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Electromagnetic spectrum
or
Magnitude of a vector
Unit vector is given by
Vector addition / subtraction (revision)
Position vector (rp) also called the radius vector of a point P is the
distance directed from the origin to point P
Point (3, 4, 5) has a position vector
Distance vector displacement from one point to
another point
Prac. Exercise 1.1
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 2
BEEE/BEPE
College of Engineering
1. Cartesian coordinate
2. Cylindrical coordinate / transformation
3. Spherical coordinate / transformation
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Unit vectors
Relationship between
and
In matrix form
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and
The magnitude is
The unit vectors are all mutually orthogonal
Ker Pin Jern
Components of vector
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At point P,
Exclude Spherical!
Ker Pin Jern
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 3
BEEE/BEPE
College of Engineering
1. Line integral
2. Surface and volume integral
3. Del, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian
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PE 3.2
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, scalar
over volume v
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in Cartesian coordinate
In cylindrical coordinate,
using transformation
In spherical coordinate,
Divergence of A at any given point P, is the outward flux per unit
volume as the volume shrinks about P
Net outflow of flux of a vector field A from a closed surface is obtained
from the surface integral
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Properties of the divergence of a vector field:It is a scalar product; Divergence of a scalar makes no sense;
;
Divergence theorem:- the total outward flux of a vector field A through
a closed surface S is the same as the volume integral of the divergence
of A
Example 3.6
PE 3.7
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Cartesian
Cylindrical
Stokes theorem
Example 3.8 Determine the curl vectors
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Example 3.9
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Chapter 3 Conclusion
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
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EEEB 253
CHAPTER 4
BEEE/BEPE
College of Engineering
1. Coulombs law
2. Electric fields
3. Electric flux density
4. Gausss law
5. Electric potential
6. Electric energy
Ker Pin Jern
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or
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Example 4.1
P.E. 4.1
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The electric field intensity = sum of the field contributed by the point
charges making up the charge distribution
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Gausss law states that the total electric flux through any closed
surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by the surface. i.e.
, therefore
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ZERO;
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Recap:- To calculate E, can use CL for all cases; GL only suits highly
symmetric charge distribution
Another way use electric scalar potential V;
easier to handle scalar than vector quantity
Case Moving a point charge Q from point A to B in an electric field E
. From CL,
, work done
-ve sign: indicates work done by external agent
Potential energy per unit charge potential difference between point
A and B
; A is the initial point, B is the final point
VAB ve:- loss in PE when moving Q from A to B, work done by field
VAB +ve:- gain in PE when moving Q from A to B, external agent
performs the work
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P.E. 4.10
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; Generally,
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P.E. 4.14
ELECTROMAGNETIC
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EEEB 253
CHAPTER 5
BEEE/BEPE
College of Engineering
58
1. Properties of materials
2. Conductors
3. Dielectrics
4. Continuity equation
5. Boundary conditions
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5.2: Conductors
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5.2: Conductors
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Resistance
5.2: Conductors
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Resistivity of material,
For conductor with non-uniform cross section,
Using power and energy equation,
P.E. 5.3
5.3: Dielectrics
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the
5.3: Dielectrics
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Dielectric constant
Permittivity of dielectric vs. permittivity of free space
Dielectric constant / relative permittivity
change at high frequencies > 1 GHz
- ratio of
to
; may
5.3: Dielectrics
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; Also,
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, what is Tr?
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tangential and
normal components of E
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 6
BEEE/BEPE
College of Engineering
70
1. Poissons equation
2. Laplaces equation
3. Procedures for solving Poissons
and Laplaces equations
4. Capacitance
Ker Pin Jern
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Poissons equation
Special case for a charge-free region
(Laplaces eqn)
Hence, the Laplaces equations in different coordinate systems are: Poissons equations in different coordinate systems are obtained by
replacing 0 with
Laplaces equations:- useful to solve electrostatic problems involving
a set of conductors maintained at different potentials. Eg. Capacitors,
vacuum tube diodes
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6.4: Capacitance
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6.4: Capacitance
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6.4: Capacitance
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6.4: Capacitance
Coaxial capacitor
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coaxial cable
6.4: Capacitance
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Q = s x surface area = s x 2L
C = Q/Vo = 2L / ln (b/a)
6.5: Resistance
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Resistance
1) Choose a suitable coordinate system; 2)Assume Vo as the potential
difference between the conductor terminals; 3) Solve Laplaces
equation to obtain V, then determine E and I from
; 4)
Obtain R from V0/I
Example 6.8
6.5: Resistance
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6.5: Resistance
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6.5: Resistance
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Example 6.9
ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 7
BEEE/BEPE
College of Engineering
83
Previous chapters concentrate on the electric field (E and D); this chapter
study the static magnetic field (B and H)
vs.
A few similarities between magnetic and electric fields
derived for Efield can be readily used for Mfield
This chapter considers Mfield in free space due to the direct current
Development of motors, transformers, microphones, compasses, etc.
Biot-Savarts law
GL
1. Biot-Savarts law
2. Amperes circuit law
3. Magnetic scalar and vector potentials
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Hence,
This expression is applicable to any straight line. For an infinitely
long current carrying wire, point A (0, 0, -infinity), B(0, 0, infinity)
P.E. 7.1
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Amperes circuit law states that the line integral of the tangential
component of H around a closed path is the same as the net current
Ienc enclosed by the path
comparison
A special case of the Biot-Savarts law AL can be used to obtain H
only when symmetrical current distribution exists
Stokes theorem
Therefore,
, also,
3rd Maxwells equation
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
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EEEB 253
CHAPTER 8
BEEE/BEPE
College of Engineering
93
Study the force exerted by the magnetic field on a charged particle, current element
and loop
Consider the magnetic field in different material media
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Lorentz force
Note:- the B field produced by the current element does not exert
magnetic force on itself
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8.3: Magnetization
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where
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is the unit
8.3: Magnetization
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Hence,
magnetic field B
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causes flux
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or
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS & WAVES
EEEB 253
CHAPTER 9
BEEE/BEPE
College of Engineering
Time-varying current
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magnetostatic fields
1. Faradays law
2. Transformer emf
3. Motional emf
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1st case:
, emf is induced by a time-varying current
(producing a time-varying B field) Transformer emf
Applying Stokes theorem,
Maxwells eqn. for time-varying field;
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Example 9.1
Transformer emf
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Problem 9.6
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Problem 9.11