Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
English Tenses
Subject: TOEIC Preparation
Name
Ardi Pranata
ID
140210013
Class Code
142-EL081-N1
Lecturer
COMPUTER SCIENCE
TECHNIC FACULTY
PUTERA BATAM UNIVERSITY
2014/2015
PREWORD
All praise and thank to Almighty God for the mercy and grace which are
bestowed upon the author, so the author can finish the task on time. The purpose of
writing of this paper is to fulfill the task assigned by the lecturer of TOEIC
Preparation and this paper also aims to increase knowledge and insight for the reader.
The author realizes that this paper is still far from perfection, therefore the
authors expect critics and suggestions from readers for the sake of perfection of this
paper in the future. Hopefully this paper will be useful for those who need it.
Batam, May 18th 2015
Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER1
PREWORD....................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................3
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................4
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION.........................................................................................5
2.1.
Present Tense...................................................................................................5
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
2.1.4.
2.2.
Past Tense......................................................................................................15
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
2.2.4.
2.3.
Future Tense..................................................................................................21
2.3.1.
2.3.2.
2.3.3.
2.3.4.
2.4.
2.4.1.
2.4.2.
2.4.3.
2.4.4.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1.
Present Tense
2.1.1. Simple Present Tense
Present tense is used to express an activity that occurs at the present
time or daily activities.
2.1.1.1.
Verbal Sentence
a. Positive Verbal Sentence
I, You, They, We
Syntax: Subject + V1
He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + V1 + -s/es
e.g.:
He works hard every day.
They go to amusement park every Sunday.
I seldom read newspaper.
Add -s suffix in verb.
e.g.:
work
works
sing
sings
read
reads
speak
speaks
If verbs end in the letters ch, o, s, sh, x, z, add the suffix
-es.
e.g.:
reach
go
pass
wish
reaches
goes
passes
wishes
He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + does + not + V1
Explanation:
e.g.:
He does not work hard every day.
They do not visit their uncle every Sunday.
I do not read a newspaper every morning.
c. Interrogative Verbal Sentence
I, You, They, We
Syntax: Do + subject + V1?
He, She, It
Syntax: Does + subject + V1?
Explanation:
Interrogative verbal sentence is formed by adding do/does
e.g.:
Does he work hard every day?
Do they visit their uncle every Sunday?
Do you read a newspaper every morning?
Interrogative question is also known as yes/no question
because the answer to this question are whether yes or no.
2.1.1.2.
Nominal Sentence
a. Positive Nominal Sentence
Syntax: Subject + to be + non verb
Explanation:
e.g.:
She is a doctor (noun).
I am happy (adjective).
They are in the class (adverb of place).
But if before to be is preceded by auxiliary verb, the form of to
be turns into be for all subjects.
e.g.:
She can be sick.
They must be there.
b. Negative Nominal Sentence
Syntax: Subject + to be + not + non verb
Negative nominal sentence is formed by adding not after to be.
e.g.:
She is not a doctor.
I am not happy.
They are not in the class.
c. Interrogative Nominal Sentence
Syntax: To be + subject + non-verb?
Explanation:
Interrogative nominal sentence is formed by adding to be at the
beginning of the sentence.
e.g.:
Is she a doctor?
Are you happy?
Are they in the class?
Exemption:
There are some particular verbs in the present continuous tense which
indicate the circumstances that occur in the future like go, come,
take, start, visit, leaving, etc.
e.g.:
I am visiting my uncle this afternoon.
I am going to office now.
Verbal Sentence
a. Positive Verbal Sentence
I, You, They, We
Syntax: Subject + have + V3
He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + has + V3
e.g.:
She has been the headmaster for five years.
We have done our homework.
10
He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + has + not + V3
e.g.:
She has not been the headmaster for five years.
We have not done our homework.
c. Interrogative Verbal Sentence
I, You, They, We
Syntax: Have + subject + V3?
He, She, It
Syntax: Has + subject + V3?
e.g.:
Has she been the headmaster for ten years?
Have we done our homework?
11
2.1.3.2.
Nominal Sentence
a. Positive Nominal Sentence
I, You, They, We
Syntax: Subject + have + been + non-verb
He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + has + been + non-verb
e.g.:
We have been in Bali since yesterday.
It has been awhile.
b. Negative Nominal Sentence
I, You, They, We
Syntax: Subject + have + not + been + non-verb
He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + has + not + been + non-verb
e.g.:
We have not been in Bali since yesterday.
It has not been awhile.
12
He, She, It
Syntax: Has + subject + been + non-verb?
e.g.:
Have we been in Bali since yesterday?
Has it been awhile?
He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + has + been + verb + ing
e.g.:
She has been living here for 19 years.
They have been doing that for living since 1971.
b. Negative Sentence
I, You, They, We
Syntax: Subject + have + not +been + verb + ing
He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + has + not + been + verb + ing
e.g.:
She has not been living here for 19 years.
They have not been doing that for living since 1971.
13
c. Interrogative Sentence
I, You, They, We
Syntax: Have + subject + been + verb + ing?
He, She, It
Syntax: Has + subject + been + verb + ing?
e.g.:
Has she been living here for 19 years?
Have they been doing that for living since 1971?
2.2.
Past Tense
2.2.1. Simple Past Tense
Past tense is used to describe event which occurs in the past.
2.2.1.1.
Verbal Sentence
a. Positive Verbal Sentence
Syntax: Subject + V2
e.g.:
She studied English last night.
They cleaned the classroom last week.
b. Negative Verbal Sentence
Syntax: Subject + did + not + V1
e.g.:
She did not study English last night.
They did not clean the classroom last week.
c. Interrogative Verbal Sentence
Syntax: Did + subject + V1?
e.g.:
Did she study English last night?
Did they clean the classroom yesterday?
2.2.1.2.
Nominal Sentence
a. Positive Nominal Sentence
You, They, We
14
I, He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + was + non verb
e.g.:
Tedi was sick last week.
They were disappointed about the result.
b. Negative Nominal Sentence
You, They, We
Syntax: Subject + were + not + non verb
I, He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + was + not + non verb
e.g.:
Tedi was not sick last week.
They were not disappointed about the result.
c. Interrogative Nominal Sentence
You, They, We
Syntax: Were + subject + non-verb?
I, He, She, It
Syntax: Was + subject + non-verb?
15
e.g.:
Was Tedi sick last week?
Were they disappointed about the result?
I, He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + was + V1 + ing
e.g.:
Suzie was doing her homework when Thomas came.
They were hiding when the security came to check the office.
The form of this tense cant stand alone. Accompaniment in the form
of a sentence is generally used as a guide. And sometimes event which
follows the sentence is replaced by adverb of time.
e.g.:
16
b. Negative Sentence
You, They, We
Syntax: Subject + were + not + V1 + ing
I, He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + was + not + V1 + ing
e.g.:
Suzie was not doing her homework when Thomas came.
They were not hiding when the security came to check the office.
c. Interrogative Sentence
You, They, We
Syntax: Were + subject + V1 + ing?
I, He, She, It
Syntax: Was + subject + V1 + ing?
e.g.:
Was Suzie doing her homework when Thomas came?
Were they hiding hen the security came to check the office?
17
2.2.3.1.
Verbal Sentence
a. Positive Verbal Sentence
Syntax: Subject + had + V3
e.g.:
She had fallen asleep when they came last night.
They had learned the lesson before their teacher taught
them.
b. Negative Verbal Sentence
Syntax: Subject + had + not + V3
e.g.:
She had not fallen asleep when they came last night.
They had not learned the lesson before their teacher taught
them.
c. Interrogative Verbal Sentence
Syntax: Had + subject + V3?
e.g.:
Had she fallen asleep when they came last night?
Had they learned the lesson before their teacher taught
them?
2.2.3.2.
Nominal Sentence
a. Positive Nominal Sentence
Syntax: Subject + had + been + non-verb
e.g.:
They had been there when the incident happened.
She had been a nurse when she studied aboard.
b. Negative Nominal Sentence
Syntax: Subject + had + not + been + non-verb
e.g.:
They had not been there when the incident happened.
She had not been a nurse when she studied aboard.
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2.3.
Future Tense
2.3.1. Simple Future Tense
Future tense is used to express event that will occur.
2.3.1.1.
Verbal Sentence
a. Positive Verbal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Subject + shall + V1
You, They, He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + will + V1
Explanation:
Generally will be used for all subject.
e.g.:
We shall go to Tokyo tomorrow.
He will visit us next week.
19
e.g.:
We shall not go to Tokyo tomorrow.
He will not visit us next week.
c. Interrogative Verbal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Shall + subject + V1?
e.g.:
Shall we go to Tokyo tomorrow?
Will he visit us next week?
2.3.1.2.
To Be Going To
a. Positive Sentence
20
2.3.1.3.
Nominal Sentence
a. Positive Nominal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Subject + shall + be + non-verb
21
e.g.:
I shall be at home tonight.
She will be very happy to hear that.
b. Negative Nominal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Subject + shall + not + be + non-verb
e.g.:
I shall not be at home tonight.
She will not be very happy to hear that.
c. Interrogative Nominal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Shall + subject + be + non-verb?
22
e.g.:
She shall be studying if you text her around 7 tonight.
They will be waiting for you at the airport tomorrow.
b. Negative Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Subject + shall + not + be + V1 + ing
23
e.g.:
She shall not be studying if you text her around 7 tonight.
They will not be waiting for you at the airport tomorrow.
c. Interrogative Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Shall + subject + be + V1 + ing?
e.g.:
Shall she be studying if you text her around 7 tonight?
Will they be waiting for you at the airport tomorrow?
Verbal Sentence
a. Positive Verbal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Subject + shall + have + V3
24
e.g.:
We shall have finished our paperwork tomorrow evening.
She will have done her research next week.
b. Negative Verbal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Subject + shall + not + have + V3
e.g.:
We shall not have finished our paperwork tomorrow
evening.
She will not have done her research next week.
c. Interrogative Verbal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Shall + subject + have + V3?
25
e.g.:
Shall we have finished our paperwork tomorrow evening?
Will she have done her research next week?
2.3.3.2.
Nominal Sentence
a. Positive Nominal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Subject + shall + have been + non-verb
26
e.g.:
Shall I have been a teacher this year?
Will they have been very busy at 8 tomorrow morning?
I, We
Syntax: Subject + shall + not + have been + V1 + ing
e.g.:
We shall not have been studying you come tonight.
She will not have been living here for a year by next February.
c. Interrogative Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Shall + subject + have been + V1 + ing?
e.g.:
Shall we have been studying you come tonight?
Will she have been living here for a year by next February?
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2.4.
Verbal Sentence
a. Positive Verbal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Subject + should + V1
e.g.:
We should come here for dinner yesterday.
He would take her to the party last night.
29
e.g.:
We should not come here for dinner yesterday.
He would not take her to the party last night.
c. Interrogative Verbal Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Should + subject + V1?
e.g.:
Should we come here for dinner yesterday?
Would he take her to the party last night?
2.4.1.2.
To Be Going To (Past)
a. Positive Sentence
You, They, We
Syntax: Subject + were + going to + V1
I, He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + was + going to + V1
e.g.:
He was going to do his homework yesterday.
We were going to go to Seoul last month.
b. Negative Sentence
You, They, We
Syntax: Subject + were + not + going to + V1
I, He, She, It
Syntax: Subject + was + not + going to + V1
30
e.g.:
He was not going to do his homework yesterday.
We were not going to go to Seoul last month.
c. Interrogative Sentence
You, They, We
Syntax: Were + subject + going to + V1?
I, He, She, It
Syntax: Were + subject + going to + V1?
e.g.:
Was he going to do his homework yesterday?
Were we going to go to Seoul last month?
e.g.:
She would be teaching at the class tomorrow morning if she wasnt
sick.
31
e.g.:
She would not be teaching at the class tomorrow morning if she
was sick.
We should not be arriving on time last night if we did get stuck in
traffic jam.
c. Interrogative Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Should + subject + be + V1 + ing?
e.g.:
32
33
34
b. Negative Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Subject + should + not + have been + V1 + ing
e.g.:
We should not have been studying English for 3 months by last
winter.
He would not have been teaching for 10 years by last year.
c. Interrogative Sentence
I, We
Syntax: Should + subject + have been + V1 + ing?
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CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
3.1.
Conclusion
Every tenses has its own function, present tense describes what happens in the
meantime, past tense describes what happened, future tense describes plans or
activities you want to do and future past tense describes what you wanted to do but
for some reason, the plans not implemented. Continuous tense (whether it is in
present, past, future or future past) describes an on-going activities.
3.2.
Recommendation
Many people nowadays dont always use grammatical English, what really
matters is that both side understand what each other are trying to say. Most of those
people are those who learn English as a foreign language, not as their national
language. But there are few countries where they dont really speak grammatical
English even though English is one of their national language, for example Singapore
and Philippine. Learning grammatical English is a stepping stone if youre currently
working in international company, it helps you to write letter formally, speaking
politely, making presentation more entertaining, etc. Mastering the grammatical
language is actually optional, but if you do, it will be an additional advantage for you
especially when youre looking for a job which relates to something formal like tour
guide, etc.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/verb-tenses.html
Entin Sutinah, dkk. Get Along With English for Vocational School Grade X Novice
Level. Jakarta: Erlangga, 2010.
Entin Sutinah, dkk. Get Along With English for Vocational School Grade XI
Elementary Level. Jakarta: Erlangga, 2010.
Entin Sutinah, dkk. Get Along With English for Vocational School Grade XII
Intermediate Level. Jakarta: Erlangga, 2010.
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