Fuvahmullah Detld Desg Rept-23-05-10 PDF

DETAILEDDESIGNREPORT OFFUV
VHAMU
ULAH
Dev
velopm
ment of Waterr Supply &
Sew
weragee Facilities
In the Ato
oll Projeects
(Fu
uvahm
mulah a
and Utheeem
mu)
Miinistryo fHousin g,Transp

port
Environm
ment
&E
Repub
blicofM aldives
`
AL- HABSHI C
CONSULTA
ANTS OFFIICE
P .O
O. Box 27154,, Safat 131322, Kuwait.
Tel: (9655) 2430103/22433131 Fax: (965) 24311336
IN
N ASSOCIATION WIITH
P
Pte.
Ltd.
3rd floor, h. Coleezium, Ame
eenee Magu, Male 20054,, Maldives,
3 5049, - 33
31 0776, info@
@riyan.com
- 331
VOLUME 1 OF 3
23.05
5.10
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

FUVAHMULAH, MALDIVES
Detailed Design Report - Volume 1 of 3
Table of Contents
1.0INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................4
2.0DESIGNREQUIREMENTS..............................................................................................................4
3.0OBJECTIVESOFCONSULTANCYSERVICES.................................................................................4
4.0SCOPEOFCONSULTANCYSERVICES..........................................................................................5
5.0BACKGROUNDOFENGINEERINGDESIGNREPORT.................................................................8
6.0DATACOLLECTION,SURVEYSANDINVESTIGATION...............................................................8
6.1DataCollection.............................................................................................................................8
6.2TopographySurvey......................................................................................................................9
6.3BathymetrySurvey....................................................................................................................10
6.4SocioEconomicSurvey..............................................................................................................11
6.5Soilinvestigation........................................................................................................................12
7.0PROJECTCOMPONENTS&DETAILEDDESIGNWORKS..................................................12
7.1seweragesystem.......................................................................................................................12
7.2Sewagetreatmentfacility..........................................................................................................14
7.3SewageTreatmentfacilityalternatives......................................................................................15
7.4WaterSupplySystem.................................................................................................................16
7.5ReverseOsmosisProcess...........................................................................................................17
7.5.1ProcessDescription................................................................................................................19
7.6WaterSupplyDistribution.........................................................................................................20
7.6.1.DesignConsiderations...........................................................................................................20
8.0 DESIGNSTANDARDS..........................................................................................................21
Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd
1 / 39

8.1SewerageDesignStandards......................................................................................................21
8.2WaterSupplyDesignStandards................................................................................................23
9.0 DETAILEDDESIGNOFPROJECTCOMPONENTS................................................................23
9.1SewerageNetworkVacuumsystem..........................................................................................24
9.3SewerageNetworkPumpingMains..........................................................................................29
9.4SewageTreatmentPlant...........................................................................................................29
9.5SeaOutfall.................................................................................................................................31
9.6WaterSupplynetwork...............................................................................................................33
9.7ReverseOsmosisPlant...............................................................................................................33
9.8StorageTank..............................................................................................................................34
9.9BrineWaterCollection&DisposalSystem................................................................................35
9.10FeedwaterStoragetank.........................................................................................................35
9.11TubeWell.................................................................................................................................36
9.12OceanIntakeStructure(Optional)..........................................................................................36
9.13Civil/Structural.........................................................................................................................37
9.14Electrical&Instrumentation...................................................................................................39
2 / 39

LIST OF APPENDICES -Volume 2 of 3

Bounded
Appendix -A
- Design Calculations of Vacuum Sewage Network
Appendix- B
- Design Calculations of STP
Appendix -C
- Design of Ocean Outfall
Appendix -D
- Hydraulic Calculations of Water Supply Network
Appendix -E
- Design Calculations of RO Plant, Storage Tank, Brine

Collection & Disposal
Appendix -F
- Design Calculations of Tube Well
Appendix -G - Design Calculations of Civil/Structural Works
Appendix -H
- Design Calculations of Electrical & Instrumentation
Appendix- I
- Vacuum sewer system design guideline.
3 / 39

1.0
INTRODUCTION
The government of Maldives has received a loan from the Islamic Development Bank
(IDB) for the development of water supply and sewerage facilities in the islands of Gn.
Fuvahmulah and Ha. Utheeemu. Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait in association with
Riyan, Male was awarded the Consultancy Contract.
The consultancy service includes development of concept designs, detailed designs,
environmental impact assessments (EIAs), engineering drawings, preparation of tender
documents, assisting in tendering process and supervision of the project work in close
collaboration and under the guidance of Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment
(MHTE) in the mentioned islands, as detailed below.
2.0
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
The design requirement is to ensure project implementation after carrying out technical
assessments and identifying a best option for the islands considering the social norms
and community acceptance. The following principles are to be considered in designing
and constructing of the sewerage facilities.
Conventional sewerage system with minimum number of sea-outfalls.

Minimize public health and environmental impacts.
Energy efficiency.
Urban Development and Land Management Plans: and
Low-cost treatment options and technologies.
The water supply and sewerage facilities will be designed and constructed in meeting the
long-term needs and objectives of the National Development Agenda giving a design
horizon of 15-30 years.
3.0
OBJECTIVES OF CONSULTANCY SERVICES

(a) Necessary engineering services for the implementation of the project including
preparation and execution of surveys and investigation.
(b) Conceptual and Detailed Design
(c) Tender Documents
(d) Construction planning
4 / 39

(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
4.0
Construction supervision
Environmental monitoring and management planning
Cost estimates
Tendering assistance for selection of contractors
Social considerations
Financial management
Capacity building of government agencies and island communities
Preparation of operation and maintenance manuals and
SCOPE OF CONSULTANCY SERVICES

a) Phase 1- Designing
The phase-1 of the project includes preparation of concept designs, field
investigations and survey's. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). Detailed
engineering designs and bidding documents.
The consultant shall execute detailed design including the following works:
Review and analyze existing data, studies, designs, reports and other available
materials pertinent to the sub projects and natural conditions around the project
area
Undertake detailed Field surveys where necessary including updated
topographic. Bathymetric current, reef and socio-economic surveys and
establish benchmarks on the islands.
Determine dry and wet weather flows for each island including water
consumption, compute flow and velocity and prepare system and drawings based
on the conditions and criteria to be approved by MWSA.
Prepare at least two appropriate sewage collection, treatment and disposal options
and develop cost estimates, economic and financial analysis for each option
proposed.
Prepare preliminary design
Design Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalinated water-supply system for the
islands including intake and reject water systems, piped network, water
storage facilities, disinfection and water treatment facilities, and plant houses.
Execute detailed investigations at the sites of boreholes or intake wells for RO
water, seaoutfall; brine discharge locations for geo-physical soil, current,
reef and water quality investigations.
After approval of preliminary design prepare detailed design including site
plans, profiles long sections and drawings
5 / 39

b)
Determination of mitigation measures for negative environmental impacts

Develop separate bidding documents, working drawings, b i l l of quantities and
specifications for water supply and sewerage systems for both Utheemu and
Fuvahmulah, under the guidance of Ministry of Housing, Transport and
Environment (MHTE) and Tender Evaluation Board of Ministry of Finance and
Treasury (MoFT).
Ensure that final tender documents are technically sound and feasible and is
developed in a harmonized manner to meet the requirements of Ministry of
Housing, Transport and Environment (MHTE). Tender Evaluation Board and
Islamic Development Bank (IDB).
Phase 2- Tendering and Contract award
The Phase 2 of the project includes tendering and contract award works. The
proposed work will be carried out under the guidance of Ministry of Housing,
Transport and Environment (MHTE) and Tender Evaluation Board of Ministry of
Finance and Treasury (MoFT). This phase is expected to be completed within 3
months. The Consultants shall carry out the following works to assist the
Implementing Agencies in Tendering.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Assist in the preparation of the advertisements for inviting prequalification

application and executing of prequalification evaluation (if required)
Assist in the preparation of the advertisements for inviting bids and
sending of tender documents to interested companies.
Assist in preparation of pre-bid meeting, preparation of addenda as
required and preparation of replies to questions from bidders to be carried
out in consultation with Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment
(MHTE) and under the guidance of Tender Board of Ministry of Finance
and Treasury (MoFT).
Assist in management of any disputes, clarification and opening of relevant
tenders
Assist in evaluation of bids and preparation and presentation of evaluation
reports, recommending contract award for approval by the Government of
Maldives. During evaluation the followings points must be considered
carefully.
- Ensure that the bids are technically sound and feasible and that the
proposals are technically capable of fulfilling their responsibilities.
6 / 39

f)
g)
- Ensure the tenders are financially sound and feasible including the cost
are equivalent to local market prices.
- Ensure the tender schedules are sound and feasible including the
Consideration that the contractor is capable of fulfilling the responsibilities
outlined in the contract in the allocated time.
Assist implementing agency in contract negotiations with successful
bidders.
Assist in preparation of contract documents, contract development, signing
and awarding.
c) Phase 3-Construction supervision and monitoring

The phase 3 of the project includes monitoring and supervision of construction work
to be earned out during project implementation. Expected duration of this phase is 18
months for Fuvahmulah
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Setting-out of the work

Preparation of construction drawings and documents
Review and approval of Contractor's drawings and documents
Quantity and quality control
Monitoring and control of the Work schedule
Settling of disputes or differences
Monitoring defects liability period
d) Environmental Study and Monitoring

The Consultants shall carry out environmental study and monitoring including the
following to mitigate the negative environment impacts.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Preparation of environmental screening form for each sub-project to be

submitted to Environmental Protection Agency
Scoping of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study if required
Execution of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and preparation of the
reports according to the requirements.
Facilitation of timely response and approval from Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental monitoring during construction works.
7 / 39

5.0
BACKGROUND OF ENGINEERING DESIGN REPORT
The revised concept design after incorporation of all Comments of the Client
(MHTE) were submitted on 16/8/09 subsequent to the submission made on 16/12/08
and the various discussions and further meeting held on 8/7/09 in MHTE. MHTE
approvals to the concept design and instruction to proceed with detailed design
considering Vacuum system sewerage network (in place of conventional system)
was issued to Consultant on 15/12/09 based on which this submittal is being made
now. This Final Detailed Design Report submission is in compliance with those
MHTE comments, the Detailed Design Report is submitted in three volumes, details
as below.
1.
2.
3.
Volume 1 of 3 Detailed Design Report

Volume 2 of 3 Appendices (Detailed Design Calculations)
Volume 3 of 3 Appendices (Detailed Design Drawings)
The Detailed Design Report contains the design calculations of all project
components which are demonstrated in the following chapters of this report. The
Appendices cover the design details in depth. The Detailed Design Drawings are
prepared on the basis of detailed design and supporting calculations on standard
and international scale and in line with the MHTE design criteria document for
sewerage and water supply system.
Due to urgency and pressing demand of MHTE and the tender documents of Water
Supply and Sewerage System Fuvahmulah Island are also being prepared and shall
be submitted with the detailed design documents. The Tender Documents include for
the Bills of Quantities in Re-measured Contract format, Technical specification of all
project components, contract conditions and bidding procedures.
6.0
DATA COLLECTION, SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATION

6.1 DATA COLLECTION
The preliminary task was to complete the data collection which comprised of
identification of all pertinent informations which may be necessary for the execution
of our performance. Since we were involved in the Bankable Document Preparation
8 / 39

for the same project, Al-Habshi Consultants were in possession of the particular
datas and the various codes/standards based on which our activities were
performed, the actual reference to the particular datas collected are referred below
in the forthcoming chapters.
6.2 TOPOGRAPHY SURVEY
The Topographic Survey covered the topographical conditions of the whole land area
of the project islands above shoreline to give the basic understanding on the
topographical considerations for the preliminary design and detailed design for sewer
networks. Position, distance, dimension, ground floor level of all the existing
facilities, septic tanks and boundary walls was clearly marked in the survey drawing.
Scale of these surveys was 1:500
The objective of Topographic survey was to establish Horizontal and Vertical control
network and do a asbuilt survey of the area including existing Plot Corners and
Block Corners of land parcels, Infrastructure facility features such as electricity posts,
cable TV distribution boxes and Spot Heights of the ground specially along the
roads. Then to prepare a Topographical plan of the whole land area of the island
depicting all existing details of the area. First Horizontal and vertical control network
(3D control network) was established. The detail survey was completed using this 3D
control network and the topographical maps were prepared. The 3D control network
was established using GPS, Total Station and a digital level. The markers used for
this were made as the semipermanent markers. The markers established at
Fuvahmulah were referred as the control points. First considering the whole island,
the control points were established. For the control points, 12inch iron rods were
inserted to the ground and 4inch concrete layer was laid for the protection of the iron
rod. Two main control points (Base 1 and Base 2) were established closer to the
island office. These two main points were observed using TRIMBLE GeoXH GPS
receivers. Static observation method was used and the duration of the GPS
observation was 2hours. These observed data were processed to obtain the bearing
of the points in relation to each other. The distance between the two points was also
measured using a Total Station and while maintaining the GPS coordinates for the
main control point 1 (Base 1), the distance from main point 1 (Base 1) to main point 2
(Base 2) was plotted along the bearing of Base 2 from Base 1. The adjusted
coordinate of Main point 2 (Base 2) obtained by plotting the distance measured using
the Total Station was used as the plot coordinates of Main point 2 (Base 2). Finally
the coordinates of the Main control points were converted to UTM coordinate system.
9 / 39

The vertical datum used in these surveys was the Mean Sea Level (MSL) derived
from tide readings of HDh Hanimaadhoo tide data. A digital Level was used to
carryout the level traverse along the traverse points. The level transect of the control
points were started by reading a back sight reading to the Main control point 1(Base
1) and using back sight fore sight method was used to complete the traverse back to
the first back sight point
Detail Survey was started using the established 3D Control points. Same Total
Station instrument was used for the detail surveys. First instrument was set up at a
control point (at first main control point as it is mid point of the island). Then
coordinates Main control point 1 (Base 1) were input to the instrument. Next to orient
the instrument the instruments telescope was pointed towards the Main control point
2 (Base 2) where the target was set up and the target point coordinates were
entered. Again target was established at back sight point (here at last traverse point)
and observed that for checking the orientation. Here vertical height difference
method was used to check the vertical accuracy of the observation.
All the observations were stored in the internal memory of the Total Station as well
as they were entered in the field book manually. All the stored data were downloaded
using the Tcom software. First using the row data file a Microsoft Excel file was
created. After creating the corrected coordinate file of detail survey, through the
Tcom software . Dxf" files were developed to use to plot the digital CAD plan.
Four permanent benchmarks were established on the islands. Bench mark at

Fuvahmulah is located near harbor and near either side of Rasgfannu and Maaneru
road (main road across the island). The Northing and Easting for these benchmarks
were given in UTM and their vertical heights are referred to MSL. The horizontal
coordinate system used for the topographic surveys was UTM for the horizontal
coordinates. The spheroid for this projection is WGS 84. The vertical datum used for
these surveys was Mean Sea Level (MSL). The mapping scale for these surveys
was 1:500. The heights of the features measured in these surveys were plotted as
spot heights on the map
6.3 BATHYMETRY SURVEY
A large part of the bathymetric survey was carried out as acoustic depth (z)
measurements together with GPS position (x, y) fixings. Acoustic depth
measurement systems measure the elapsed time that an acoustic pulse takes to
10 / 39

travel from a generating transducer to the waterway bottom and back. In areas
where the water depths were too shallow (over the reef flat) for the survey boat to
safe navigation, the Total Station together with a fixed height prism pole was used to
measure the sea bottom levels. At Fuvahmulah due to the swell condition lagoon
depth and near reef crust depths were not taken. The lagoon depths at the proposed
STP outfall area is shallow, just below MSL, while the reef crust area is almost at
MSL. The reef area is observed to be of spur and groove formation with sharp drop
off from the crust area to depths of 3m, and from this point onwards a shallow flat is
observed to depths up to -10m, from this point onwards the reef slope is observed to
have a gradual slope down to depths exceeding -100m. Due to the high energy
nature of the area it may be required to have armored sheathing for the out fall pipe
at reef crust and the flat area, since rocks may move at the spur and groove area
and cause damage. It has to be noted that moving north of the proposed location,
reef slope is gradual, possibly making it slightly easy for laying the pipe.
6.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

A detailed Socio-economic Survey was conducted with an aim to (a) develop a
socio-economic profile of the island based on survey data, census data, and existing
information, (b) undertake community consultations with different community groups
including youth, women, fishermen, traders, NGO's development committees ,
Island Council and others and gather their views and incorporate them in project
development, (c) ensure community involvement and community participation in the
project design, construction and operation and maintenance, (d) provide necessary
information that will help to formulate a proper operation and maintenance
mechanism and finance the overall project O & M in the long run, (e) identify the
willingness to pay and other economic concerns and help to address them in the
design and implementation of the project, (f) assist in the evaluation of the costs and
benefits of the different options feasible to the project site conditions.
It was observed that the issue of the household connections for both the water and
sewerage raised by the people of Fuvahmulah needs to be addressed through
community dialogue before implementation of the project. Community sensitization
activities are to be undertaken prior to the commencement of work, if the
Government sticks on to community taps. The water and sewerage projects
proposed to be implemented will strengthen the overall socio- economic status of the
islanders. Universally, appropriate and standardized systems of water and sewerage
will enhance the social status of the people, particularly that of women. Tourism
11 / 39

prospects will be an added economic component for the future development in the
island. Socio-politically, the implementation of the water and sewerage projects will
diffuse the pent up emotions of the community.
6.5 SOIL INVESTIGATION
We analyzed a formally drilled borehole data carried out by Geo Engineering Pvt Ltd,
Maldives for MWSC in 2006. According to the data given for well BH-7, the
transmisivity co-efficient by using software developed by Prof. Gerrit Van Tonder of
the Institute for Groundwater Studies, University of the Free State is shown in given
format and the data extracted from DEVELOPMENT BY PUMP RECORD SHEET 12 conducted for BH 07 on 03.08.2006 has taken for analyzed. In the Gerrit Van
Tonder format software average Q sustain (sustainable yield) is shown as 1.39 l/S
with standard deviation 1.22. Transmissivity estimates from derivatives 99.33 m3
/day. This Transmissivity value is rather high value but can accept due to high
porous calcareous sand. According to the Gerrit Van Tonder format software there
is no value given in the format. The reason to be the data entered it from the informal
pumping test. Simple laboratory test done for deeply excavated samples gives the
storativity as 0.410 m3.
7.0
PROJECT COMPONENTS & DETAILED DESIGN WORKS

7.1 SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Various different sewerage system were analyzed during the concept stage of the
project and a techno-financial analysis was carried out to actually establish the
technically most feasible and financially viable sewerage system i.e. Vacuum
Sewerage System for Fuvahmullah Island considering long term efficiency of this
system which comprises of sewers network, Two Vacuum Station and a sewage
treatment plant.
The Vacuum sewer system design is mainly based on (1) EPA Alternative
Wastewater Collection Systems Chapter 3 and (2) Guideline of Developer volume ii
(from Malaysia Water Association) design criteria. A copy of both guidelines is
attached in this report Appendix- I
The sewage is collected from each household by means of an inspection chamber
and Vacuum chamber at suitable intervals, and allowed to flow to vacuum stations for
onward pumping to the treatment plant. The sewage from 6 to 10 houses is
12 / 39

connected to a vacuum chamber by a gravity network. The Vacuum chambers are
connected to main Sewer lines with vacuum pressure. These main sewer lines are
further connected to two zonal Vacuum stations, which should be capable to create
sufficient vacuum pressure in all main sewers laid all over the Island. The vacuum
station is designed for each Island sewer zone to receive the flow of the sewage from
each House connections, for further pumping to the sewage treatment plant, which
will reduce the BOD and SS levels substantially in line with the EPA regulations and
standards for domestic wastewater disposal. The resultant effluent will be pumped
back to deep sea through sea outfall. The sludge which is resulted from the sewage
treatment also will be pumped back to sea on a monthly basis which is no more
septic.
UPVC PN-06 pipes of minimum 110, and 160 mm outer diameter are used for the
household connection to vacuum chambers with a slope of 1:100, whereas the main
sewer which is interconnecting vacuum valve chambers and vacuum stations, is 110,
125, 160, 200, and 250 mm diameter PVC Schedule 40, SDR 21 solvent welded pipe,
to meet the future population and laid in a saw tooth profile with a slope ranges from
0.2 % to 2%. (1) For 100-125 mm diameter pipe: 80 % pipe diameter or 0.2 %
gradient. (2) For 150-250 mm diameter pipe: 40 % pipe diameter or 0.2 % gradient.
The design of vacuum sewage profile is based on attached EPA alternative sewage
design criteria (Appendix-I) table 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, and lift height is based on table 3.1.
The minimum suction pressure at each vacuum interface unit will be 5 ft and the
frictional losses in the vacuum pipe will not go beyond 2 feet. The losses on account
of static lift will not go beyond 11 feet. The upper velocity limits are even more in the
vacuum sewers which exclusively depend upon the value of vacuum in the vacuum
sewage network. The velocity may up to range 4.6 5.5 m/sec depends on value of
volume in line and vacuum pipe diameter, thereby providing a non-clogging and
trouble free drainage system. The piping is properly sized to handle the
recommended maximum permissible flow from all house drains and vacuum
chambers connections. Minimum cover over sewer are regulated to 900mm as
instructed by MHTE through their comments on Concept Design and all gravity and
vacuum sewer pipes are bedded with sand. Each household is provided with an
Inspection Chambers, 600mm diameter HDPE chambers installed in individual
households for the tenant to carry out house connections. For every 6 to 10 number
of houses one vacuum valve pit is provided.
13 / 39

Two Vacuum Stations are provided in Fuvahmullah at convenient and suitable
locations to develop sufficient vacuum pressure in each sewer zone. The total
available head loss for vacuum station should be between 18 to 23 feet.
The Outfall discharge pipe should be made of 250 mm HDPE pipe, which is laid on a
trench over the reef and ocean by using concrete ballast blocks located at an
appropriate distance. The Ocean Outfall effluent mixing Design Criteria is taken as a
minimum port exit velocity of 4m/sec, initial dilution as 1:100 and Bacterial reduction
to be 1000 MPN/100 ml.
7.2 SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITY
Considering the low ground water table profiles of the Maldivian islands and other
environment constraints, we considered the following 4 type of sewage treatment
technologies.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Oxidation Process based on Activated Sludge with Extended Aeration

Rotating Biological Reactor (RBC):
Submerged Aerobic Filter (SAF)
Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
Technical comparison, advantages and disadvantages of sewage treatment process

were detailed out in the conceptual design, resulting in finally recommending the
Oxidation Ditch Process based on Activated Sludge with Extended Aeration System
for Fuvahmulah Island. The selection of a particular process for sewage treatment is
affected by diurnal and seasonal flow variations, sewerage strength (variability of
wastewater constituents) infiltration / inflow, ambient temperature and its induced
septicity, degree of treatment required, magnitude and direction of wind etc.
The extended aeration process holds wastewater in closed endless loop channel to
aerate for 18 hours or more and the organic wastes are removed under aerobic
conditions. Air is supplied by mechanical rotor through rotating action. The
wastewater is screened to remove large suspended or floating solids before entering
the aeration chamber, where it is mixed, and oxygen is added. The solids settle out
and are returned to the aeration channel to mix with incoming wastewater. The
clarified wastewater flows to a collection channel before being diverted to the
disinfection system. The sludge is periodically removed from the units. In Aeration
tank (extended aeration), suspended microbial growth is maintained for the biological
oxidation of organics. Surface or Diffused aeration system is provided to meet the
14 / 39

oxygen requirement of micro organisms and to keep the liquor in completely mixed
regime.
7.3
SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITY ALTERNATIVES

The following types of sewage treatment facilities were analyzed and studied.
A. Sewage treatment facility with secondary treatment and effluent disposed to sea.
Customarily, the sewage of household used to be disposed direct to the sea
which has made alarm on the environmental conditions around the shore. The
authorities have prohibited such disposal and the consultant proposes to have
secondary treatment before disposing the effluent to deep sea, the process steps
are tabulated below.
Process stage
Purpose
Preliminary Treatment
Screening and grit removal flow measurement
Secondary Treatment by
Oxygenations by means of Aerations followed by
Bio-Remediation
clarification-separations of effluent and sludge.
Sludge Treatment/Removal
Sludge dewatering /digestions/ disposal
Standards for effluent are as shown below.

EFFLUENT STANDARD
Parameter
Value
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
150 mg/l
Bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD)
40 mg/l
Fecal Chloroforms
100 org/ 100 ml
Oil & Grease
5 mg/l
Residual chlorine
0.1 mg/l
Nitrates as N
15 mg/l
Free and saline Ammonia as N
10 mg/l
Phosphate as P
10 mg/l
Chemical Oxygen Demand
40 mg/l
15 / 39

B. Sewage treatment facility with tertiary treatment and effluent used for irrigation
purpose. Level of Treatment: Tertiary treatment is provided to secondary treated
sewage for re-use applications. Dualmedia granular filtration and subsequent
disinfection is used as the tertiary level of treatment when TSE is intended to be
used for irrigation of landscaping/agriculture where vegetables/crops not eaten
raw are cultivated. Highly Advanced level of Treatment using Reverse Osmosis
(R.O) is considered when TSE can be used for agriculture of vegetables/fruits
eaten raw. The required Effluent standards would be as follows.
Sl No.
Parameter
Symbol
Standard
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BOD5
10mg/l
Total Suspended Solids
TSS
10mg/l
Ammonia cal Nitrogen
NH3
1mg/l
C. Sewage treatment facility with tertiary treatment and effluent used for fresh
groundwater lens recharge. Long-term, large-scale pumping without subsequent
replacement of groundwater can result in fissures and land subsidence. The
most serious problem is the permanent loss of an aquifers storage capacity.
When considering Fuvahmulah Island in the drought especially in the month of
March extraction of water from pure water lens is serially damage to the pure
water lens. Artificial recharging can be applied in rainy season as well a in the
drought. In rainy season rain water can be injected to the ground by construction
of injection well at nearby areas of Sault water extraction wells. In the drought
treated waste water can inject to the ground through injecting wells. Tertiary
treated waste water can be recharged to the ground subject to strict quality
control of the same, should there be any compromise on the quality, and the
recharged water may result in adverse effect on the overall ground water. A
provision of the tertiary treatment and necessary ground water recharge will be
allocated in the Bills of Quantities as provisional items.
7.4 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Various water supply alternatives were studied thoroughly during the concept design
stage which included the surface source, Exploring ground water potentials, Rain
Water Harvesting and Desalination. The process of RO system has many merits like
less energy dependence, less maintenance, easy operation, few personnel, lower
16 / 39

thermal brine impact, advanced membrane technology, etc. Moreover, RO plants
are widely and effectively used in many countries in such situations. Besides, RO
plant is available locally in different capacities. And hence, could be adopted
conveniently for the present and further expansion as per the growing requirements.
Considering all these factors, especially on the social acceptability, RO plants for the
design capacities are recommended for the islands of Fuvahmulah. As a standby it is
suggested to maintain the RSW and wells catering for the washing and other
purposes.
Extraction of Sea water could be either by drilling a bore hole of 40-50m in the
ground or direct extraction from the ocean. Groundwater extraction is through drilling
a tubewell into the rock strata. The temperature of water extracted by this method is
lower than that of water extracted from sea; this will affect the quality of treatment.
Because of this low temperature a better quality drinking water could be produced
compared to direct extraction from ocean. Other advantages include free from fecal
contamination, better maintainability of the water extraction system and less likely to
be damaged due to storms.
In the direct extraction system, a 200 mm pipe is laid though reef up to Deep Ocean
and sea water is sucked by a pump through a strainer attached at the end of the pipe
line, and pumped towards the RO plant. Further to a detailed techno - economic
analysis, the bore hole sea water extraction is preferred in Fuvahmulah Island. Four
number test bore wells are to be drilled and converted to two tube wells are
proposed to extract deep groundwater which will feed water to 2 Nos R.O. Plants. If
this option is not workable, the sea water pumping option is designed as optional
item.
The water supply pipeline network is designed to cover the whole of the islands
including houses and institutional building according to land use plan. However, the
current execution works will be limited to community taps without household
connections. At present, adequate provision is made to install stand posts fitted with
taps depending on the number of houses within each block to facilitate convenient
collection of safe drinking water.
7.5 REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS
The feed water for the operation of RO is from the tube well. After the primary
treatment, water is subjected to RO treatment. Once, fresh water is separated, the
water left behind called Brine needs to be disposed. Brine is highly dense and also
17 / 39

polluted. In RO, feed water is pumped at high pressure through permeable
membranes, separating salts from the water. The feed water is pretreated to remove
particles that would clog the membranes. The quality of the water produced depends
on the pressure, the concentration of salts in the feed water, and the salt permeation
constant of the membranes. Product water quality can be improved by adding a
second pass of membranes, whereby product water from the first pass is fed to the
second pass.
Quality of desalinated water from RO will be as follows.
Feed Water to RO Plant
Product from RO Plant
Ca
448.00
0.60
Mg
1330.00
1.78
Na
11400.00
89.15
383.00
3.88
NH4
0.00
0.00
Sr
0.10
0.00
Ba
5.80
0.01
Fe
0.00
0.00
Mn
0.00
0.00
CO3
0.50
0.00
HCO3
132.00
1.88
SO4
2940.00
3.50
CI
20600.00
143.60
NO3
0.00
0.00
Fe
0.00
0.00
SiO2
1.00
1.01
CO2
2.66
2.63
Sum of lons
37240.40
244.41
TDS
37173.23
243.45
Ph
7.50
6.50
(asCaCO3)
6595.82
8.83
18 / 39

Feed Water to RO Plant
Product from RO Plant
Hardness
7.5.1
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
1.
Ultra-Filtration as Reverse Osmosis Pre-filter System.
The UF Feed Pump will draw the sea water from a Sea water Storage Tank
which sea water of Total Dissolve Solid < 38,000ppm is passed through the bag
filter (100 micron) as the first line of protection to remove all large and abrasive
debris prior to channeled to the UF system.
The UF system with the filtration pore size of 0.1 micron, which is very effectively
removing the microorganisms and suspended from the sea water.
The permeate is then passed through the Ultra-Filtration (UF) unit operating in a
dead-end mode and stored in the UF Back Flush Tank and UF Permeate Tank
(supply by others). The unit comprises of a number of UF S860 Ultra-Filtration
membrane with preset timer for automatic back flushing. The water for the back
flushing is drawn from the UF Back Flush Tank. The UF S860 membrane has
pore size of less then 0.1 micron and is capable of producing permeate with
high degree of cleanliness suitable as Reverse Osmosis (RO) feed water.
Thus, the RO unit will be able to maintain high flux and quality of permeate
water with minimum maintenance and worries on the clogging or fouling.
The UF Back Flushing water is discharge back to the sea.
2.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) System for Sea Water Desalination Process.
The RO process operates in a cross flow mode with 40% recovery where high
pressure pump drawn the water from UF Permeate Tank and feeding toward
RO unit. The UF permeate is first passed through a guard filter follow by treating
with anti-scalant and neutralization with Sodium Meta-Bisulphate. The guard
filter is just another precaution to protect the RO unit in the event of any
contamination from the UF Permeate Tank.The dosing of sodium Meta
bisulphate is also able to serve as disinfection.
The RO Permeate with Total Dissolve Solid < 500ppm is then channeled to the
RO Permeate Tank. The Reject water with Total Dissolve Solid > 60,000ppm is
diverted to the Energy Recovery / Pressure Exchange Unit to recover most of
the waste energy prior to discharge back to sea.
19 / 39

Chlorine could be added at the RO Permeate for further disinfection prior to

supply to the consumer.
Cleaning-in-place (CIP) for RO is used to provide chemical cleaning periodically

to eliminate the clogging issue.
Detailed RO process flow diagram is attached in Appendix- E

7.6 WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION
The two options considered were Water supply network with above ground storage
tank with a 15 -20 m height water tower and Water supply system with pressurized
pumped loop system. On the storage tank option, treated water from RO plant will be
stored in an above ground tank designed for 6 hours of average day demand and
further it is pumped to a 10-15 m height water tank tower which is designed for 4
hours storage of average day demand. The ground tank will be GRP and the tower
tank shall be constructed by Reinforced Concrete. On the pumped loop system,
Triplex or Duplex pumps with pressure regulator are used to maintain the head
throughout the piping network. The pump will start and stop according to the pressure
reduction in the water supply piping network caused by water usage. The storage
tank option was selected for further detailed design works.
7.6.1. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Water demand estimates
Per capita water consumption for drinking and culinary application has been
estimated at 30 litres/ person/ day, considering a population of 16206 people. Peak
daily demand is taken as 2.5 times of average daily water demand.
Network sizing
The pipe sizing is done considering the peak flow rate expected in the network. It has
also considered the future requirement to provide house connection to the residents.
The maximum velocity in the pipe network is set to below 1.5 meters/ second. The
maximum flow is expected only on the feeding line from the elevated tank to the pipe
network. The network analysis is done with EPANET software is attached in
Appendix- D Water supply hydraulic calculation. For the purpose of the calculation,
the total flow of 29.3 L/s is assumed to deliver through 30 outlets, each with a
discharge flow of 0.975 L/s. The outlets are strategically located considering the
density of population. The density of outlets in the water network will be high where
the population density is high and vice versa. The distribution of the valve outlet and
the flow parameters derived from the calculation thus provides a realistic water flow
20 / 39

distribution through the network. The maximum velocity on the feeding line is 1.66
meters/ second.
Inference
A minimum pressure of 9.69 meter pressure is available at the hydraulically most
remote flowing node (node 92). Maximum flow velocity of 1.66 meters/ second is
developed on LINK 1, which is the main supply header from the overhead tank at the
calculated peak flow of 29.25 L/s.
8.0
DESIGN STANDARDS
8.1 SEWERAGE DESIGN STANDARDS
The plots within the Fuvahmulah Island shall be provided with a comprehensive
Vacuum based system for sanitary pipe work. All plots have individual inspection
chamber and is connected to the foul water system network. The whole island is
divided as 2 zones; each zone has its own vacuum station. Pressure lines from each
vacuum zone are connected to the sewage treatment plant.
Sanitary Water Drainage Design Data.
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
Area
420.00 Hec
MOAD
Length
4500m
MOAD
Width
1200m
MOAD
Distance from Male
493.67 km
MOAD
Longitude
73o 25' 40' E
MOAD
Latitude
00o 17'53" N
MOAD
PROJECTED POPULATION
POPULATION CURRENT
10506
MOAD
GROWTH RATIO
1.3%
MOAD
PROJECTED POPULATION IN 30 YEARS
14604
MOAD
ADD FOR MIGRATION (15%)
2191
MOAD
TOTAL PROJECTED POPULATION IN
30
16206
YEARS
21 / 39

TOTAL NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS/ BUILDING
2639
MOAD
AVERAGE NO OF PERSON/ HOUSEHOLD
MOAD
Flow calculation is based on MWSA design criteria for sewage network 2007.
EPA Alternative Wastewater collection system, Chapter-3 (Attached as Appendix-I)
Guideline of developer volume II (From Malaysia water association) (Attached as
Appendix-I)
Min Pipe Cover
900 mm as per MHTE Sewerage
design criteria
Discharge load and hydraulic calculations
- BS EN 12056
Amount of sewage is calculated based on the total population.

From the above design data projected population for 30 years
= 16206
According latest received land use plan from MOH total number
Of plots including existing, under construction and future plots,
= 2639
Therefore average no of person per house =
16206/2639
= 6.1 6
According to MWSA design criteria 2007
Average daily water usage/ Person
= 180 lpd.
For design of sewage system consider 70 - 80 % of water usage / person/day.
Total waste water generated / person/ day is 180* 0.80
= 144
Other Standards used for the design works are as listed below
Sanitation Guidelines from MWSA 2003

General guidelines for domestic waste water disposal from MWSA 2006
EPA Alternative Wastewater collection system, Chapter-3 (Attached as Appendix-I)
Guideline of developer volume II (From Malaysia water association) (Attached as
Appendix-I)
General EIA Guidelines from MWSA 2004
Five years Activity Plan of MWSA (2006-2010) May 2006
Water & Sanitation policy statement from MEEW July 2005
Design Criteria for sewerage system from MEEW Jan 2007
22 / 39

International Water Supply & Sewerage Design Criteria

Wastewater disposal guidelines, MWSA
8.2 WATER SUPPLY DESIGN STANDARDS

Water supply pipe line network is divided in 02 zones. The piping network consists of
100mm, and 80 mm size HDPE pipes according to ASTM standard. The main water
supply network loop would be of 100mm and sub lines are of 80 mm diameter pipes.
The total network is designed such as it should be able to deliver constant flow, with
minimum head of 5m at the farthest point at all times. Valve chambers are provided at
each junction of main line and sub lines, for providing servicing and maintenance
easiness. The network is designed such as it should be easily accessible from each
individual housing and institutional plots, so that, future authority can make the individual
connection comfortably, according to future water demand.
The system is developed for Fuvahmulah Island is designed in accordance with
international standards and the following regulations.
Sanitation Guidelines from MWSA - 2003

General guidelines for domestic waste water disposal from MWSA 2006
General EIA Guidelines from MWSA -2004
Five years Activity Plan of MWSA (2006-2010) May 2006
Water & Sanitation policy statement from MEEW July 2005
Design Criteria for sewerage system from MEEW Jan 2007
International Water Supply & Sewerage Design Criteria
The current British Standard Specifications and Codes of Practice apply to all
construction works and materials. For design calculations 30 Liter per day per person is
considered which is for the drinking and cooking purposes.
9.0
DETAILED DESIGN OF PROJECT COMPONENTS
The detailed design calculations are attached to the following Appendices A, an abstract
of the calculations with the methodology is narrated below.
23 / 39

9.1 SEWERAGE NETWORK-VACUUM SYSTEM
UPVC pipes of minimum 110 and 160 mm size are used for the household 600mm
HDPE inspection chamber and further connection to Vacuum collection chambers (VC),
whereas the main Vacuum sewer is made of 110, 125, 160, 200, and 250 mm PVC
Schedule 40, SDR 21 solvent welded pipe, to meet the future population and laid in a
saw tooth profile with a slope ranges from 0.2 % to 2%. (1) For 100-125 mm diameter
pipe: 80 % pipe diameter or 0.2 % gradient. (2) For 150-250 mm diameter pipe: 40 %
pipe diameter or 0.2 % gradient. The design of vacuum sewage profile is based on
attached EPA alternative sewage design criteria (Appendix-I) table 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, and lift
height is based on table 3.1. The minimum suction pressure at each vacuum interface
unit will be 5 ft and the frictional losses in the vacuum pipe will not go beyond 2 feet. The
losses on account of static lift will not go beyond 11 feet. The upper velocity limits are
even more in the vacuum sewers which exclusively depend upon the value of vacuum in
the vacuum sewage network. The velocity may up to range 4.6 5.5 m/sec depends on
value of volume in line and vacuum pipe diameter, thereby providing a non-clogging and
trouble free drainage system.
Two Vacuum Stations are provided in Fuvahmullah at convenient and suitable locations
to develop sufficient vacuum pressure in each sewer zone. The total available head loss
for vacuum station should be between 18 to 23 feet.
All Sewage Vacuum network is designed for a projected population of 30 years. Design
flow is calculated based on the following methodology.
a) Considered daily waste water generated should be equal to 144 Lit/Day/Person
which is 80% of total water consumption/person/day i.e. 180 Lit/day/person (MWSA
Design Criteria). Remaining 20% is considered as losses by evaporation and
transportation.
b) All gray water and black water from each house, Institutions and Industries are
connected to the sewage network.
c) Design flow is obtained by adding Peak Dry Whether flow, and Institutional flow.
d) Peak Dry weather flow is obtained by multiplying peak factor to average dry weather
flow.
e) Average Dry whether flow is obtained by multiplying 30 years projected population to
waste water generated per person per day (144 LPD).
f) Design Flow Calculation
24 / 39

Wastewater flow rate per day (average flow) = 2,700.00 m/day = 112.50 m/hr
Peak flow factor is vary from place to place depending on variables design consideration
such as premises type, water consumption per person per day, daily peak hour,
seasonal activity and population size. The most important criteria to be incorporated in
this design are knowledge relating to local conditions which may affect directly to the
sewerage system daily operation. Therefore, the flows estimation used for the vacuum
sewerage system in this project based on the Code of Practice for the Design and
Installation of Sewerage Systems.
Peak flow factor (assumption)
= 3.8
Design wastewater flow rate (peak flow)
= 427.50 m/hr
Number of vacuum station
= 2nos
Design wastewater flow rate (peak flow) per vacuum station
= 7.13 m/min
= 213.75 m/hr
= 3.56 m/min
g) Vacuum Sewage system Design.

Vacuum Sewer Reticulation
The vacuum sewer network is designed based on the peak flows of the propose
development and the individual pipe size selection which depends on:( a ) The capacity of wastewater to be collected and conveyed by the sewer reticulation.
( b ) The distance of the vacuum sewer pipeline.
The selection of the vacuum sewer pipe sizes shall be based on the table below (From
Guideline of developer vol.2 (Malaysia water association attached in Appendix-I) :
Vacuum Sewer
Nominal
Diameter
Maximum Flow
Maximum
Transported
Pipe Length
(mm)
(Liters/Sec)
(m)
110
2.0
600
125
5.0
1000
160
10.0
1500
200
16.0
No limit
250
30.0
No limit
If the lengths recommended for the pipe size are exceeded prior to flow limit being
reached, then the next size of sewer is chosen irrespective of the flow being transported.
The minimum and maximum pipe sizes recommended for the Network System's
collecting and conveyance mains shall be 100mm and 250mm respectively. However,
the "crossover" pipe work connecting a collection chamber to the vacuum network mains
25 / 39

shall be typically 90mm nominal diameter. A saw-tooth profile enables sewers to be
placed at shallow depths along its length, and can be designed to ensure that sewage
seals the pipe at low points within the network. A lift within a saw-tooth profile shall
consist of two 45 degree elbows and a straight piece of pipe. Ideally the minimum
distance between two adjacent lifts should not be less than 3 meters so as to avoid
possible sewage backflows within the sewer system. Generally the vertical drop between
lifts shall be the larger of:
- For 100-125mm diameter: 80% pipe diameter or 0.2% gradient
- For 150-250mm diameter: 40% pipe diameter or 0.2% gradient
In general vacuum sewers are sloped at minimum gradient of 0.2 percent towards the
Vacuum station.
h) Typical Vacuum Valve chamber design.
The vacuum valves we propose to the Fuvahmulah project are single valve collection
chamber. The valve can be serving up to 40 liters per cycles.
Base on the Fuvahmulah design, 90 % of valve chambers are connected by a group of
10 houses then
Total flow towards each pit
= 10x6x144 liter/day
= 8,640liter/day or 6 liter/min.
Total peak flow per minute
= 6 liter/min x 5 (peak flow factor)
= 30 liter/min.
Therefore,
Maximum interface valve operate per minute
= 30 liter/min
Divide38 liter/cycle
=0.75 time/min.
The sump heights of 76 cm and 135 cm both 45 cm in diameter at the bottom and 90 cm
in diameter at the top will be used depending upon the above flow requirement. For any
increased flow based on future site condition same sump pit size with depth up to 1
meter is recommended. One 7.5 cm (3 inch) diameter opening, with an elastomeric
seal, is pre-cut should be installed to accept the vacuum sewer line.
The pit bottom should be 6 mm thick at the edges and 8 mm thick in the center. Valve
bottom should be provided with holes pre- cut for 7.5 cm suction line, 10 cm
cleanout/sensor line and the sump securing bolts.
26 / 39

Cast Iron covers and frames generally 45 kg and 40 kg weight should be used for
covering the valve chamber.
The deepest section for fiberglass material valve pit shall be 2.4 meter, therefore any for
any section of valve pit deeper than 2.4 meter should be of Reinforced cement concrete
and the maximum depth of reinforced cement concrete section should be 3 meter,
however, the special care is required to select the depth of Valve Pit depth, since the
amount of lift available is going to be 1.5 meter (5 feet).
A typical Buffers Tank is designed and attached in the design drawing to take care of
larger flows for attenuation coming from institutions like schools, hospitals and offices.
(Refer to Fig. 3-14. EPA Alternative Wastewater Design criteria Chapter 3) for flow
capacity more than 2 L/s.
i)
Vacuum Station Equipment Design.

a. Vacuum Pump Design.
The vacuum pumps are operate on a duty and standby/assist mode. The vacuum
pumps will operate through electrical control panel which base on signal from pressure
switches fixed on the collection tank.
The vacuum pumps and collection tanks are sized to evacuate the collection piping to
its operating level is not greater than 3 minutes, nor less than 1 minute.
The vacuum pump capacity required (m3/min), Qvp = A x Qmax
where,
Qvp = The vacuum pump capacity required (m3/min)

Qmax = Design flow rate (peak flow)
A
= Factor in vacuum pump sizing
Factor in vacuum pump sizing,

A = (Air liquid ratio x Atmosphere pressure) / Absolute pressure
b. Discharges pump Design.
The discharge pump capacity required (m3/min),
where,
Qdp
= 1.1 x Qmax
Qvp = The vacuum pump capacity required (m3/min)

Qmax = Design flow rate (Peak flow)
A
= Factor in discharge pump sizing
c. Pump discharge head calculation.
27 / 39

Total head of the discharge pump, HT = Ha - Pc/9.8 + hs + hd
Where,
HT
Ha
Pc
hs
hd
= Total heads (m)

= Actual static heads (m)
= Max degree of vacuum collection tank (kPa)
= Head loss of suction pipe (m)
= Head loss of delivery pipe (m)
d. Vacuum collection tank design.
Design Criteria
The vacuum collection tank size is selected base on four important factors as follow:(a) The volume allowed for wastewater collected and vacuum pressure storage is
enough.
(b) The tank structure is a safe to sustain a negative pressure of -80kPa.
(c) The tank is made by an anti-corrosion material, or have a corroded spare thickness
and anti-corroded coating.
(d) The consideration of sludge or rubbish removal without affected to the vacuum sewer
operation.
At the project, the storage volume of the tank is calculated based on the volume of
sewage collected as the dry weather flow (average flow) enters the collection tank over a
period of 10 minutes (also to comply MS1228:1991 minimum 6 cycles/hour for pump
operation)
Design Capacity
The operational capacity (VO) for wastewater vacuum collection tank is calculated using
the formula below.
Vacuum collection tank design capacity, Vct = 3 x Vo
At design waste water flow, Qin(max) > or = 1/2 Qout
Vo = T x Qout / 4
where,
Vct
Vo
T
e. Bio filter Design
= Collection tank design capacity (m3)

= Operational capacity (m3)
= Discharge pump operate interval (minute) = 10.00 min
Bio Filter is sized by using the following formula
28 / 39

Vm
where,
= Q x EBCT 60 s/min
Vm
Q
EBCT
= Media volume (ft3)

= Airflow rate (ft3/min)
= Empty Bed Contact Time (s), 15 seconds
Detailed design Calculation of Vacuum Sewage system is attached in Appendix A
9.3 SEWERAGE NETWORK-PUMPING MAINS

a) Design of pumping main from each vacuum station is designed based on 30 years
projected population design flow.
b) Flow velocity should be between 0.6 to 3.5 m/sec
c) Diameters of pumping main HDPE pipe shall be of 300 mm and 250mm dia, to
reduce the frictional loss and increase the pump stability.
d) All pipe bends and supports shall be supported with thrust blocks.
e) Pipe junctions will be provided with valve chambers.
Detailed Calculations are attached in Appendix A
9.4 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
Oxidation Ditch Process based on Activated Sludge with Extended Aeration System is
selected as sewage treatment process for Fuvahmulah Island. The selection of a
particular process for sewage treatment is affected by diurnal and seasonal flow
variations, sewerage strength (variability of wastewater constituents) infiltration / inflow,
ambient temperature and its induced septicity, degree of treatment required, magnitude
and direction of wind etc.
The extended aeration process holds wastewater in closed endless loop channel to
aerate for 18 hours or more and the organic wastes are removed under aerobic
conditions. Air is supplied by mechanical rotor through rotating action. The wastewater is
screened to remove large suspended or floating solids before entering the aeration
chamber, where it is mixed, and oxygen is added. The solids settle out and are returned
to the aeration channel to mix with incoming wastewater. The clarified wastewater flows
to a collection channel before being diverted to the disinfection system. The sludge is
periodically removed from the units. In Aeration tank (extended aeration), suspended
microbial growth is maintained for the biological oxidation of organics. Surface or
29 / 39

Diffused aeration system is provided to meet the oxygen requirement of micro organisms
and to keep the liquor in completely mixed regime.
The site selection for the outfall location was based on the locations identified for the
sewage treatment plant (STP). The location for STP was initially identified in consultation
with island community especially with that of the officials in the Island office. The island
office been the responsible agency indicated the potential areas for the STP based on
the housing plots, the need for future housing plots and other essential infrastructure.
The final approval for the STP site was based on the consultation with Ministry of
Housing and Urban Development (currently under Ministry of Housing, Transport and
Environment) to ensure that the sewerage network and related infrastructure is
appropriately included in the future development plan for the island.
Amount of sewage going to sewage treatment plant is calculated based on the total
population.
From the above design data projected population for 30 years
According latest received land use plan from MOH total number
of plots including existing, under construction and future plots,
Therefore average no of person per house =
16206/2639
According to MWSA design criteria 2007
Average daily water usage/ Person
For design of sewage system the international practice is taking 70 usage / person/day.
Then total waste water generated / person/ day is 180* 0.80
= 16206
= 2639
= 6.1
= 180 lpd.
80 % of water
= 144
STPFLOWCALCULATIONFuvahmulah
Description
Population
Present
After15years
After30years
11000
13352
16206
Average
flow/Person/
DayinLitter
Averageflow Assumed10%of
towardsSTPin averageflowas
Institutionalflow
Littre/day
144
144
144
1,584,000
1,922,635
2,333,665
158,400
192,264
233,367
Assumed5%of
averagedailyflow
asotherflows
79,200
96,132
116,683
TotalFlow
towardsSTPin
M3/Day
30 / 39
1,822
2,211
2,684

Based on above calculation a treatment plant facility should be provided for a capacity of
30 years, (ie 2700 m3 Average daily flow) design period and equipments are designed
for 15 years projected population.
Detailed Calculations are attached in Appendix B
9.5 SEA OUTFALL
The Outfall discharge pipe should be made of 250 mm HDPE pipe, which is laid on a
trench over the reef and ocean by using concrete ballast blocks located at an
appropriate distance. The Ocean Outfall effluent mixing Design Criteria is taken as a
minimum port exit velocity of 4m/sec, initial dilution as 1:100 and Bacterial reduction to
be 1000 MPN/100 ml.
The shoreline consists of a narrow (5 to 15m) berm of coral sand mixed with rubble and then
a wide, partially sub-tidal shelf of coral rock, with sandy lagoon inter mixed, with relatively
suitable surface (superficial) that appear suitable for direct laying of a pipeline. Current
speeds on the shelf at the time, as observed at the shoreline only, were very low and would
not affect the construction method
The island of Fuvahmullah with several openings, therefore oceanic currents influence and
tidal fluctuations and its influence to the atoll basin is relatively good with high mixing
potential and short residential time of atoll lagoonal waters.
Proposed site for STP was inspected in October 2008 and March 2009 and a site at the
south-eastern end of the island has been selected from the two sites short listed It is likely
that the outfall alignment would take it SE beneath the land and foreshore to a -15 m MSL,
following a depth contour over a length of about 240m.
Current measurements were undertaken using a drogue system and a GPS, leading to
currents in the order of 0.5to 0.7m/s in a coast parallel direction (southeast to northwest
along the reef margin). This current speed enhances initial dilution and keeps the plume
away from the coast (follow the reef margin). Tide range on that day (also annual) was
relatively small (approximately 1 m) and this current was most likely caused by the tidal
currents and wind speed at the time of the recording winds (up to 10 knots estimated, as
measured by hand-held anemometer). Ocean currents are variable in the Maldives
influenced by tidal (whole water body) and wind (surface) driven movement of water body.
Due to the small amplitude of tide currently speeds within the atoll are relatively small.
However, currently of 0.7 m/s or above has been recorded, which are considered strong, in
the narrow passes in the atoll rims of Maldives. It is estimated that currents of 0.2m/s will
31 / 39

facilitate adequate mixing of the effluents. Although the island is within the atoll basin,
relatively wide channels on all sides of atoll peripheral reefs provide a setting for appropriate
mixing of the effluents especially with that of secondary level treatment as proposed.
Seabed inspection showed that the bed is essentially coral rock with well consolidated coral
formations including encrusting and massive coral formations, more true beyond the surf
zone. Near-shore seabed substrate is dominated by sand intermitted with coral and rocky
out crops. Some seabed preparation will be required to ensure that the pipeline and
installation collar weights are laid on the seabed without being twisted so that the collar
weights are in even contact with the seabed.
Initial Dilution
The Initial Dilution can be calculated by using the following equation: S = ubz/Q
Where
S
u
b
z
Q
Initial Dilution
Ocean Current Speed
Effective Diffuser Length
Effective Mixing Depth
Wastewater Discharge Rate
m/s
m
m
0.05
0.7
0.4
15
m3/s
m/sec
m
m
Diffuser Port Dimensions

Discharge Pipe Diameter
200
mm
Pumping velocity
1.6
m/s
Discharge
0.05 m3/s
Assume that opening in discharge pipe is 40% of the pipe area
Effective area of discharge port
(3.14*0.25*0.20*0.20*0.4)
Hence Diffuser Exit Velocity
(0.0316/0.007065)
Initial Dilution
For Sea Outfall Sea Current Velocity
Therefore Initial Dilution (S)= ubz/Q
0.01256
4
m2
m/s
0.7
m/s
(0.7*0.40*15/0.05)
84
Say
84
Since the Initial Dilution is less than 100, so increase the depth of Diffuser and then
calculate until it become more than 100
32 / 39

Detailed Calculations and Plume modeling software outputs are attached in Ocean
Outfall Design Appendix C
9.6 WATER SUPPLY NETWORK
The pipeline network is designed to cover the whole of the islands including houses and
institutional building according to land use plan. However, the current execution works
will be limited to community taps without household connections. At present, adequate
provision is made to install stand posts fitted with taps depending on the number of
houses within each block to facilitate convenient collection of water.
a) All networks are designed for a flow of 30 years projected population.
b) The minimum size of the distribution network is maintained as 80mm and the
required terminal pressure at all the supply points will not be less than 5 meters, as
per International Water supply and sewerage criteria.
c) All water supply network lines are designed for a peak hour flow considering 2.5
times of average flow.
d) Institutional flow assumed as 10 % of average daily flow.
e) Currently 30 outlet points are taken for software simulation in total Island network.
f) Detailed Design calculations are done by using EPANET hydraulic network design
software.
g) Assumed all 30 outlet points are operating at a time in most remote area from
reservoir, and each outlet point can deliver a flow of 0.975 liter/second.
h) The Earth cover over pipe is taken as 0.9m in vehicular traffic lanes and for non
vehicular lanes cover is provided as 0.6m
i) All lines having earth cover equal to or less than 0.6 m because of topographic
problem shall be having the concrete encasement.
Water supply detailed network calculation using EPANET software is attached in Appendix D
9.7 REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT

Further to a detailed techno - economic analysis, the bore hole sea water extraction is
preferred in Fuvahmulah Island. Four number test bore wells are to be drilled and
converted to two tube wells are proposed to extract deep groundwater which will feed
water to 2 Nos R.O. Plants. If this option is not workable, the sea water pumping option
is designed as optional item.
33 / 39

The location for RO plant (freshwater production) was initially identified in consultation
with island community especially with that of the officials in the Island office. The island
office been the responsible agency indicated the potential areas for the STP based on
the housing plots, the need for future housing plots and other essential infrastructure.
Consequently this was approved by MHTE.
The shoreline consists of a narrow (5 to 15m) berm of coral sand mixed with rubble and
then a wide partially sand and coral mixed sea bottom. Pipeline length is about 250m
from the proposed pump station (RO plant). The terminal end of the brine (concentrated
saline water from the desalination plant) would thus be in the sub-tidal lagoon consisting
of sand and coral substrate. The average depth of the lagoon to the terminal end of the
brine disposal outlet is 1m MSL. With the sub-tidal nature of the lagoon and diurnal tidal
variation experienced in the Maldives it would be fairly accurate to conclude that there
would be adequate flushing and dilution of the effluents quickly to the background
salinity of seawater (32-36ppt).
RO Plant designed for 15 years period

Calculated Maximum Daily Requirement
672,000 Lpd
Input Capacity of RO Plant per hour
133,500 Liter per hour
Input Capacity of One RO Plant
Output Capacity of One RO Plant
Provide 2 No. RO Plant of input Capacity 70,000 Liter per hour

The input capacity of one No R.O. Plant will be 70,000 Liters per hour which will deliver
clean water @ 28,000 liters per hours and brine water @ 42,000 liter per hour.
Detailed Calculations are attached in Appendix E
9.8 STORAGE TANK
Storage Tanks designed for 30 years period
Total Daily Water Consumption
534600 Liter
Ground Storage Requirement
6 hours
Capacity of Ground Storage Tank
135 m3, GRP Tank
Tower Tank Storage Requirement
4 hours
Capacity of Tower Storage Tank
90 m3, RCC Tank
34 / 39

Pumping Machinery for Clear Water
Designed for 15 years
OH tank storage capacity for 30 years
73425 Liters/day
37 m3/hour
Transfer pump Capacity for 2 hour pumping =
Provide 3 Nos pumps of capacity 13 cubic meter per hour each @ 20 m head, both
working based on float sensors. The balance capacity will be provided in future.

9.9 BRINE WATER COLLECTION & DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Design Period considered is 30 years for Brine Tank, 15 years for pumping Machinery
Average volume of Brine generated from R.O. Plant
801900 Liters per day
Provide nominal storage of 4 hours
Capacity of Brine Storage Tank
134 M3, RCC Tank
Max day volume of Brine generated from 2 R.O. Plant
Considering 4 hours working, pump capacity
28 M3 per hour
Provide 3 Nos pumps of capacity 10 cubic meters per hour each, both will act as duty
pumps with no standby. The balance capacity will be provided in future.
Total Maximum daily requirement
486000 Liter per day
Total maximum Brine production after 30 years

day
1166400
Liters
per
Considering 3 hours storage, total flow through brine discharge pipe will be 146 m3/hour
Assuming Velocity of 2.5 m/sec, Diameter required for brine outfall pipe line = 0.061 m
Selected pipe diameter is 6 " ie 150 mm dia HDPE pipe is selected for Brine out fall.
9.10 FEED WATER STORAGE TANK.
Feed water requirement after 30
years
Provide nominal storage
1/8 th of day demand
=
say
1944000
Liters per
day
243000
Liters
hours
35 / 39

Therefore select a feed water
storage tank capacity of
240
M3
9.11 TUBE WELL

Tube Well designed for 15 years period & 30 years for feed storage tank
Total input water requirement for R.O. Plant =
133,500 Liters per Hour= 37 lit/sec
Safe Yield
25 Liters per second
Therefore No of Tube Wells required
2 No
Detailed Calculations are attached in Appendix F
9.12
INTAKE
Dia of Housing Pipe ( Steel) 9 mm thick

Length of Housing
Dia of Strainer
Length of Strainer
Length of Blind pipe (Steel of 9 mm thick)
Dia of Blind pipe (Steel of 9 mm thick)
Dia of Bail Plug
Length of Bail Plug
Total depth of bore well
Thickness of Pea Gravel
Dia of gravel
30
50
25
20
12
25
25
2.5
84.5
12.7
63.5
Volume of Pea Gravel
6.5
cm
meters
cm
meters
meters
cm
cm
meters
meters
cm
cm
Cubic
meters
OCEAN
STRUCTURE (OPTIONAL)
Total flow through feed water intake pipe should be
243 Cubic meter per hour
For getting a pumping velocity of 2.5 m/sec the required discharge pipe diameter
= 200 mm
Selected pump Capacity
=45 M3/hour @ 10 m head.

36 / 39

9.13 CIVIL/STRUCTURAL
The buildings designed comprises of an Administration building, a R O P unit, a C S T U
building, Tube Well Building and an overhead water tank structure along with the
vacuum station and STP concrete chambers.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN PARAMETERS:
Codes of Practice:
BS8110: Part -1: 1996
Structural Use of Concrete

- Code of Practice for Design and Construction
BS6399 - 1: 1996
Loading of Buildings
Part 1-
Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads
BS6399 - 2: 1996
Loading of Buildings
Part 2-
Code of Practice for Wind Loads
Uniform Building Code (UBC) - 1997 - Volume 2

BS648
AISC
Weights of Building Materials

Structural Steel Design Manual
Material Properties:
Strength of Concrete:
For the structure works, concrete of grade C25 (or 25N/mm2 cube compressive strength)
is used for superstructure and C35 (or 35N/mm2 cube compressive strength) for
substructure works For sub-structure works, the cement used in the concrete is
Sulphate Resistant Cement (SRC).
Compressive strength of concrete (blinding)
= 10N/mm2
Compressive strength of concrete (reinforced) = 25N/mm2 (for superstructures)

Compressive strength of concrete (reinforced) = 35N/mm2 (for substructures)
Yield Strength of steel reinforcement
= 460N/mm2
Cover to Steel Reinforcement:

Appropriate concrete cover to all reinforcement is to be provided to minimize the risk of
corrosion to the steel reinforcement in reinforcement concrete.
Columns/ Beams
= 40mm
Slabs/Ribs
= 30mm
37 / 39

Foundations
= 50mm
Concrete finishes: Concrete finishes are in accordance with architectural requirements.

Concrete Material Properties:
Density
= 3000kg/m3
Youngs Modulus
(Long term)
= 25000N/mm2 (Short term), 9000N/mm2
Poissons Ratio
Coefficient of thermal expansion
Steel Strength:
= 0.2 (allow for creep & shrinkage)

= 9.9 x 10-6 / C
= 44ksi.
Soil Bearing Capacity: From the bore hole reports, the SBC is considered as 65 KN/m2,
the values are to be checked by the Contractor and provisions made in contract
accordingly.
CALCULATION OF LOADS:
The structures are modeled in 3dusing STAAD/pro software is a 3D frame. Loads are as
follows:
Self weight of structure
= taken by STAAD/Pro and SAP 2000
Finishes (SIDL)
= 4.0kN/m2
Wall loads
= 0.20 x 22 x 3.6 = 15.6kN/m
Wind loads
= as per code (taken by STAAD & SAP)
(Refer BS 6399: Part 2 - Loading of buildings code of practice for wind loads
A 3 sec gust speed of 50 m/sec is wind speed , Vb
Earthquake loads
= 180kmph)
= as per code(UBC-97 - taken by staad)
Software Used
STAAD / Pro 2006 and SAP 2000 - Structural Analysis and Design Software
Detailed Calculations are attached in Appendix G
38 / 39

9.14
ELECTRICAL & INSTRUMENTATION

The electrical service provided is 3 phase 415 volts 50Hz supply. The service is sized to
allow the connected fixtures, equipment to work together. The current demand is
calculated using I = P/0.8*1.732*415. The MCCBs for drives have been designed
depending on motor capacity. The detail design and calculations are attached to the
Appendix H.
The cable size is selected based on the breaker size and voltage drop consideration.
The maximum permissible drop in voltage from the consumers terminal to any point in
his installation shall not exceed 2.5% of the nominal voltage when the conductors are
carrying full load current (6 volts for 1 phase and 10 Volts for 3 phase systems). The
voltage drop calculations are attached to the Appendix H.
Light fixture selection for the buildings is based on functions of the room. The required
lux level calculations and cut sheets are attached.
Standby fixed diesel generator will be installed for ensuring continuous working of
Vacuum station, Treatment plant and RO plant. Sizing of generators are attached to the
Appendix H.
39 / 39

Fuvahmullah Detld Desg Rept-23-05-10 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Fuvahmullah Detld Desg Rept-23-05-10 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

DETAILEDDESIGNREPORT OFFUV

Miinistryo fHousin g,Transp

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

LIST OF APPENDICES -Volume 2 of 3

- Design Calculations of Vacuum Sewage Network

- Design Calculations of STP

- Design of Ocean Outfall

- Hydraulic Calculations of Water Supply Network

- Design Calculations of RO Plant, Storage Tank, Brine

- Design Calculations of Tube Well

Appendix -G - Design Calculations of Civil/Structural Works

- Design Calculations of Electrical & Instrumentation

- Vacuum sewer system design guideline.

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

Conventional sewerage system with minimum number of sea-outfalls.

OBJECTIVES OF CONSULTANCY SERVICES

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

SCOPE OF CONSULTANCY SERVICES

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

Determination of mitigation measures for negative environmental impacts

Assist in the preparation of the advertisements for inviting prequalification

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

c) Phase 3-Construction supervision and monitoring

Setting-out of the work

d) Environmental Study and Monitoring

Preparation of environmental screening form for each sub-project to be

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

BACKGROUND OF ENGINEERING DESIGN REPORT

Volume 1 of 3 Detailed Design Report

DATA COLLECTION, SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATION

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

Four permanent benchmarks were established on the islands. Bench mark at

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

6.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

PROJECT COMPONENTS & DETAILED DESIGN WORKS

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

Oxidation Process based on Activated Sludge with Extended Aeration

Technical comparison, advantages and disadvantages of sewage treatment process

Al-Habshi Consultants, Kuwait In association with Riyan.Pte Ltd

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY & SEWERAGE FACILITY IN ATOLLS PROJECT

SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITY ALTERNATIVES

Screening and grit removal flow measurement

Oxygenations by means of Aerations followed by

clarification-separations of effluent and sludge.

Sludge dewatering /digestions/ disposal