1. Types of Rams?

Ans.

2. What are the slots in motherboard?(ON mother board 10que)

Ans.
Accelerated Graphics Port:
The Accelerated Graphics Port (also called
Advanced Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point
channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to
assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.

Advanced Communications Riser:

A Advanced Communications Riser, or ACR, is a
form factor and technical specification for PC motherboard expansion slots. It is
meant as a supplement to PCI slots, a replacement for Audio/modem riser (AMR)
slots, and a competitor and alternative to Communications and Networking Riser
(CNR) slots.

Apple Communication slot:

The Apple Communication Slot is an internal
expansion data interface (slot) found in older Apple computers from the early to mid
1990's. It is used to add communication expansion cards like network adapter or
modem to Macs and Power.
A major complaint about this design was when a
modem is installed; it disabled the modem serial port on the back of the
Performa/Mac/PowerMac. 6200 series computers that came with this card installed
had the modem port blanked out (though the connector was still present).
Audio/modem riser:

The audio/modem riser, also known as an AMR

slot, is an expansion slot found on the motherboards of some Pentium III, Pentium
4, and Althorn personal computers. It was designed by Intel to interface with
chipsets and provide analog functionality, such as sound cards and modems, on an

expansion card.
Communications and Networking Riser:

Communications and Networking Riser, or CNR,

is a slot found on certain PC motherboards and used for specialized networking,
audio, and telephony equipment. A motherboard manufacturer can choose to provide
audio, networking, or modem functionality in any combination on a CNR card. CNR
slots were once commonly found on Pentium 4-class motherboards, but have since

been phased out in favor of on-board or embedded components.

Extended Industry Standard Architecture:

The Extended Industry

Standard Architecture (in practice almost always shortened to EISA and
frequently pronounced "eee-suh") is a bus standard for IBM compatible computers.

Industry Standard Architecture:

In
dustry Standard Architecture (in practice
almost always shortened to ISA) was a
computer bus standard for IBM compatible
computers.
Mini PCI:

Mini PCI is a standard for a computer bus for attaching peripheral

devices to a computer motherboard and is an adaptation of the Peripheral
Component Interconnect (PCI) bus. It was designed for laptops and other small-
footprint computer systems.

There are three card form factors: Type I, Type II, and
Type III cards. The card connector used for each type include: Type I and II use a
100-pin stacking connector, while Type III uses a 124-pin edge connector, i.e. the
connector for Types I and II differs from that for Type III, where the connector is on
the edge of a card, like with a SO-DIMM. The additional 24 pins provide the extra
signals required to route I/O back through the system connector (audio, AC-Link,
LAN, phone-line interface). Type II cards have RJ11 and RJ45 mounted connectors.
These cards must be located at the edge of the computer or docking station so that
the RJ11 and RJ45 ports can be mounted for external access.
Mobile Daughter Card:

The Mobile Daughter Card, also known as an MDC or

CDC (Communications Daughter Card), is a Notebook version of the AMR slot on the
motherboard of a notebook computer. It is designed to interface with special
Ethernet (EDC), modem (MDC) or Bluetooth (BDC) cards.

NuBus:

NuBus is a 32-bit parallel computer bus, originally developed at MIT as a

part of the NuMachine workstation project. The first complete implementation of
the NuBus and the NuMachine was done by Western Digital for their NuMachine, and
for the Lisp Machines Inc. LMI-Lambda. The NuBus was later incorporated in
products by Texas Instruments, Apple Computer and NeXT. It is no longer widely

used outside of the embedded market.

PCI Express:

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, officially

abbreviated as PCI-E or PCIe, is a computer expansion card interface format
introduced by Intel in 2004. PCI Express was designed to replace the general-
purpose PCI expansion bus, the high-end PCI-X bus and the AGP graphics card
interface. Unlike previous PC expansion interfaces, rather than being a bus it is
structured around point-to-point serial links called lanes.
PCI Mezzanine Card:

A PCI Mezzanine Card or PMC is a printed circuit board

manufactured to the IEEE P1386.1 standard. This standard combines the electrical
characteristics of the PCI bus with the mechanical dimensions of the Common
Mezzanine Card or CMC format (IEEE 1386 standard).

A PMC card can have 2 bus connectors ("P1" and "P2"), supporting 32 bit PCI
signals; 3 bus connectors ("P1", "P2" and "P3") supporting 64 bit PCI signals, and or
a 4th bus connector ("P4") supporting non-specified I/O signals. In addition,
arbitrary connectors can be supplied on the front panel, or "bezel".

The PMC standard defines which connector pins are used for which PCI signals; in
addition it defines 64 of the (optional "P4") connector pins for use of arbitrary I/O
signals.

PCI-X:

PCI-X (Peripheral Component Interconnect Extended) is a computer bus

and expansion card standard designed to supersede PCI. It is a double-wide version
of PCI, running at up to four times the clock speed, but is otherwise similar in
electrical implementation and uses the same protocol. It has itself been replaced in
modern designs by the similar-sounding PCI Express, which features a very different
logical design, most notably being a "narrow but fast" serial connection instead of a
"wide but slow" parallel connection.
Peripheral Component Interconnect:

The Peripheral
Component Interconnect, or PCI Standard (commonly PCI), specifies a
computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a computer motherboard. These
devices can take any one of the following forms:

• An integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself, called a planar device
in the PCI specification.
 • An expansion card that fits into a socket.

Processor Direct Slot:

Processor Direct Slot or PDS, was a solution (actually, a

whole number of different solutions) introduced by Apple Computer, in several of their
Macintosh models, to providing a limited measure of hardware expandibility, without
going to the expense (in both desktop space and selling price) of providing full-fledged
bus expansion slots.
VESA Local Bus:

This used to be considered a very fast interface made up mainly

for video cards of the time that demanded a little more bandwidth. The VESA-Local
Bus, or VL-Bus, is connected straight to the CPU’s own internal bus, hence the name
“local”. This bus can transfer data at 132MB/sec. VESA buses were basically an ISA
slot with an extra slot on the end. The whole thing is about 4 inches longer than an
ISA slot. Again, you don’t see these much anymore. This was pre-AGP, for sure.

2. Types of RAM? What is the difference between them?

Ans: The type of RAM doesn't matter nearly as much as how much of it you've got,
but using plain old SDRAM memory today will slow you down. There are three main
types of RAM: SDRAM, DDR and Rambus DRAM.

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

Almost all systems used to ship with 3.3 volt, 168-pin SDRAM DIMMs. SDRAM is not
an extension of older EDO DRAM but a new type of DRAM altogether. SDRAM started
out running at 66 MHz, while older fast page mode DRAM and EDO max out at 50
MHz. SDRAM is able to scale to 133 MHz (PC133) officially, and unofficially up to
180MHz or higher. As processors get faster, new generations of memory such as
DDR and RDRAM are required to get proper performance.

DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM)

DDR basically doubles the rate of data transfer of standard SDRAM by transferring
data on the up and down tick of a clock cycle. DDR memory operating at 333MHz
actually operates at 166MHz * 2 (aka PC333 / PC2700) or 133MHz*2 (PC266 /
PC2100). DDR is a 2.5 volt technology that uses 184 pins in its DIMMs. It is
incompatible with SDRAM physically, but uses a similar parallel bus, making it easier
to implement than RDRAM, which is a different technology.

Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)

Despite it's higher price, Intel has given RDRAM it's blessing for the consumer
market, and it will be the sole choice of memory for Intel's Pentium 4. RDRAM is a
serial memory technology that arrived in three flavors, PC600, PC700, and PC800.
PC800 RDRAM has doubled the maximum throughput of old PC100 SDRAM, but a
higher latency. RDRAM designs with multiple channels, such as those in Pentium 4
motherboards, are currently at the top of the heap in memory throughput, especially
when paired with PC1066 RDRAM memory.

DIMMs vs. RIMMs

DRAM comes in two major form factors: DIMMs and RIMMSDIMMs are 64-bit
components, but if used in a motherboard with a dual-channel configuration (like
with an Nvidia nForce chipset) you must pair them to get maximum performance. So
far there aren't many DDR chipset that use dual-channels. Typically, if you want to
add 512 MB of DIMM memory to your machine, you just pop in a 512 MB DIMM if
you've got an available slot. DIMMs for SDRAM and DDR are different, and not
physically compatible. SDRAM DIMMs have 168-pins and run at 3.3 volts, while DDR
DIMMs have 184-pins and run at 2.5 volts.
RIMMs use only a 16-bit interface but run at higher speeds than DDR. To get
maximum performance, Intel RDRAM chipsets require the use of RIMMs in pairs over
a dual-channel 32-bit interface. You have to plan more when upgrading and
purchasing RDRAM.

From the top: SIMM, DIMM and SODIMM memory modules

3. What is DHCP?

Ans: HDCP stands for High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection, a copy protection
scheme to eliminate the possibility of intercepting digital data midstream between
the sources to the display. The format designed by Intel and licensed by Digital
Content Protection, LLC using an authentication and key exchange procedure before
video and audio is presented. Products compatible with the HDCP scheme such as
DVD players satellite and cable HDTV set-top-boxes, as well as few entertainment
PCs requires a secure connection to a compliant display, the process often described
as the handshake. Due to the increase in manufacturers employing HDCP in their
equipment, it is highly recommended that any HDTV you purchase is compatible.
Although most video devices support high-definition video over component output,
analog connections are scheduled to phase out in the future or possibly forced to
limited resolutions output.

Why is it important to me?

Although manufacturers are still making most products with at least component HD
output, new generation of products like HD-DVD and Blu-Ray devices will limit the
analog output resolution (Analog defined as Component or RGBHV). The highest
resolutions these devices can output (720p/1080i/1080p) will be available on via the
digital (DVI or HDMI) connections that employ HDCP encryption. Any new HDTV
purchase should have a digital HDCP compatible input.
It is important to note that HDCP is currently not a standard used in PC monitors,
and almost none of these displays have Component inputs. Although PC monitors
are HDTV capable, HDCP encryption limits this type of use. If you use an HTPC and
want to ensure dual use of your new flat panel display, look for HDCP compatibility.

How does it work?

A simple answer is that an HDCP session will result in the exchange of keys between
the source and display device. The source device will query the display to make sure
that the equipment is HDCP compliant before video is shown. Non-HDCP devices
such as PC's and older model DVI products will work with any DVI compliant display,
but the HDCP compliant boxes will show an image only on HDCP compliant display.

Other products affected by HDCP are scalers, switchers, and splitters (distribution
amps). While these devices do no authentication for key exchange, they must be
able to transmit the presence of HDCP if the video is handled (processed) in any
way. Due to the two different formats of digital connections, occasional inability for
proper communications may result in loss of interoperability. The newer format,
HDMI was designed to be backwards compatible with DVI and in most instances, the
two signal types are easily adaptable, but older devices may not always work well
with in-line devices like scalers or switchers. These problems can sometimes be
fixed in "firmware' although that is not always the case. Incompatibility is often
displays on-screen as a snowy image or an error message.
4. What is IP address?

Ans: An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical identification (logical address)

that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network utilizing the Internet
Protocol for communication between its nodes. Although IP addresses are stored as
binary numbers, they are usually displayed in human-readable notations, such as
192.168.100.1 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:1:1 (for IPv6). The role of
the IP address has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek.
An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there

5. What is BIOS?

Ans: The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a small memory chip located on the
motherboard containing data that defines the system parameters. The data may,
however, contain errors (bugs). Furthermore, when new hardware becomes
available, BIOS manufacturers may decide to upgrade their BIOS.
However, this is not as simple as it seems, as you may already know the BIOS is
memory that persists when the PC is turned off (it would actually be very unpleasant
to have to configure the BIOS each time you boot your computer...). As a result,
BIOS have evolved over to the past few years so that they can be updated.

6. Your system configurations?

Ans: Its mean that what configuration dues ur system has like hard disk size, RAM,
what are the feathers do ur system has like processors type,etc……

7. Types of hard disks?

Ans: A hard disk drive (HDD), commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or
fixed disk drive, is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data
on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, "drive" refers
to a device distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy
disk drive and its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD
today is typically a sealed unit (except for a filtered vent hole to equalize air
pressure) with fixed media.

8. Difference between SATA ? & pins in PATA?

Ans: SATA or Serial ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) is the next generation
drive interface, following the traditional Parallel ATA (PATA).

Anyone who has peered into a computer is familiar with the flat, 40-wire parallel
cables that connect the hard drive, CDROM and other devices to their controllers.
PATA has been the standard and has served well, but it has also had drawbacks.
Cables limited to 18 inches (46 cm) in length often made connections difficult and
also clogged cases blocking airflow, while cooling has become crucial. Though
rounded cables became available, the most advanced PATA drives (Ultra ATA/133)
hit the maximum parallel transfer rate of 133 MB/ps. With the speed of CPUs, RAM
and system buses improving, designers saw PATA would soon be bottlenecking
advanced drive efficiency in system architecture.
9.what is PATA?

Definition:
Parallel ATA (PATA) is an IDE standard for connecting storage devices like hard drives
and optical drives to the motherboard. PATA generally refers to the types of cables and
connections that follow this standard.

It's important to note that the term Parallel ATA used to simply be called ATA. ATA was
retroactively renamed to Parallel ATA when the newer Serial ATA (SATA) standard
came into being.

PATA cables are long, flat cables with 40-pin connectors (in a 20x2 matrix) on either
side of the cable. One end plugs into a port on the motherboard, usually labeled IDE, and
the other into the back of a storage device like a hard drive. Some PATA cables have an
additional connector midway through the cable for connecting yet another storage device.

PATA cables come in 40-wire or 80-wire designs. Most modern storage devices require
the use of the more capable 80-wire PATA cable to meet certain speed requirements.
Both types of PATA cables have 40-pins and look nearly identical so telling them apart
can be difficult. Usually though, the connectors on an 80-wire PATA cable will be black,
gray and blue while the connectors on a 40-wire cable will only be black.

10.What is SAFE?

Ohio Department of Education (ODE) launched the Security Application For Enterprise
(SAFE) Web portal in May, 2003. SAFE is a Web Portal and a "single sign on" software
security solution for ODE customers.

Why was SAFE deployed?

SAFE provides more security to Web applications on ODE’s Web site

(www.ode.state.oh.us). All new Web applications that require security and have been
released since May 2003 can be accessed through the SAFE portal.

The portal provides ODE customers with an added measure of convenience. Eventually,
an individual will need only one secure account for most ODE Web applications he or
she is authorized to use. ODE customers expressed frustration with the large number of
passwords and custom security systems rolled out with each new Web application. SAFE
addresses those concerns and provides customers with one "portable" password and
username for a variety of ODE Web applications. SAFE also provides a centralized and
consistent security approach and electronic signature authority for electronic transactions.
SAFE is sometimes referred to as the “Web Portal,” so “SAFE account” and “secure
ODE Web Portal account” are synonymous.

10. What is USB?

Ans: Short for Universal Serial Bus, an external bus standard that supports data transfer
rates of 12 Mbps. A single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices,
such as mice, modems, and keyboards. USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation and
hot plugging.

Starting in 1996, a few computer manufacturers started including USB support in their
new machines. It wasn't until the release of the best-selling iMac in 1998 that USB
became widespread. It is expected to completely replace serial and parallel ports.

Types of USB?

Types of USB connectors (from left to right: micro USB, mini USB, B-type, A-type
mother, A-type), One ruble coin in front for cooperation

How many pins are there in USB?

Anyone knows if the the HTC Wizard needs the 4-pin or the 5-pin USB Mini-B cable for
syncing & charging from a PC.

I'm using my SONY camera's USB cable, and it has 5 pins visible inside. Dunno if it's
using all 5, but there you go