLANK PAGE]
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
227
Table
No.
Page
No.
Tests
10
11
Investigations
12
13
Tests on Rock
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
L I S T OF TABLES
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
[BLANK PAGE]
- -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
229
Table 1
- Selected M a ~ s .Plans
Number
Coverage
of
Sheets
Full
Size
Series
(mml
No.
Price
Per COPY
1987 HK$
Table of Contents
Lands kpartment
HPlC
NT & Islands
Table of Contents
Urban
Urban & NT
Urban &
NT Townships
Urban, Shatin,
Tsing Yi
Kowloon
Hong Kong
HM2OC
Full
HM50CL
HM50CP
Full
HMlOOCL
Full
HMZOOCL
Table of Contents
Full
Full
Map Sheet 7
HGM2O
& 11
Legend :
See Figure 3 for full programme of the new geological survey
Table of Contents
Full
p~
Approximate
Coverage 1%)
Year
1924
4
I
30
1945
19L9
30
1959
1961
Remarks
Medium t o l o w r e s o l u t i o n . s i n g l e f r a m e s
w i t h incidental stereo overlap.
Medium t o good resolution.
of lowland areas.
some s t e r e o overlap.
Good resolution
Good resolution
; small
relief exaggeration.
lo
1963
1964
40
1967
20
- 1971
20
1972
30
1973
90
1974
30
1975
30
b0
1
I
I
1977
1978
t0
present
60
Most of Territory.
Coverage of n o r t h - w e s t and west
New Territories
New Territories.
Table of Contents
1976
1
1
I
I
Coverage o f t r u n k r o a d s .
Table of Contents
1968
Table of Contents
1956
1
I
1
Table of Contents
Table 2
Approximate
Coverage (%)
HKI
Remarks
I K
1954
Good resolution
196L
flight lines. L to 5 k m a p a r t .
1973
3 to Skm a p a r t .
- 1976
1977
Obliques
only
1978
Complete coverage.
1979
Complete coverage.
1980
1982
Complete coverage
Complete
Table of Contents
Complete coverage.
1981
Table of Contents
1974
Table of Contents
Year
coverage.
1983
Almost complete coverage.
Coverage of Urban Area. Clearwater Bay
and S a i Kung Peninsula.
1985
Complete coverage.
1986
Complete
coverage
1987
Complete
coverage.
Table of Contents
198L
Table 3
- Guidance
Other Features
Soil
F i l l Slope
Table of Contents
S.I.Class
I
Legend :
oc
Height
Angle
Angle
(Table
of feature
o f feature
of natural hillside
L)
Cut slope
Retaining wall
....
Table of Contents
Notes :
Table of Contents
Retaining Wall
Table of Contents
Rock
of the Site, oc
B1
D
8 2 C2
E3
:.
Mapping o f
1 . geological structures
2 . s u r f a c e features
Notes:
E. Sampling
1 . q u a l i t y c l a s s Io r 2
2 . quality class 3
3 . quality class G
F. Field measurements o f
1 , permeability
2 . p ore pressures
G. Laboratory t e s t s
I . i n t a c t strength t e s t s f o r soils and
r o c k j o i n t s , remoulded s t r e n g t h
t e s t s for f i l l
2 . d e n s i t y t e s t s for f i l l materials
3 . c lassif icationlindex t e s t s
( 2 ) Installation
of instruments f o r long t e r m monitoring o f ground
displacements and pore pressures should be considered during
t h e s i t e investigation s t a g e .
Table of Contents
1. Ground i n v e s t i g a t ~ o n ,such a s t r i a l
p i t s , boreholes, c o r i n g , probing and
piezometer installations. as appropriate
A B1 C1 D
82 C2
E2 F2 G2
E3
G3
Table of Contents
Assessment of surrounding
topography and geology f o r
mdication of s t a b i l i t y . Visual
examination of geologica 1
materials
G2
G3
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
in Hong Kong
Table of Contents
Table 5 - Sizes of Commonly-used Core-barrels, Casings and Drill Rods Used in Hong Kong
Core
- barrels
Double tube
Casings
Flush - jointed
Triple -tube
Flush coupled
Coupling
Design
Design
NMLC
7L
101
76
11 1
Table of Contents
*
**
3C-MLC
Mazier
Legend :
*
**
OD
ID
Outer diameter
Inner diameter
( 1 ) This l i s t i s not exhaustive and should not i m p l y t h e exclusion of other recognised core b a r r e l s and
casing I r o d s systems.
( 2 ) For additional information, reference can be made t o BS LO19 : Part 1 (BSI 197La) on r o t a r y core d r i l l i n g
equipment and Figure 29 of BS 5930 ( BSI ,1981a 1 .
Table of Contents
Notes :
Table of Contents
n ;i;
43%
Nominal Diameter
Nominal Diameter
Drill Rods
23 5
During Sampling
After Sampling
Stress relief
Stress relief
Swelling
Remoulding
Migration of water
within the sample
Compaction
Displacement
Loss of moisture
Displacement
Shattering
Overheating
Base heave
Vibration
Piping
Mixing or segregation
Chemical changes
Caving
Failure to recover
Disturbance during
extrusion
Note :
Table of Contents
Stress relief
Table of Contents
Before Sampling
Purpose of Sample
Soil indentification. including
Atterberg limits; sieve analysis;
moisture content and
sulphate content tests
Soil Type
Clay, silt, sand
Mass of
Sample Required
Table of Contents
Table 7
Comprehensive examination
of construction materials,
including soil stabilization
Note :
Table of Contents
Compaction tests
Typical Composition
of Materials
Sampling procedure
Quality
Class
Colluvium
Alluvial and
marine deposits can be found :
Notes :
Piston sampler
Thin-walled sampler
UIOO sampler
Delft continuous sampler
Light percussion clay cutter ( d r y
boreholes) or shell ( w e t boreholes)
t c ) F i r m to very stiff
cohesive s o i l s
Triple-tube core-barrel w i t h
retractor shoe
UlOO sampler
Light percussion clay cutter
debris mixtures
Table of Contents
IRock
sand sampler
Table of Contents
Fill
Table of Contents
Soils derived
Composition of soils varies
from insitu
depending on the nature of
Large diameter triple-tube core-barrel
Iriple-tube
core-barrel ( 374mm
s o i l s derived from volcanic
diameter cores) with retractor shoe
rock are usually sandy and
UlOO sampler
clayey s i l t s .
SPT split barrel sampler w i t h or
without liner
3ulk samples and jar samples from
dry open excavation
Light percussion shell and chisel
for boulders
Table of Contents
Material Type
xpectec
Table 9
Class 2
Class 3
Class L
Classification
Class 5
materials only 1
Table of Contents
Notes :
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Class 1
Table of Contents
Sample Quality
Piezometer
Type
Pressure
Range
Responsc
Time
''z,"idpipe
De-airing
Capability
Atmospheric
Open-
hydraulic
(Casagronde)
[High oir
entry
pressure)
Self
de-airing
Not normally.
but possible
with bubbler
system
Recommendations
Advantages
Any
positive
pressure
to ony
positive
pressure
Very good
Depends on pressure
measuring system
1) Mercury manometer
insitu
Fairly
permeability
cheap ;
very good
2 ) Bourdon gauge - poor
~ ~ , " be
~
in humid atmosphere
3) Pressure transducer - made
if required'
moderate but easily
reploced
Any
positive
pressure
tan be
de-aired
Moderote Can be
de-alred
Yes
As above
Fairly cheap;
very
insitu permeability AS
mwsurements ,n regular de-airing
required when
low permeability
measuring suctions.
soil are
No method of
Fairly cheap;
checking jf pore water
no gouge house
Or 'Ore
'Ir pressure
required.
i s measured.
Yes
some head
loss over
long
Rapid
Yes, but
special
cable
requlred
w ~ t htime; instrument
life about ten years, but
reliability of instrument
that cannot be checked
is always suspect
Poor
Yes
Good
As above
pressure
Can be
de-owed
Not
Variable relevant
available
As above; expensive;
~Z';~/;;'J$#
be checked.
As above.
Not accurate
between 0 and -1
atmosphere.
Not recommended.
Table of Contents
Cann-ot be
de-o,red;only
Rapid partipt!y self
de-alrlng
As
Below -1
Yes
required; regular
de-airing necessary;
Useful when remote reading.
uncovered tubing
m ~ ~ n
for artesian pressures.
liable to rodent
attack or damage
if left exposed.
Table of Contents
CC
pressure
Moderate
Disadvantages
Pneumatic positive
Electric
vibrating
wire type
Slow
Capability
Other
Long-term
Reliability
Table of Contents
Closedhydraulic
[Low air
entry
pressure)
Of
Remote
Reading
Table of Contents
Remarks
Application
Technique
-- -
--
averages.
by other m a s s characteristics.
Electrical resistivity
Gravimetric
Seismic reflection
below t h e seabed.
Magnetic
specific objects d i f f i c u l t .
Echo sounding
---I
-
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Magnetic
Table of Contents
Seismic refraction
Table of Contents
Table 1 1
Name
of Test
Recommended
References
Remarks
Frequently used i n the determination of soil properties. e.g, dry density. degree of saturation.
Soils containing halloysitic clays. gypsum or calcite con lose water of c r y s t a l l ~ s o t ~ owhen
n
heated.
and should be dried o l various temperatures ta assess the effect on determination of moisture content.
Liquid and p l a s t ~ cl l m ~ l s
(Atterberg limits)
Section 3 2 . 3
Used to classify fine-grained soils and as an aid i n classifying the fine fraction of mixed soils
Soils containing halloysitic clays must be tested o t natural moisture content.
Lineor shrinkage
Used to detect the presence of expansive clay minerals. Limited application i n Hong Kong.
Speclftc gravity
Frequently used i n the determination of other properties. e.g. void ratio, particle size d t s t r ~ b u t i o n
BSi l1975b) Test 6 ;
Particle size d i s t r l b u t ~ o n:
lo1 Sieving
Wilson 11963)
A useful test for c l a s s ~ f y l n gsllts and clays i n term of consistency See also Geoguide 3 (GCO. 19881.
Table of Contents
I b l BSI I1975 b l
Test 7lC) or 71D);
Geotechnical Manual for
Slopes. Section 3.2.5
Table of Contents
Test l ( A l ,
(GCO. 198LI.
Seclion 3.2.2
Table of Contents
Moisture content
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table 12
--
Category
of Test
Name
of Test
Recommended
References
Remarks
-
0
*
'D
C
.-In
0
V)
Sulphate content :
'a) Totol sulphate content of
so11
These tests assess the aggressiveness of soil and groundwater to burled concrete ond steel. Local
experience indicates that sulphate content of Hong Kong soils is generally low. Therefore Test 9 of
8.51 11975 b l IS normally adequate.
pH value
Assesses the aggressiveness of sol1 and groundwoter to buried concrete and steel.
Department of Transport
119761 Clause 2 7 2 2
Assesses :
Resistivity
Assesses the potentiol far electrochemical corroston of buried steel. The quoted reference gives a test
method for compacted f i l l . a s opposed to field measurement using the four electrode method (see Section
33.2 11. Corrosion of steel i n soils is discussed i n BSBOOL IBS1.1986) and King 119771.
Redox potential
Assesses the likelihood of sulphote reductng bacteria' being present, which promote microbiological corrosion
of buried steel. The quoted reference gives a test method for compocted fill 0s opposed to field measurement.
which is described i n CPt021 iBS1.19731.
Bocter~ological tests
BSI 119731
Table of Contents
--
l i i i ) influence the magnitude of the correction foctar require when using nuclear methods to estimate the
insitu ma~sturecontent of sails IASTM. 1985hl.
l i v l promote microbiological corrosion of buried steel.
In
I-
.->
In
Carbonale content
'D
C
.-0
E,
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
ategory
)f Test
Name
of Test
Recommended
References
Remarks
The qulck undralned test gwes undrolned shear strength I n terms of t o t a l stresses, and has appl~catlont o
l c l Consolidated undrained
w i t h measurement of pore
water pressure
l
for sheor strength measurements
Akroyd 119691; ASTM 11985 il A u s e f u l and practical alternotwe to the consolldoted drotned t r ~ a x ~ otest
on fill c o l l u v ~ u mand 5011s derlved from weather~ng of rock ~ n s l t u The test speclmen can be orlented to
Geotechnical Manual for Slopes
measure shear strength on o pre-determmed plane The m o p l l m l t o t ~ o no f the test I S t h e speclmen
Sections 3.7 and 3.9 ;
thickness whlch governs the maxlmum portlcle srze that c o n be tested Common speclmen slzes ore 60 mm
Heod I1986 1
and 100 mm square by 2Omm thlck
The less common 60mm dlometer by 20mm thlck and 300mm
square by 160mm thlck dlrect sheor boxes hove olso been used In Hong Kong
I b l Triaxial consolidation
I c l Rowe c e l l
Modulus of deformation
Heod 11986 1
These tests yleld soil parameters from whlch the amount and time scale of settlements con be calculated
The simple oedometer test 15 the one i n general u s e . Although reosonoble assessment of settlement can
be made from the results of the test, estimotes of the time scale hove been found t o be extremely
inaccurate for some s o i l s . This i s particularly true for cloy s o ~ l scontaining layers and partings of slit
and sand, where t h e horizontal permeability 1s much greater than the uertlcal . I n these cases, more
reliable data moy be obtoined from tests In tho Rowe c e l l , which i s ovolloble In slzes up t o 250 mm
diameter and where a larger and potentially more representative sample of soil can be tested
tests, and combme them w i t h coefficients of volume decrease, m, obtained from the simple oedometer test
Values of the modulus of deformatlon of sol[ can b e obto~ned f r o m t h e s t r e s s - s t r a l n curves from trloxlal
tests, where the test specimens hove been consolldated under effective stresses wrrespondlng
t o those In t h e field However, values obtolned In thls way frequently do not correlate well w l t h
I n s ~ t uobservot~ons I t IS now generally considered t h a t the p l a t e test ( s e e Sectton 21 6). the pressuremeter
I see Sectlon 21 7 ) and back onalysls of exlstmg structures y ~ e l dmore rellable results
compression
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
l o 1 One-dimensional
consolidotlon
( oedometer test I
For saturated cloys w ~ t hundra~nedshear strength less than about 75 k P o , the l n s ~ t upenetratlon vane test
1 see S e c t ~ o n21 3 1 , used I n conjunction wlth the cone penetratlon test I see Sectlon 23 3 I. will normally
be the best method for measuring undromed shear strength
A number o f other t r m x l a l tests are possrble. e g follure by mcreasmg pore pressure. decreasing KT3 e t c
T r l a x ~ a l tests can also be used t o f m d KO
Table of Contents
Consolidotion
Table of Contents
Table 12
Recommended
References
Nome
of Test
Permeability :
la1 Constant head
permeability test
I b l Falling head
permeability test
f a ) Akroyd 119691
f b l Akroyd 119691
Remarks
The constant head test is suited only to soils of permeability roughly within the range l ~ - ~ r n ltos 10-*mls.
For soils of lower permeability the falling head test is opplfcoble. For various reasons, principally sample
size and ground varlobllity, laboratory permeability tests often yield results of limited value, and insitu
tests should generally yleld more representative data l s e e Section 21.L). The Rowe cell allows the direct
measurement of permeability by a constant head, with a bock pressure and confining pressures more closely
consistent with the field state, and by both vertical and radial flow.
I d ) Rowe cell
Indicates the degree of compaction that can be achieved at different molsture contents and with
different compactive effort. Test 12 is commonly used i n Hong Kong. It is carried out in conjunction
with determinotions of insitu dry density I ASTM. 1985b; ASTM. 1985e; ASTM. 1985h; 851. 1975b Test 15;
see also Chapter 271.
Akroyd f19691.
051 (1975 b l Test 16
This is an empirical test used i n the design of flexible pavements. The test con also be curried out
lnsitu l see Section 29.6 I, but the results may be substantially different from the laboratory test due
to the difference i n the confining condition. especially for sands.
Double hydrometer
ldispersion lest l
Used to identify disperswe soils. i n order to assess the potential for dispersive piping and internal
eroslon to occur i n slopes and earth structures. The different tests M y not give consistent indications
of dispersion. consequently i t i s advisable to use more than one test method.
Table of Contents
Exchangeable sodium
percentage test
Emerson crumb test
lturbidity test 1
Pinhole test
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
test
Table of Contents
Table 12
Tests on Rock
Recommended
References
Name
of Test
Table of Contents
Table 13
Remarks
Used for classification and choracterisat~on of rocks
ASTM 11985d1;
Thin section
Used for petrographic descript~onof texture. fabric and state of alteration in rock material.
Point load
Gamon 11984b);
l r t a n 8 Powell 119851;
ISRM 119851;
Lumb 119831
Used to meosure the p o ~ n tload strength index and strength anlsotropy The results are used a s an ~ n d e x
test for strength classification of rock material, and to predict i t s uniaxial compressive strength.
see Geogulde 3 (GCO. 1988).
The test can be carried out on pleces of drlll core or ~ r r e g u l a rlumps of r o c k . I t can also be carried out In
t h e field ( s e e Section 24 2 1 I
ASTM 1198591;
ASTM 11985il;
Haas 119831.
Used for direct determination of uniaxial compresslve strength. and for determination of static
Young's Modulus of Elasticity and Pmsson's r a t i o .
Triaxial ComDression
--
The results can be used in conpnctlon w ~ t h~ntormationon the nature and spacing of d i s c o n t ~ n u ~ t ~to
es
assess allowable bearing stress and settlement i n rock foundation deslgn. stability of underground excavations
and to design rock support measures. They may olso be used for classification of rock materlal
IDeere 8 Miller. 19661. Unioxial compressive strength can be used to classify rock moterml for descr~pfive
purposes. see Geogulde 3 IGCO. 1988).
-
ASTM 1 1 9 8 5 ~I;
--
Used for determmat~onof trmxlal compresswe strength, stotlc Young's Modulus of E l a s t l c ~ t yand
Po~sson's rotlo Test results are used to assess the stablllty of underground excovatlons and
to deslgn support measures
ASTM 11985 f 1 ;
D ~ r e c tshear
Franklin 119851;
Used ~n s t a b t l ~ t yassessment of underground excavat~ons Specimens for dlrect tests are dlfflcult to prepare,
and m d ~ r e c ttests such a s the 'Brazll Test' a r e more commonly performed
Used to determine the shear strength character6stics of rock discontinuities. The Robertson Shear Box
and the Golder Associates Shear Box are routmely used. Both are sufficiently portable far f i e l d use,
but specimen preparation time i s a disadvantage. The results are used i n rock slope stability analysis,
and for local stability calculations i n tunnels.
Table of Contents
D ~ r e c tand
indirect tensde strength
Table of Contents
Brown 119811 pp 79 - 9L
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
FIGURES
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
[BLANK PAGE]
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
247
Figure
No.
Page
No.
10
11
12
13
14
Thin-walled Sampler
15
16
Example of a Double-tube C o r e - b a r r e l
(Craelius T2-101)
17
18
19
Typical S t a n d p i p e a n d Open-hydraulic
Piezometers
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
S t a g e s of a Site Investigation
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
22
23
24
25
26
Vane S h e a r Devices
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
G C O Probe
37
G C O Probe Record
38
39
40
Table of Contents
21
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
20
Table of Contents
Page
No.
Figure
No.
Page
No.
41
42
43
44
Table of Contents
Figure
No.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
[BLANK PAGE]
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Investigation
Activities
Progress
I
Desk Study
INITIAL
PROJECT CONCEPTION
I
Table of Contents
Site lnvestigation
Stage
Basic project
concept designs
+
+
Recognition of
major problems
Preliminary
Confirmation or
amendment of
design concept
Design of main
ground investigation
prelimindryl ~ e t a i l e d
Design
Ground lnvestigation
lnformation recovered
during investigation
Main
Modifications to
detailed design
Report on Mam
Ground lnvestigation
CONSTRUCTION
Recording actual
ground conditions
I
Further inv&tigation
I
I
Modifications to design
+
+
Table of Contents
I
Construct ion
Table of Contents
Site reconnaissance
and preliminary
field investigations
Modifications to design
COMPLETION OF CONSTRUCTION
Post construction
Maintenance works
Legend :
)
Note :
Exchange of information
Figure adopted from IAEG (1981 ) .
Figure 1
Stages o f a Site I n v e s t i g a t i o n
Table of Contents
Monitoring behaviour
in operation
Table of Contents
NEW TERRITORIES
Table of Contents
Figure 2
- Locations
Table of Contents
(r/J@
Table of Contents
HONG KONG
Table of Contents
Map Coverage
1 : 2 0 0 0 0 Sheet Nos.
Table of Contents
Date
Available
Table of Contents
*
Note :
M i n o r p a r t o n l y . p u b l i s h e d i n Memoir No. 2
1 : 2 0 0 0 0 M a p S h e e t No. I w i l l n o t be i n c l u d e d in t h e new
geological s u r v e y .
Table of Contents
Legend :
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Areas
I
II
I11
IV
V
X
X1
XI1
Note :
Figure 4
Table of Contents
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Table of Contents
Date
Available
200
400
Scale
:-
800
600
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 OM)m
1 : 20 000
Legend :
m
i
Low Geotechnical
Limitations
Class I1
Moderate Geotechnical
Limitations
d
Class I11 - High
Geotechnicol
Limitations
Class I V
Extreme Geotechnicat
Limitations
1-1
E d
v{
m]
Quartz Monzonite
VTA
General instability
---
---- ---
Geological boundary
---
Photogeologicol lineament
- -
Catchment boundary
5%
1 superficial I
Figure 5
- Examples
Table of Contents
..
Note :
Colluvium lunditterentiated
Table of Contents
Class I
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Slope No. :
11SW B ICR685
Garden Road
Sheet 1 of 1
TP
-6
Table of Contents
Location
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
- -
egend
..
Description
a..
-LTlnsitu density
"
rn
-
Figure 7
Small disturbed
sample
I Undisturded
sample, hori.
Undisturbed
sample, vert.
El Block sample
C-I Photograph
Bench mark
Table of Contents
"
test
Moisture
content test
Water sample
Seepage
Face C
Sheet 3 of 4
: Hand-dug
: Nil
Date Backfilled : 2 / 4 \ 8 2
Study Area
Location
Ground Level
Co-ordinates
Area A
:
King's Park
:
87.1 mPD
:
: E 4238112 N 19234.75
Table of Contents
Type of Excavation
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Figure 8
Datum (toe)
Co-ordinates :
E
33 320.12
N
11 302.43
Date Completed :
Date Reinstated :
19.12.83
83
listance
from
Datum
(ml
14
s4
Ch. 4 + 9 5
12.
Strip NO. :
Datum (crest
Co-ordinates :
E
33331.23
N
11 302.11
26.12.83
A.N. Chan
A. N. Lau
I
k--
disc on ti^
Slope [educed
Level
Angle
[mPD)
Description
and Sample Data
18.0-
Checked by :
Logged by :
Table of Contents
Ptoiect : Slope
~ c k e d i Ia Works
LocatiorI :
Ap Lsei Chau
Contrac to1
A.N. I
Date S t ted :
30'
Table of Contents
14.6-
-'t)'-.:'
- . -
.
12.4
-:.----
6.0
Legend :
Sketch Plan :
Surface
staining
1 1 !J
>-\ 4
,".
Sketch Section :
Nalural slope
inage channel
b ~ h u n a r n e dslope
c slope
k
Table of Contents
23C/71,
215167.
23015 6,
302115,
235172
Remarks :
Figure 9
Is!
Table of Contents
10.0-
Grade
Co-ordinates: E
m
Ground Level: 4 9 . 0 3 rnPD
Weathered
Mass
Zone
N 34 902
iheet 2 of 2
inishI Tests
Discontinuities
:ompletely
weathered
lranodiorite
18.0
Table of Contents
31.03
The joints are closely t o mediumspaced, rough and planar and d r y .
Some joints contain quartz veins,
1 3 mm t h i c k .
Highly
weathered
lranodiorite
Ground
water
level
26.53
Table of Contents
24.5
24.53
The joints ore closely t o medium;paced, rough and planar, very narrow
~ n d ry. and contain extremely weak
iighly decomposed rock. F I = 4
28.4
Slightly
weathered
jranodiorite
29.5Legend :
20.63
30
Base of Caisson
19.53
Completely decomposed
Highly decomposed
ma
onor
I
-- --
Slightly decomposed
or Fresh
Fault
d by :
Fracture index
symbols.
( 2 ) Discontinuity data
are given separately.
Joint
q-m
F I
Moderately decomposed
1 A1
,,
AD
Air d r i l l test
- -
Figure 10 - Example of a
late :
2 9 - 6 - 84
Contractor : A. N. Company
. .
Date S t a r t e d : 4 6 8 4
A.N. Chan
D a t e Finished: 2 6
Caisson
Log
- 6 - 84
Table of Contents
IV
Material grades
Table of Contents
22.83
Moderately
weathered
lranodiorite
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Water swivel
Cathead hoist
Pressure hose
Swivel drill h e a d
Table of Contents
'
Drill
-rod
'm
coupling ~ m f Drill rod
Rock
Core- barrel
Note :
Diamond bit
Table of Contents
Reamer
Table of Contents
Valves :
A
B
C
D
Table of Contents
Rotary
swivel
By - pass control
Air
pressure
Air from
Suction hose
Table of Contents
Water and
foam additive
Table of Contents
02,
D:
( 1001
D2C
Inside clearance 1 % 1 = Ds
Table of Contents
- Sinker bar
Dc (1001
Dc
Outside clearance 1% 1 = Dw
--
D~ (1001
Sliding hammer
Table of Contents
Sample tube
Drive head
Vents to ball
valve assembly
1'
Cutting shoe
(see detail 1
Notes :
Table of Contents
( 1 ) The open-tube sampler may also be attached to drill rods and driven or pushed into
the ground by the drilling r i g or SPT hammer.
( 3 ) The vents in the sampler head should have a minimum collective cross sectional area
of 600 mmz t o allow tree exit of air and water above the sample.
( 4 ) A core-catcher device (not shown) may also be included with the cutting shoe.
( 5 ) Samplers smaller in diameter than the U 100 are available which are of similar
design.
Figure 13
Table of Contents
( 2 ) Two sample tubes may be coupled together to provide a Longer sample or additional
overdrive space.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
by I m long
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Figure 14
Thin-walled Sampler
Table of Contents
- Piston
Exit ports
Table of Contents
-Piston
rod
F i g u r e 15
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
- Thin-walled
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
B e a r ~ n g housing
E x t e n s ~ o n tube
Table of Contents
Core l ~ f t e rcase
Table of Contents
Water f l u s h duct
. Bearing housing
Table of Contents
Blow o u t valve
Table of Contents
Reaming shell
Table of Contents
Core lifter
Adaptor
Drill b i t
Table of Contents
Drill bit
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Flush water
Retractor spring
Table of Contents
--1
. ,.
Gravel or sand
'Io 1 1
Perforated plastic
pipe
filter wfabric
r a p p , i d A ,
Table of Contents
Cement - bentonite
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
( a ) Standpipe
(C )
Casagrande - type
Open- hydraulic Piezometer
I~
o tto scale
Table of Contents
Figure 19
Table of Contents
Twin plastic
tubes
Rubber
Filter
75 mm x 50 mm O.D.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Rubber gasket
Rubber gasket
Table of Contents
F i g u r e 20
500 sq.
iron
with vent
Drain conduit
daylight
hole
Table of Contents
Ground level
in urban area
Ground level
1 n rural area
laid to
face
T
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Notes :
(1) Scale
( 2 ) All
Figure 21
of
is
hole
diagrammatic.
dimensions
are
in
millimetres.
Table of Contents
Bottom
Piezorneters :
Co-ordinates :
150
P1 & P 2
I L ~ . S ~1P [
0
1L8
Table of Contents
Installed
ILL
April
May
June
JULY
Table of Contents
132l
August
Raingauge : R 0 1
Table of Contents
Legend :
Figure 22
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Rigid plug.
2 5 0 by LO approx.
Non -slip
bowline knots
Table of Contents
Auxiliary
draingge
Nylon
fishing line
Halcrow bucket.
British patent
No. 1 5 3 8 ~ 8 7
(See detail )
Figure 8 knot
FRONT VIEW
10
SIDE VIEW
20mm
Scale
(1 ) Scale is diagrammatic.
( 2 ) Assembled
bucket string must fit into a 19 mm internal
diameter standpipe without sticking.
Figure 23
Table of Contents
Notes:
Table of Contents
6 number lead
weights (min.
total weight 1009 1
Intake hole
P1
Piezometer No. :
Location :
Design (Critical)
Water Level :
Royal Observatory
5
Number :
2.5 rn
5.5rn
Depth :
0.75 rn
Spacing :
Date Installed :
2 14 183
145.5 mPD
Buckets :
Tip Level :
Measured
G.W. L.
Depth*
lml
149.3 rnPD
Buckets Found
to Contain Water
1
4.0 m
Ground Level :
143.lrnPD
Date
Depth of Critical
Water Level below
Top of Standpipe :
G. W. L.
Depth*
lnd~cated
by Buckets
(m)
149.5 rnPD
6.4rn
Comments /Weather
Recorded
by
20.6.83
5.9
4.8 5.5
11.7.83
6.2
> 5.5
Sunny
HYC
2.8.83
5.5
14.8.83
4.6
30.8.83
3.8
Sunny
HYC
'I.
Fine
3.3
4.0
Cloudy
HYC
4.0
4.8
Cloudy
CKC
HYC
<2.5
Bucket No. :
Depth measured from top of
standpipe
Depth* (m)
2.50
3.25
4.00
4.75
5.50
Table of Contents
Legend :
Figure 24
WPF
Table of Contents
> 5.5
Table of Contents
Dry
12.5.83
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Connection t o BW
or larger d r i l l rods
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
(1IFigurebasedon B S 1 3 7 7 ( B S l . l 9 7 5 b ] .
( 2 ) A slightly enlarged inner diameter of the split barrel is permitted, provided
removable (iners are always used which have an inside diameter of 35mm.
( 3 ) A ball valve in the base of the coupling as shown in ASTM l 1 9 8 5 a 1 is also
permitted.
Figure 25
Table of Contents
Notes:
Table of Contents
Torque measuring
-
Sleeve (packed
with grease)-
Extension rods
Table of Contents
4
Table of Contents
SECTION
VIEW FROM
BOTTOM
( b ) Penetration
Note :
Vane Test
Figure 26
( c ) Details
of Vane
Table of Contents
( a 1 Borehole
Vane Test
Table of Contents
Borehole casing
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Notes :
( I ) Scale i s diagrammatic.
(21 All dimensions are in millimetres
F i g u r e 27
Table of Contents
%
-I
Table of Contents
2 n ~
l o g , [ ( ~ ~ ~ l + J hLID)^)^
( d l w e l l Point or Hole
Extended i n Uniform
Soil
~ o t e s:
F=
Table of Contents
F=
20
1+(8IT)(LIDl
Soil
13) C
ases (e) and (1) assume the permeability of
Table of Contents
( 2 ) Values are primarily for tests carried out through the open ends of boreholes. Case I d ) may be used for tests carried out using piezometer tips,
but more accurate results w i l l be obtained by using Figure 29 especially
for values of L 1 0 > 2
F i g u r e 28
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
0
2
4
6
8
10
Length 1 Diameter Ratio of Piezometer (LID)
Notes :
Table of Contents
L is t h e length
D i s the diameter
Figure 29
- Relationship between
Table of Contents
Borehole
Drillhole
18.12.86
D~~~
D7
A-N. Chan
Observer
W I N O
Table of Contents
FIELD DATA :
Internal diameter of
casing 127 m m -
Depth of casing
above G.L.
I-
l.07n
Table of Contents
Depth of water
a t t i m e of l e s t
= 11.66 m below
G.L.
Depth of casing
10.67 m below
G.L.
Diameter of hole
Table of Contents
Depth of hole
= 12.9 m below
G.L.
D :160 m m
0.1
I
0
B 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time Imin)
CALCULATIONS :
where : A
F
T
Figure 30
.*
=
z
:0.01539
m2
1 2 m i n x 60 z 720sec
Table of Contents
K = , q
Table of Contents
By-pass valve
Surge
bottle
r Water
supply
control valve
O
valve
Uncased borehole
Control perforated r o d 7
Airline connecting top
and bottom packers-
/
/'
Bottom packer
Bottom of borehole
v
F i g u r e 31
T y p i c a l A r r a n g e m e n t for P a c k e r (Water A b s o r p t i o n ) T e s t
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
::
Top packer
Drill rod
Discontinuities
XI:
Table of Contents
lnf lating
pressure
T3
Borehole No.
Date
test
of
2 4 . 11.75
T e s t No.
A . N . Chon
Tested by
t o 22.86 m
19.81 m
Hole at T i m e of T e s t
33.86 m
D e t a i l s of Casing at T i m e of T e s t
Packer pressure
276 kPa
Gauge Height a b o v e Ground L e v e l
1.32 m
D e p t h t o C e n t r e o f Test S e c t i o n ( m e a s u r e d down l ~ n eof b o r e h o l e )
21 34m
21.34m
D e p t h t o Groundwater L e v e l ( m e a s u r e d d o w n line o f b o r e h o l e )
Tested S e c t i o n f r o m
Depth
of
--
--
Gauge p r e s s u r e
Time
minutes)
reading
.8y3skdt
Water take
IS E C O N D
(minutes)
reading
T H I R D PERIOD
T i me
250.7
Flow
(Ilmin1
296.4
248 k P a
15
3 1 1 .2
14.8
2.14
10.8
326.3
Average
Flow
( Ilmin
15.1
2.96
372 k ~ a
15
10
Average
FI o w
reading
FOURTH PERIOD
T i me
reading
take
FIFTH PERIOD
54.5
69.9
( minutes)
85.4
4.17
2 4 8 kPa
15
Average
FI ow
101.1
( Ilmin1
10
pressure
21.0
15.5
15.4
Gauge
15.7
3.10
124 kPa
15
10
Average
Flow
Flowmeter r e a d i n g
take
Figure 32
llmin )
377.3
11.3
388.6
400.0
11.4
411.5
(I/min)
11.5
2.28
Table of Contents
318.5
297.5
20.9
20.7
(minutes)
T ime
276.6
255.9
Gauge p r e s s u r e
Q+F+='+
Water
281.8
Gauge p r e s s u r e
Water t a k e
Water
Average
10
14.6
(minutes)
F lowmeter
Flowmeter
pressure
15
Table of Contents
take
239.9
10.6
10.7
Gauge
1 2 4 kPa
10
229.3
218.6
PERIOD
- T i me
Water
Table of Contents
Flowmeter
Table of Contents
Borehole No.
Date of Test 24.11.75
Packer Type (delete as necessary)
S m g k l Double
Pneumatic,Packer Pressure
276 kPa
Flow
Legend of
Test Section
3.05m
T3
Test No.
Table of Contents
I Gauge
Pressure
F r i c t i o n Headloss
in Basic in Extra
Rods or
Pipe
pipes
Work
Total Head
h
(2.3.6-7-8
1
Table of Contents
(1
Vertical Depth
to ground-
water from
S.L. 21.3Lrn ( 2 1
Height o t
Pressure
Gauge above
3. .
1.32m
(31
Table of Contents
Tested by
A.N.
Calculated
by
A . N . Chan
Note : If groundwater level unknown or below test section use depth to centre
of test section.
Figure 33
Table of Contents
q/h =
34/54
100
~ = - q =
2.06
lugeon units
Ih
where I = length of test section in metres
From graph :
Blee
hole
Foam rubber pad
i-
Brass or
stainless steel leaves
4/-
Table of Contents
Brass or stainless
steel leaf with
on outer surface
Drillhole
wall
L Central perforated
metal tube
Central perforated
metal tube,
-Inflatable
rubber
membrane
( a 1 Deflated Position
Table of Contents
Inflatable
rubber membrane
Retraction rings
or springs
Bottom
body
Nose cap or
orientation instrument
( b ) InfIated Position
( 1 ) Scale i s diagrammatic.
( 2 ) The
rubber membrane may be inflated either by water pumped down
through hollow drill rods or by compressed air ( a i r line connected
to top body). The latter arrangement must be used when the device
i s suspended from a cable.
( 3 ) Figure adopted from Triefus data sheet (Triefus Industries
( A u s t r a l i a ) Pty L t d ) .
Figure 34
Table of Contents
Notes :
Table of Contents
Impressionable
thermoplastic
film
Project :
Discontinuity Log
I Sheet
Stage 2 Studies
Location :
Orientation :
Drillhole No. :
SBHI
I of
Vertical
N 814 942
Table of Contents
of discontinuties
Table of Contents
Joint
Table of Contents
Joint
Type
degICeS
2.Mod.wide160-200mml
3.Mod.narror(20-6Omm~
&.Narrow 16-20mml
5.VWY n a r r o w l l - 6 m m l
6.Ext. n a r r o w b 0 - 2 m m )
7.Tight I z r r o l
1. Tension crack
I.Foliation
I . Bedding
F i g u r e 35
Uneveness
O.Clran
1.Surlace staining
2.Decomposedl
disintcgraled rock
3.Granular r o i l
4,Cohcsivc r o i l
5.Buartz
(small-scale roughness)
1.Rough stepped
2.Smooth sleppcd
6.Calcilr
7. Manganese
8.Kaolin
9.Othrr-specify
3.Slickcnslided stepped
&.Rough undulltinp
5.Smooth undulating
6.Slickenslided undulating
7.Rough planar
8.Smooth planar
9,Slickenslidcd planar
Table of Contents
D.Fault zone
1.Fault
2. Join1
>.Cleavage
L.Schistosity
i.Shear plane
8. Fissure
Guide rod, 20 @
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L5' chamfer
20 9
45' chamfer
10 kg sliding hammer
with handles.
Extension rod,
136 (tobeadded
as required 1
Coupler,
see detail
Point
Point
see .eta,[
Figure 36
GCO
Probe
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Notes :
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&-
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Coupler
Site : Fill
Job :
Logged by :
NO. :
Date : 16/3/83
Contractor : A . N .
I Probe
P3
Level
50.77
Co-ordinates
company
A . N . Chan
836600
825 100
mPD
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Blows 1100mm
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F i g u r e 37
G C O P r o b e Record
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35 9
lnner rod.
lnner rod.
Mantle
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Friction sleeve
( a ) Collapsed
(b) Extended
( c ) Collapsed
(d) Extended '3)
Dutch Friction Sleeve Cone
Notes :
.-.
Figure 38
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131 The friction sleeve cone extends in two increments to reach the position shown in ( d ) .
35 m m , then the mantle and friction sleeve together are extended another 35 m m .
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Mantle
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Cable
/+
Electric
cable
Adjustment
ring
-Strain gauges
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Friction sleeve
-Strain gauges
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-Load cell
( a ) Electrical
Friction Cane
Figure 39
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Notes :
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Adjustable crosshead
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Borehole No.
Project
:
Contracl 529 180
Location :
North Tai Po to Lam Kam Road
NO.
or
eptt
Rock Type
and
Description
m)
'10
PLT 3
l a t e Tested : 7 1 8 1 8 3
rested by :
Gauge
#ample Platen pressure Failurc quivalen
at
Load, )iameter:
Width, eparation.
W
De
Failure
(mml
(mm)
orrectior
Factor,
F
83
1.26
83
1.26
91.37
1.31
83
KYC
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I
-
Test
Moisturc Type
Conditio~ and
irtctior
Ram Area :
s4
Diametral
Axial
- diametral
n - axial
L - irregular lump
/I - parallel to planes of weakness
1 - perpendicular lo planes of weakness
r - random or unknown orientation
d
Figure 40
Irregular Lump
iJQ
0.3W < D
<W
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- air ary
- saturated
n - nalural moisture
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Test pit or
caisson
.f
10 litre bottles
with calibrated
graduations
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frame with
Stiff nylon
tubing supplyins
water
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Constant head
of water for
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Figure 41
- Typical
Field I n f i l t r a t i o n Test
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column
Loading
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gf
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Reference
Settlement measurement
Main loading frame
Line of
tension piles
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Loading column
\I L
Measuring column
Centralising fins
Bedding material
Figure 43
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Skirt
Loading plate
Co-ordinates :
E 12197.74 N 19259 5 5
Lom T I P
Locatmn
Contl(l~t0r
Cornpony
A. N
Ground L e v e l :
9 1 6 mPD
Orlentatmn
Vertical
'
+
Sheet
No
1LOl
nspectlon pot
excovoted t o
1 5 m depth
I Checked
Logged by : A N Chon
by : A N . Lou
2 2 / 2 / 8 6 to 2L 12186
Descrtptlon o f M o t e r m l s
Field Tests.
Samples ond
Instrumentottan
Of
~ o t eof w o r k s
epth
of
2s,ng
%re1
Imm
1%)
0 50
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Project
:ancrete
Grodr
s l o b , lOOmm t h l c k .
n e d w m t o c o o r s e - g r o ~ n e d slightly
jecomposed granite w i t h much coarse grovel. Fill
Fill
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Calluvlum 1
8.2
11011
Remarks :
F r o m s ~ t ef o r m a t i o n d r o w m g no A130791 o r l g t n o l
ground level before canstructmn of f l l l Platfarm
a n d playground w a r a p p r a x 8 8 m P D
2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2312 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 2
2112
Plant used
Longyeor
L3L
..
S m o l l d t s t u r b e d eomple
Type of b o r l n g l d r i l l l n g :
Rotmy d r l i ~ n g
L a r g e disturbed somole
8 2
8 2
13 2
13 2
18 1
:arlng
-
-
8 2
8 2
12 1
12 1
12 1
Permeab#lty lest
Nalsr
3 0
2 9
3 5
78
7 6
3 H depth
M o r n m p l w c n l n g water Level
\C
medium - w a t e r
~,~h
,l,
8 20 - 11 5 0 m
11 50 - 1 2 t o m
12 10 - 18 1 0 m
101 mm
89mm
76mm
C w m g tubes
8 20m
000
8 20 - 1 2 I O m
PW
NW
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.
II t
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Project
Locot~on
Lom Tin
Contractor
Cornpony
Job No
LTlDLl11
Co-ordonotes
E 4 2 L 9 7 7L N 19259 55
- -
Ground Level
91 6 mPD
Or~enlotm-
Verl8col
Barehole No
A 11
Sheet NO
01
Date of w o r k s
2 2 1 2 1 8 6 to 24 1 2 1 8 6
Sample
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Prqcct
eger
Field Tests.
Samples ond
nstrumentat~on
+
i
S l ~ g h t l y decomposed GRANITE
for deta1151
+ +
+
i
. X.
X
. .
<.X
- n
,+
+ +
* +
+ +
,+
6
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+ +
.. II
< ' X ,
I see Sheet 1
+ +
+
4
* +
+ +
,+
+ +
,+
+ +
,+
+ +
+ +
+ +
,+
Jlezometer
Allb
Remarks
Legend
+
U76 100
P l o d used
Type of borlng Id r l l h n g
Rotary drlllkng
L o r g e d l s t u t b e d somple
Undisturbed drlve s a m p l e s of 7 6 m m
or 100 mm d m
b l o w count
M o l t e r sample
depth I
Longyeor L 3 L
Permeablllty test
F l u s h ~ n gmedium
Water
D ~ o m e t e rof b o r n g I drllllng
0
8
11
12
00
20
50
10
8 2Om
11 5 0 m
12 1 0 m
18 1 0 m
l4Omm
101 mm
89mm
76mm
Casing tubes
0 0 0 - 8 2 O m
8 2 0 - 12 t o m
F i g u r e 4 4 - Example of a B o r e h o l e Log ( s h e e t 2 of 2)
PW
NW
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8 2 m t o 69rn. bentonlte s e a l l r o m 6 9 m t o 4 5 m a n d
c e m e n t - b e n t o n ~ l c grout f r o m L 5 m to ground s u r f o c e
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+ +
* +
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PLATES
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299
LIST OF PLATES
Page
No.
Drilling i n U r b a n Areas of Hong Kong
Ground I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o v e r Water
Block Sampling
S t a n d a r d P e n e t r a t i o n T e s t Equipment
Impression P a c k e r S u r v e y Equipment
10
P r o b i n g a n d P e n e t r a t i o n T e s t Equipment
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Plate
No.
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Plate 1
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A : Working P l a t f o r m f o r D r i l l i n g o n a Slope
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Plate 2
D r i l l i n g in S t e e p l y Sloping Ground
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- up
Platform
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A : Jack
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Plate 3
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A : T h e ODEX D r i l l B i t
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Plate 4
D : Components o f a D o u b l e - t u b e
b a r r e l ( C r a e l i u s T 2 - 101 I
Drilling a n d S a m p l i n g E q u i p m e n t (sheet 2 o f 3 )
CoreTable of Contents
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Plate 5
Block Sampling
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A : Casagrande
Piezometer Tip
Plate 6
C : Tensiometer
- Groundwater P r e s s u r e M e a s u r i n g Equipment
Jetfill)
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B : S t r i n g of Piezome-ter
Buckets 1British
P a t e n t No. 1538L871
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Plate 8
Body
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B : Vane
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
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317
CONTENTS
315
CONTENTS
317
A.l
GENERAL
319
A.2
319
A.3
GROUND CONDITIONS
319
A.4
319
A.5
P A S T RECORDS
320
A.6
320
A.7
320
A.8
322
A.9
REFERENCES
324
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No.
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A.l GENERAL
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A.3 G R O U N D CONDITIONS
The following information should b e r e f e r r e d t o f o r a preliminary s t u d y of
t h e g r o u n d conditions :
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slopes,
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formation a n d landscaping.
layout of t h e site.
access,
possession a f t h e site.
(c) Responsibilities.
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non- building a r e a s .
height of s t r u c t u r e s .
removal of t r e e s ,
roads.
drainage r e s e r v e s .
pile driving.
blasting.
u s e of water s u p p l y ,
bilities for :
(i)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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(ii)
Area.
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of
plumbing,
installations
and
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and t h e s t a n d a r d s
equipment.
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equipment
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A.9
REFERENCES
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APPENDIX B
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
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CONTENTS
Page
No.
CONTENTS
325
B.1
327
329
329
329
329
B.2
330
B.4
330
B.5
HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION
330
B.6
PAST
B.6.1
B.6.2
8.6.3
331
331
331
331
B.7
332
B.8
LOCAL LIBRARIES
8.8.1 The Geotechnical Information Unit of t h e
Civil Engineering Library
8.8.2 Other Libraries
332
332
333
B.9
333
8.10
REFERENCES
336
RECORDS
Records from Previous Investigations
Design a n d Construction Records
Other Public Records
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329
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B.3
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[BLANK PAGE]
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B.l.l
Aerial Photographs
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fifteen maps a n d six memoirs, providing detailed descriptive a n d 1:20 000 scale
map coverage of t h e e n t i r e land a n d s e a a r e a of t h e Territory. The coverage.
relationship and phasing of t h e maps a n d memoirs a r e shown in Figure 3. The
new publication s e r i e s will replace t h e c u r r e n t reference geological document,
namely t h e 1:50 000 scale maps a n d memoir b y Allen & Stephens (1971). Both t h e
new a n d existing maps a n d memoirs can be obtained from t h e Government
Publications Centre, o r from t h e Map & Plan Sales outlets of t h e S u r v e y &
Mapping Office.
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B.6.3
the
LOCAL LIBRARIES
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B.8.1
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B.8
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Records Office.
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of the title and contents pages of the 'long' publications. These copies
these are shelved separately. Copies of new publications are added to the
The University of Hong Kong, the Chinese University of Hong Kong and
the Hong Kong Polytechnic University each has a large library which
this is usually not difficult for bona fide visitors to obtain. The
B.9
Table of Contents
The City Hall Public Library and the Kowloon Central Library each
houses a reference section which contains a number of published documents
on the geology and geotechnical engineering of Hong Kong, together with
some unpublished reports. They also house Hong Kong Collections of
considerable interest. No direct access is permitted to the shelved
items, and items required for examination must first be located in the
card catalogue syskems. Photocopying facilities are available for public
use.
Architectural Services
Department,
35th Floor,
Queensway Government offices,
66 Queensway, Hong Kong.
HMS Tamar,
Hong Kong.
Buildings Department,
12th-18th Floors,
Pioneer Centre,
750 Nathan Road, Kowloon
(Tel.: 2626 1616)
Kowloon.
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Kowloon.
46th Floor,
15th Floor,
Homantin, Kowloon.
Administration Building,
Hunghom, Kowloon.
5 Gloucester Road,
Services
Department,
Hong Kong.
2808 3817)
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City Hall,
Hong Kong.
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Library,
15th Floor,
Hong Kong.
Homantin, Kowloon.
Highways Department,
Offices,
Homantin, Kowloon.
Library,
Hunghom, Kowloon.
Quarry
Bay, Hong Kong.
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The ~lectricCentre,
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Homantin, Kowloon.
&
Homantin, Kowloon.
(Kowloon).
Kowloon.
Marine Department,
Harbour Building,
38 Pier Road,
Hong Kong.
Civil ~ngineeringDepartment,
7th Floor,
Homantin, Kowloon.
Post Office,
2 Connaught Place,
Centre,
Rediffusion(Hong Kong)Ltd.,
Kowloon.
Royal Observatory,
Kowloon.
Lands Department,
14th-15th,21st Floor,
Murray Building,
Hong Kong.
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Kong) ,
14th Floor,
Murray Building,
Garden Road, Hong Kong.
(Tel.: 2848 2480)
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Lands Department,
Mezzanine Floor,
1st-4th.14th-15th Floors,
Murray Building,
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ow loon-Canton Railway
Corporation,
KCRC House,
Fo Tan Station,
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Kowloon.
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REFERENCES
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Allen, P.M. & Stephens, E.A. (1971). Report on the Geological Survey of
Hong Kong, 1967-1969. Hong Kong Government Press, 116 p, plus 2
maps .
Hong Kong, 51 p.
Table of Contents
GCO (1988). Guide to Rock and Soil Descriptions (Geoguide 3). Geotech-
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APPENDIX C
NOTES ON S I T E RECONNAISSANCE
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339
CONTENTS
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Page
NO.
337
CONTENTS
339
C . l GENERAL
341
C . 2 PREPARATORY WORK
341
341
342
343
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p
p
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(ii)
(iii)
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(i)
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APPENDIX D
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CONTENTS
345
CONTENTS
347
D.l
GENERAL
349
D.2
349
D.3
349
D.4
INFLUENCES OF WEATHER
350
D.5
MATERIAL SOURCES
350
D.6
351
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No.
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D.l GENERAL
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Particulars of a d j a c e n t o r n e a r b y s t r u c t u r e s t h a t may b e
affected b y works o n t h e site, including building heights.
floor levels, t y p e s of foundations, s t r u c t u r a l condition,
a n d o t h e r p e r t i n e n t information.
Locations a n d d e p t h s of a n y u n d e r g r o u n d o b s t r u c t i o n s o r
f e a t u r e s , s u c h as t u n n e l s o r cavities, w h e r e known, with
s u p p o r t i n g details.
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concrete aggregates.
(dl
(e) water.
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351
(f)
topsoil f o r landscaping.
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(dl
liquid wastes.
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APPENDIX E
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
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355
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NO.
353
CONTENTS
355
E.l
GENERAL
357
E.2
SAFETY REGULATIONS
357
E.3
SERVICES AND U T I L I T I E S
3 58
E.4
358
E.5
REFERENCES
358
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For works on o r a d j a c e n t t o public r o a d s a n d pavements, t h e r e q u i r e ments of t h e Road Traffic (Traffic Control) Regulations (Government of Hong
Kong, 1 9 8 3 ~ )must b e complied with. Reference should also be made t o t h e
Code of Practice f o r t h e Lighting. Signing & Guarding of Road Works
(Highways Office. 1984).
E.5 REFERENCES
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Highways Office (1984). Code of Practice for t h e Liqhtinn. Signing & Guardins
of Road Works. Hong Kong Government Printer. 41 p.
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