Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1/07)
Date of birth
Title
Academic Session :
2012/2013
OPEN ACCESS
SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
881216-05-5020
(NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.)
NOTES :
Signature
JUNE 2013
ii
I declare that this report entitled Bilirubin Level Detector Using Labview For
Jaundice Treatment is the results of my own research except as cited in the
references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not currently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
Name
Date
iii
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillah. Thanks to Allah S.W.T for His blessing that has given me a
good health and strength and the opportunity to complete my final year project along
with the thesis. Throughout the journey from the beginning until my final war, I have
been through sweet and bitter memories to be remembered. But of course I am not
facing this war alone by myself because I have people who have always supported
me from behind.
Not to forget to my rowing team, thank you for being my second family in
UTM, whoever supported me directly or indirectly, may ALLAH bless all of you.
Thank you.
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Scope
viii
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2 Bilirubin
2.2.1 Metabolism
2.3 Phototherapy
11
12
16
19
research studies
2.5 Automated Phototherapy Vest (APV)
3
24
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Project Overview
26
27
28
using Spectrophotometer
3.2.1.1 Spectrophotometer Wavelength
30
Determination
3.3.1.2 Bilirubin Calibration Curve
3.2.2 Light Exposure
31
32
32
33
Considerations
3.2.2.3 Fluorescent Light
3.3 Software Development
3.3.1 Importing Data into LabView from
35
36
36
Spectrophotometer
3.3.2 Bilirubin Reading using LabView
3.4 Flow Chart
4
39
40
42
43
Concentration
ix
45
45
46
48
4.5 Discussion
50
51
52
53
REFERENCES
54
APPENDICES
56
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
15
2.2
18
phototherapy
3.1
29
4.1
Wavelength determination
43
4.2
4.3
4.4
bilirubin
44
47
47
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
NO.
2.1
Bilirubin metabolism
2.2
2.3
2.4
10
2.5
11
2.6
12
2.7
Halogen spotlight
13
2.8
BiliSoft LED
14
2.9
14
2.10
17
2.11
19
2.12
2.13
21
2.14
22
2.15
of
existing
20
23
23
2.17
3.1
26
3.2
Absorbance determination
29
3.3
30
3.4
31
3.5
Blue LED
33
3.6
34
2.16
24
xii
3.7
Fluorescent tube
35
3.8
Block diagram
36
3.9
37
3.10
3.11
Elimination process
38
3.12
38
3.13
39
3.14
40
3.15
41
4.1
43
4.2
44
4.3
4.4
46
4.5
48
4.6
4.7
50
37
45
49
xiii
LabVIEW
AAP
APV
LED
Light-emitting diode
BSA
nm
nanometer
W/cm2/nm
cm2
Centimeter square
mg/dL
mol/L
DC
Direct Current
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
NO.
A
UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
56
59
61
62
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
Bilirubin is actually a normal part of the red blood cells. When the body
breaks down the red blood cells, the old red blood cells will be removed by the liver
from the system. Extra bilirubin will then be stored in the skin and when this
happens, it causes the babys skin to become yellow. A normal infant should have a
bilirubin level of less than 35mol/L or 2mg/dL [2]. When the bilirubin reading is
more than the normal reading, treatment is required to reduce the bilirubin level.
Until now, phototherapy has been widely used as a jaundice treatment for
more than four decades [4]. Design of devices had been developing throughout the
years, with the aim of reducing bilirubin level efficiently at shorter exposure
duration. The available light sources used in phototherapy devices include
fluorescent tubes, halogen spotlights, fiberoptic systems and LEDs. There are
advantages and disadvantages of using these light sources depending on their own
specifications and requirement. There are several factors that determine the
efficiency of these phototherapy lights; spectral qualities, irradiance (light
intensity), exposed body surface area, duration of exposure, skin thickness and
pigmentation, and the amount of bilirubin degradation [5]. Suitable wavelength
used is 400nm to 520nm 2ith a peak of 460 10nm, which is in the range of blue
spectrum [5]. Bilirubin is found to be more sensitive to blue and blue-green regions
of the visible spectrum as it is closer to the bilirubin absorbance spectrum [6].
1.2
Problem Statement
Thus, the type of LED was changed to blue LED as previous researches has
found that it is he most efficient in reducing bilirubin level of infants with jaundice.
However, the efficiency of the blue LEDs to be used on the APV are yet to be
proved.
1.3
Objectives
The main objective of this project is to verify that blue LEDs that are to be
used on the Automated Phototherapy Vest is able to reduce bilirubin level
effectively compared to other conventional phototherapy light sources. in vitro
experiments using bilirubin solution will be conducted to verify this. A bilirubin
level detector will also be designed using LabView as a measuring instrument for
the in vitro experiments.
1.4
Scope
1.5
Thesis Overview
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Hyperbilirubinemia (Jaundice)
2.2
Bilirubin
2.2.1 Metabolism
Bilirubin is a part of the red blood cells. For an adult, the life span of the red
blood cells is 120 days and will be excreted through urine or stool after that period.
As the red blood cells breakdown, the hemoglobin will degrade into globin and
heme. The heme molecule will break apart and convert into bilirubin, an orangeyellow pigment. The process occurs in the reticuloendothelial cells which include the
liver, spleen and bone marrow. Bilirubin starts out as unconjugated bilirubin which is
not water soluble. The unconjugated bilirubin reacts with glucoric acid once it is
transported to the liver. After biochemical alteration in the liver, the unconjugated
bilirubin becomes conjugated bilirubin which is more soluble. It is then excreted into
the bile and goes through the gall bladder into the gut. At this stage, there is a variety
of pigments created when the bilirubin changes. 80% of the pigments which are
called stercobilin will be excreted in the feces and the other 20% called uribilinogen
will be reabsorbed to the liver and back into the blood. About 90% of uribilinogen in
the liver will be re-excreted into the bile and the other 10% goes into the blood to be
transported to the kidneys.
Compared to an adult, the liver of a newborn baby is immature and is not able
to remove extra bilirubin efficiently. Besides that, their red blood cells have a shorter
life span compared to an adult [1]. This is because the quantity of unconjugated
bilirubin to be converted into conjugated bilirubin has exceeds the capacity of the
liver [9]. When this happens, the bilirubin is stored in the skin giving it a yellow
discoloration which is known as jaundice. Besides that, incompatibility between
motjers and infants blood group may also lead to the development of jaundice.
Furthermore, infants of diabetic mothers, premature infants and also infants who a
born with a lot of bruising to their scalp or face may also have a high risk of getting
jaundice [10, 11].
Bilirubin measurement tools and devices are used to measure the level of
bilirubin in infants blood to evaluate the liver function. These tools and devices
utilized to diagnose the circulation level of bilirubin of the infants liver whether it is
normal or abnormal and to determine if jaundice is still present [12]. It helps doctor
to diagnose jaundiced infants whether on-going phototherapy treatment is needed.
Bilirubin measurements can be conducted in two ways, invasive or non-invasive. It
includes blood test, urine test and also bilirubinometer.
a)
Blood Test
Blood test is the most common method used in hospitals to measure bilirubin
level. Blood sample is taken from the infant by puncturing the heels with a small
needle rather than from their veins. This is because an infants vein is very small and
it can be easily damaged. The blood sample is taken to the laboratory for diagnoses.
However, this method is invasive, painful, costly and may be risk the infants to
infection. Moreover, it can cause significant blood loss which is a concern in preterm
infants when repeated blood sampling is conducted [13].
b)
Urine Test
10
The procedure is done by dipping the reagent strip into the urine sample and
removing it immediately to avoid dissolving of the reagent pads. The color change
on the reagent strip is compared to the corresponding color chart on the bottle label.
How ever, the result from this measurement method is unreliable due to color
interference and interpretation. Sample of urine should not be exposed to light since
bilirubin is very sensitive to light and will lead to inaccurate test results.
c)
Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry
The latest
technology in
bilirubin
measurement is
transcutaneous
11
2.3
Phototherapy
In the early 1950s, a nurse, Jean Ward from Rochford General Hospital in
Essex, England had recognized that when jaundiced infants were exposed to the sun
they become less yellow. The observation has led a pediatric resident, R.J. Cremer to
conduct an experiment. The first experiment was to expose the naked infants to
direct sunlight alternating with shades for 15 to 20 minutes. The experiment resulted
in the decreasing of bilirubin level. This further led Cremer and his team to design a
phototherapy apparatus using blue fluorescent tubes. The lamps emitted light in a
spectral range of 420nm 480nm and the treatment was given interrupted
intermittently [15]. Bilirubin level was found to drop using these blue fluorescent
tubes and this is how phototherapy was first introduced. The findings had led many
more researchers to conduct research on different phototherapy treatment [3].
12
a)
Fluorescent Tubes
13
a)
Halogen spotlights
b)
Fiberoptic System
Fiberoptic system has been intoduced for jaundiced treatment since late
1980s that consist of a light that delivered to halogen bulb from a tungsten through a
fiberoptic cable and emitted from the sides and end of the fibers inside a plastic pad
[3]. It can be used directly to the infants and can deliver the irradiance up to
35W/cm2/nm and able to determines the uniformity of light emission. Fiberoptic
14
system has an advantages over conventional phototherapy since it does not need an
eye patches for covering infants eyes and infant can be held during the phototherapy
treatment [5]. However, this phototherapy can only cover small body surface area
and it led to decreasing the spectral power of fiberoptic systems. Figure 2.8 shows
the example of fiberoptic system.
c)
LEDs
The latest technology phototherapy devices using high intensity blue LEDs
that has many advantages over the other conventional light sources. It has been used
15
as the prototype of phototherapy devices since 1990s [6]. Blue LED has been widely
used nowadays in medical devices because of its unique characteristics. LED
produce less heat so it can be use directly to infants without cause any injury and it
can deliver output energy up to 100W/cm2/nm [11]. LED have longer lifetime
which it can be used for more than 20,000 hours, emit high intensity (250mW/cm2)
with narrow-band light in the spectrum (470 60nm or 470 15nm FWHM)[5] and
it resulting in shorter treatment times [4]. Besides that, it is also power efficient, low
in cost, light in weight, low energy requirement and emit little infrared with no
ultraviolet radiation [4, 5, 17]. A research has found that LED can be effective as
conventinal phototherapy when it is used at a low irradiance of 5 to 8W/cm2/nm
[3].The examples of phototherapy devices that using blue LEDs technology is Natus
neoBlue as in Figure 2.9.
Lamp source
recommended
Is the
treatment distance
effective
(mW.cm-2)
light field
>700cm2
Draeger Photo-
Folded fluorescent
Yes
Draeger Heraeus
5.03
Yes
Halogen bulb
4.83
No
2.29
Yes
Phototherapy
320 Yellow
System
13 Red
Phototherapy Lamp
Ohmeda BiliBlanket
Plus
16
Since phototherapy was first evaluated in 1990s, during this period of time,
methods for reporting and measuring phototherapy doses are not standardized [18].
Phototherapy generally used according to the guidelines published by the Americans
Academy Pediatrics in 2004 [19]. Phototherapy is well known as the standard
treatment for jaundiced infants. Many researchers had conducted a research to
determine the efficacy of phototherapy for jaundice treatment. Since it first invented
in 1950s, there is a lot of research has been done in order to improve the applications
of phototherapy units with higher efficacy and safe to be used
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Duration of exposure
vi.
17
18
Wavelength spectrum in
region
source
Light irradiance
Ensure uniformity
(W/cm2/nm)
footprint area
Reduce blocking of
light
Timeliness of
Urgent or crash-cart
May conduct
Implementation
procedures while
hyperbilirubinemia
infant is on
phototherapy
Continuity of therapy
After confirmation
parental
of adequate
bilirubin
concentration
decrease
Efficacy of intervention
Degree of total
serum/ plasma
reduction
bilirubin
concentration
decrease
Duration of therapy
Discontinue
at
desired Serial
bilirubin
based on rate of
rebound increase
decrease
19
2.4
Several researches were conducted to identify the best and effective light
source for jaundice treatment. Many researchers have found that the use of blue LED
for phototherapy treatment is more efficient compared to the other light source.
These researches were carried out by comparing the percentage of bilirubin
degradation when the solution exposed to the LEDs and other phototherapy light
source. They were also conducted an experiment by comparing the effectiveness of
existing phototherapy available in market. Below are the results from the study
conducted:-
a)
In vitro and in vivo Efficacy of New Blue Light Emitting Diode Phototherapy
Compared to Conventional Halogen Quartz Phototherapy for Neonatal
Jaundice
20
and Halogen Bulb as the photoherapy light source. For in vitro experiment, bilirubin
solution was exposed to this light source for 5 hours at room temperature at 45 cm
distance. While for in vivo experiment, twenty of 8-day old jaundiced Gunn rats
were used and exposed to each light source for 5 hours at room temperature at 45 cm
distance. Based on the result in Figure 2.11, the researcher has found that the
percentage of bilirubin degradation is higher when using blue LED compared to the
conventional phototherapy. It is proven in both in vitro and in vivo experiment. After
the exposure time, the percentage of bilirubin degradation when using blue LED
increased to 44% for in vitro and 30% for in vivo meanwhile when using
conventional light source the percentage of bilirubin is 35% and 16% for both in
vitro and in vivo respectively. It can be concluded that the study conducted shows
that LED light source is more efficient than conventional light source for degradation
of bilirubin. The efficacy is determining by two major factors which is the
wavelength and the intensity of the light emitted during phototherapy.
b)
Blue LED vs different color of LED and other light sources [17].
21
Based on the result, the greatest irradiance and the most effective light source
for bilirubin degradation are when using blue LED. The other light source has
significantly different in their ability for bilirubin degradation except for Mini BiliLite and BiliBlanket where both of them had almost the same result [17].
22
c)
This research was conducted by Vreman and his team during EASL
International Bilirubin Workshop in 2004. This experiment is comparing the existing
phototherapy product in market. They use the same bilirubin solution but different
type of phototherapy. Based on the time taken to reduce bilirubin level, PortaBed and
neoBlue which using blue LEDs is shorter than the other phototherapy devices. The
most efficient phototherapy devices is PortaBed which is it has higher irradiance and
can reduced bilirubin level in shorter time. Irradiance is not the primary factor to
determine the efficacy for both preterm and term neonates eventhough the maximum
irradiance levels between phototherapy devices vary widely [20]. The important
factors to determine the potential efficacy of a device such as the quality of the light,
size of the subject, mean irradiance of the treatable BSA, and percentage treatable
BSA [20].
23
d)
24
However, the time of sunlight exposure must be monitored very carefully and
should be in short time. This is because sunlight could impose biological hazard as it
contains a considerable amount of ultraviolet radiation [9].
2.5
25
However, there are several limitations on this first APV prototype. One of the
limitation is the brightness of the UV lights are uneven. When this happens, the
lights that are exposed to the baby will have produce different irradiance. This may
due to the type of LEDs that are not able to provide a uniform light ignition. The use
of Blue LED is proposed to overcome this limitation. The UV-LED has a wavelength
of 385nm 395nm while blue LED has a wavelength in the range of 460nm
480nm. UV-LED may be able to reduce bilirubin level in infants body but not as
efficient as blue LED. This is because bilirubin has a peak absorption in the range of
450nm 470nm and it matches better with the wavelength of blue LED. Besides
that, UV-LED has a low power emission which is 80mW. The power emission for
the blue LED is much higher, which is 180mW. In addition to that, the difference in
sizes between blue LED (10mm in diameter) and UV-LED (5mm in diameter) may
cause the blue LED to be able provide higher luminous intensity compared to UVLED.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Project Overview
Figure 3.1 illustrates the block diagram of the project. First of all, bilirubin
solution will be prepared before conducting the experiment. Solution of bilirubin will
be prepared by dissolving it in a buffer solution which contain Sodium Hydroxide
27
(NaOH) and saline for further dilution and filled into clear cuvette. The clear cuvette
containing bilirubin concentration will be exposed to different light sources which
are the blue LEDs and fluorescent light at certain distance for a certain period of
time.
The absorbance value for the bilirubin concentration will be recorded before
and after the light exposure using a UV-Spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer
measures the light absorbed by the solution and the output produced was in term of
absorbance and transmittance. Sample solutions placed into the spectrophotometer
represent the bilirubin concentration before the light exposure, and sample after the
light exposure for blue LED and fluorescent light. Spectrophotometer will measure
the absorbance of the bilirubin concentration one sample at each time. Then, the
absorbance value will convert the data into concentration. This output will be linked
into the LabView programming by using RS232 to calculate the bilirubin
concentration. The value of concentration will be displayed in Graphical User
Interface (GUI) for comparison purpose.
3.2
Experimental Preparation
The experimental part for this project can be divided into two parts which is
bilirubin detection using UV-Spectrophotometer and light exposure for bilirubin
level degradation. We need to do the preparation for both experiment and the
specification will be explained below.
28
After each of the different concentration are prepared, bilirubin solution filled
into the clean clear cuvette. The cuvette must be clean and not scratched to ensure
that the reading obtain is accurate. Then, the cuvette will be placed inside the sample
rack of the spectrophotometer. The absorbance value for each concentration was
measured and recorded. Before that, we need to pre-heating the spectrophotometer
for about 30 minutes so that the spectrophotometer reading is in stable condition and
will give the accurate value.
Figure 3.2 shows the basic routine operations of the spectrophotometer. Preheating is required for the lamp and the electronic parts to reach heat balance. The
wavelength is set to the desired value. 100%T adjustment and zero adjustment are
done in order to get the accurate measuring status. The scale is then set to
Absorbance and the sample is put into the light path. . The data will be displayed at
the LED display window.
29
0.30
5.70
100
0.60
5.40
150
0.90
5.10
200
1.20
4.80
250
1.50
4.50
300
1.80
4.20
350
2.10
3.90
400
2.40
3.60
450
2.70
3.30
500
3.00
3.00
30
31
The purpose of measuring the absorbance value for each of the different
concentration is to obtain the calibration curve of the bilirubin. We can determine the
concentration of the bilirubin by using a calibration curve where it will translate the
absorbance values into concentration values.
Absorbance
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-100
-0.05
100
300
500
700
Concentration (mg/dl)
900
32
y = mx + c
(Eq. 3.1)
y: Absorbance value
m: Slope
x: Bilirubin concentration
The second part of the experiment is the light exposure to the bilirubin
concentration. There are two types of light used in this experiment which is blue
LEDs and fluorescent light. This experiment was conducted to determine the
efficiency of blue LEDs compared to fluorescent light by comparing the level of
bilirubin degradation after the exposure. Besides, this experiment is also to determine
the relationship between absorbance values and the bilirubin level degradation with
the exposure time.
The 10mm blue LED as shown in Figure 3.5 is one of the light sources used in
the experiment. Blue LEDs was chosen because researches has found that it is able
reduce bilirubin effectively compared to other LEDs and also other phototherapy
light source [17]. This is also because of it unique characteristics which is it emit a
higher intensity, light in weight, less heat produced, and have a longer lifetime [4].
33
The most important thing is its wavelength is 465nm to 470nm which it suitable in
reducing the bilirubin.
In order to design the LEDs arrangement, there are some factors that need to
be considered. The calculation for the irradiance was made to identify the optimum
light exposure. The factors need to be considered is the effective light field,
maximum power dissipation and also the light wavelength. The calculations to
determine the positions and the distance of the LEDs are as follows:
From the datasheet, we can obtain the LED Peak Wavelength and the Maximum
Power Dissipation
34
35
The distance from the light source should be closer to the infant as possible to
get the maximum spectral irradiance on the body surface. Usually the distance from
light source to the infant is 45cm to 50 cm[9, 20] and this will give the irradiance for
the light to be 10 15W/cm2/nm [23]. However, researches found that these light
sources are less effective and has a number of disadvantages including heat
production and the exposure to the surface area is limited.
In this project, one tube of fluorescent light will used for the experiment and
it using electronic ballast to turn it on. The distance between the light source to the
cuvette contains bilirubin concentration is adjusted to 45cm.
36
3.3
Software Development
37
Figure 3.9: (a) Input port detection (b) Read input data
VISA Resource Name used to specify the resource to which a VISA session
will be opened while VISA serial is to determine the instance to use by manually
select the instance. As in Figure 3.9 (a), this part will detect the input port from
spectrophotometer by using RS 232. Then, VISA Read Figure 3.9 (b) will read the
input data from the spectrophotometer which specify by VISA Resource Name and
return the data in Read Buffer. The output from spectrophotometer contains in Read
Buffer will be displayed at front panel as shown in Figure 3.10.
38
However, for the mathematical operation, symbol A= must be eliminate for the
calculation purpose. This system will be connected to the equation to determine the
relationship between absorbance and bilirubin concentration. Figure 3.11 shows how
the elimination process was done.
39
However, the system design is not suitable for the project because it cannot
display all the data simultaneously. This is because spectrophotometer has four
sample racks but it cannot measure the absorbance for all samples simultaneously.
The experiment requires the system to read all the data and display it in one graph for
comparison purpose. To fix this problem, stacked sequence was used as explained
earlier and the system is also use Wait (ms) function and Shift Register. Wait (ms)
function will not complete the execution until the specified time has elapsed. Since
40
the systems need to display the data simultaneously, Shift Register was used to pass
the value to the next iteration. So, the previous measured value will remain in the
graph.
3.4
Flow Chart
The flowchart in Figure 3.15 presents the flow of the data measurement from
spectrophotometer into LabView.
The operation of the system starts by place the bilirubin concentration into the
spectrophotometer sample rack. Sample A represent the bilirubin concentration
before the light exposure while sample B and sample C represent the bilirubin
concentration after the light exposure for both blue LEDs and fluorescent light. Next,
41
the absorbance value was measured and then the value is converted to concentration
value. After one measurement, the process will stop until we push the Next button it
will continue the process until 4 reading has been measured. After the 4th
measurement or we discontinue the measurement, the system will stop and all the
data will be displayed.
CHAPTER 4
This section will discuss on the results and data analysis obtained throughout
the project.
4.1
Bilirubin solutions with different concentration (as shown in Figure 4.1) were
prepared and the absorbance for each different concentration was measured using a
spectrophotometer. Prior to this, the optimum absorbance wavelength for bilirubin
need to be determined as there is only one optimal wavelength for each chemical
element or chemical compound.
43
4.2
Wavelength (nm)
Absorbance
560
0.150
570
0.116
580
0.095
590
0.079
600
0.067
44
Absorbance
50
-0.011
100
0.065
150
0.094
200
0.153
250
0.206
300
0.304
350
0.420
400
0.432
450
0.532
500
0.599
Absorbance
0.5
y = 1.1512x - 0.0751
0.4
R = 0.9962
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Concentration (mg/dl)
y = 1.151x 0.075
2
R = 0.996
(Eq. 4.1)
45
4.3
The calculation for irradiance and optimum light exposure which was
conducted in Chapter 3 resulted in the design of the LEDs circuit. 18 super bright
blue LEDs were arranged as in Figure 4.3. The supplied direct current (DC) voltage
was 9.5V and resistors with resistance values of 39 were arranged in series with
each LED.
46
Two sets of five samples of 100mg/dL bilirubin solution were prepared. Both
sets of bilirubin solutions were exposed to blue LEDs and fluorescent light at five
time intervals; 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 120 minutes and 180 minutes.
The absorbance value for each sample was measured before and after the light
exposure.
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.4: Bilirubin degradation experiments (a) Blue LEDs exposure (b)
Fluorescent light exposure
Table 4.3 exhibits the absorbance measurements, before and after light
exposure at each time intervals while Table 4.4 displays the degradation of bilirubin
47
Blue LEDs
(minutes)
Fluorescent Light
Before
After
Before
After
10
0.059
0.058
0.062
0.062
30
0.057
0.043
0.060
0.059
60
0.055
0.038
0.056
0.054
120
0.055
0.034
0.053
0.047
180
0.048
0.024
0.041
0.031
Time
(minutes)
Fluorescent light
Before
After
Difference
(%)
Before
After
Difference
(%)
10
0.117
0.116
0.85
0.119
0.119
30
0.115
0.103
10.43
0.117
0.116
0.87
60
0.113
0.098
13.27
0.114
0.112
1.75
120
0.113
0.095
15.92
0.111
0.106
4.39
180
0.107
0.086
19.63
0.101
0.092
8.91
48
25
20
15
10
Blue LEDs
Fluorescent light
5
0
10
30
60
120
180
Time (minutes)
Figure 4.5: Comparison of bilirubin degradation in blue LED and fluorescent light
(in percentage difference)
100
(Eq. 4.2)
4.4
49
instrument calibration purpose, while the other three slots were used for bilirubin
solution samples.
50
The measurement process will start again for the next sample while the data
from the first measurement remains in the waveform graph for comparison purpose.
The system will stop once it reach l the fourth measurement or at anytime when the
user pushes the STOP button. The final results will display all four measurements
simultaneously on the waveform graph, making it easier for the user to make any
comparison between several data. The data from the waveform graph can be saved in
Excel by right-clicking at the waveform graph and exporting the data into Excel, as
shown in Figure 4.7. User can either print or save the data for future reference.
4.5
Discussion
51
solutions were used to determine the absorbance- concentration relationship and also
to test the reliability of the bilirubin detector system in displaying measured data. In
relation with real applications, blood or urine samples can be used to test the
bilirubin level in an infants body.
4.5.1
It is suspected that, there might be some interference that occurred during the
experiments. This might be the cause that resulted in negative absorbance values for
a few samples of bilirubin concentration. All measurement values should be positive.
Another possible reason might be due to the inaccuracy of measurement during the
bilirubin solution preparation. During the bilirubin degradation experiment, light
interference may also occur, which will affect the bilirubins absorbance, as the
substance is very sensitive to light.
Besides that, another factor which may lead to inaccuracy of data is the
condition of the spectrophotometer. It should be fully warmed up before use and
should not be ON for a long period of time.
CHAPTER 5
5.1
Conclusions
The main objective of the project is to verify that blue LEDs which are
proposed to be used as the light source in the APV is able to reduce bilirubin level in
infants efficiently and effectively compared to conventional phototherapy device,
such as fluorescent light. An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of
blue LEDs compared to fluorescent light. Samples of bilirubin solution were
prepared and exposed to each light source. Based on the experimental results, it is
proven that blue LEDs were more efficient in reducing bilirubin concentration
compared to fluorescent light.
53
5.2
There are several recommendations that can be used to improve the current
limitations of the project. The recommendations include:
Implementing a suitable LEDs arrangement for the APV and verifying that
the blue LED on the APV is able to reduce bilirubin efficiently.
Comparing the efficiency of blue LEDs on the APV with other portable
phototherapy device such as the BiliBlanket and neoBLUE blanket LED.
54
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
YS Chang, J.H., et al. , In vitro and in vivo Efficacy of New Blue Light
Emitting Diode Phototherapy Compared to Conventional Halogen Quartz
Phototherapy for Neonatal Jaundice. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20:61-4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
55
15.
16.
Phototherapy
in
Clinical
Applications.
Available
from:
http://www.sytledepartment.com/phototherapy-in-clinical-applications-2/.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Belma Saygili Karagol, O.E., Begum Atasay, Saadet Arsan, Efficacy of Light
Emitting Diode Phototherapy In Comparison To Conventional Phototherapy
In Neonatal Jaundice. Med sci 2007;31-34.
56
APPENDIX A
UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETER
10
Spectrumlab 752s
TRANS.
ABS.
UV VIS Spectrophotometer
FACT.
CONC.
3
4
15
16
17
Figure 1
14
11
12
Figure 2
13
57
3. Func. button:
4. Mode button:
58
59
APPENDIX B
60
61
APPENDIX C
COMPLETED BLOCK DIAGRAM
First page
Second page
62
APPENDIX D
LABVIEW USER INTERFACE FOR BILIRUBIN LEVEL DETECTION
USING LABVIEW FOR JAUNDICE TREATMENT