erythrophagia,is m/c seen in typhoid/crohns :

o Erythrophagocytosis: seen in Typhoid ulcers

m/c malignancy in aids kaposis/cnslymphoma:
o Mx in HIV AIDS: MC Mx is Lymphoma, MC vascular Mx is Kaposi Sarcoma. MC site of Lymphoma
lymphnodes (not CNS). MC brain tumor in HIV AIDS: Primary CNS malignancy
Role of Bradykinin in process of inflammation
a) Increased vascular permeability
b) Pain
o Ans.Increased vascular permeability. Please note although bradykinin causes both but since increased
vascular permeability is Most characteristic feature of inflammation that should be the answer. Also
pain is sequale of inflammation it has no role in inflammation
Tumors in children:
o MC tumor (Neoplasm): ALL, MC Mx: ALL. Mc solid organ tumors: CNS tumors (Astrocytomas). MC
abdominal Mx: Neuroblastoma, MC soft tissue sarcoma (obviously sarcomas means malignant): Rhabdo
Myosarcoma
histological examination of lesion in stomach lipid laden cells..likely cause? ?
lymphoma
post gastrectomy
signet cell ca stomach
atrophic gastritis
o post gastrectomy: these are called lpid islands seen after partial gastrectomy especially after Bilroth I
&II surgery. Etiology: thought to be due to intestinal gastric reflux
CLL SLL: MC pathognomonic and MC pattern in pseudofollicular pattern
MC tumor of infancy: Hemangioma. MC malignancy of infancy will be neuroblastoma
Chloroma or myeloid sarcoma: MC morphology (means MC cause): Myeloblast some of them show
promyelocytes (means M2 followed by M3). Where as> 50% of AML with monoblastic differentiation
(M5 and M4) show myeloid sarcoma. Thats why if Q is which AML is most likely to present as Myelod
sarcoma Ans is M5, M4
Graft rejections: Hyper Acute: Type II HS: biopsy finding: vasculitis and thrombosis

Acute Humoral: type II HS. Biopsy findings: vasculitits and thrombosis (same as hyper acute)
Acute cellular rejection: type IV HS, biopsy finding: tubulitis
Chronic rejection: Fibrotic tissue reaction (some books say it as type IV HS). Biopsy findings: interstitial
fibrosis and tubular atrophy
mcc complication of massive blood transfusion a. hypothermia b.non hemolytic febrile rxn
o Hypothermia. Ref Wintrobes hypothermia is one of the most common complications of massive
blood transfusion
Cold hemagglutinin IgM or Donath landstiener Ab?
o IgM. Remember that cold Ab are of two types cold agglutinins (IgM) and cold hemolysins- DL Ab
(IgG)- DL Ab is not an agglutinin at all
which of the following is not a criteria for making diagnosis of accelerated CML.. a. basophilia 10-19%
b. persistant thrombocytosis > 1000 * 10 ^9/l
o Basophils 10-19% is not criteria. The criteria is basophils >20%
subcellular structure of macrophages responsible for the accumulation of this pigment hemosiderin
??a lysosome b. ER C. ribosome d. golgi apparatus
o lysozome: iron(Hb) when is taken up by macrophages which will be converted into hemosiderin by
lysosomes
Chances of having an affected baby if both parents are affected by autosomal dominant disease??
75% or 50%
o 75%. (dont confuse there will be one homozygous dominant baby will also live it wont die. Death will
depend upon what gene is coding for
cells involved in ards? In ARDS both endothelial cells and epithelial cells can be damaged however
endothelial damage is earliest and most predominant
Anti Tumour Cytokines : IL 2 and IL 15 (Activate NK cells) INF gamma (activates macrophages, TNF
secreted by macrophages which will ultimately kill tumour cells
Atheroma resulting in anginahas following characteristic except
A.Thin fibrous cap
B.Thick fibrous cap
C.Lack of macrophage

D.Lack of smooth muscle cell

Ans :Thick fibrous cap. Angina occurs due to rupture of plaque.
factors increasing chance of ruture of plaque are1. large areas of foam cells and extra cellular lipid, and
2) thin fibrous cap and less smooth muscle.3) more inflammatory cells.
Most specific marker of gist?
A dog 1
B cd117.
Most specific marker for GIST : DOG1 and Most sensitive CD117
Most common tumour of spleen? Hemagioma query Mets
o Ans :Hemagioma
o Exp : MC neoplasm of spleen lymphoma (NHL) .
o MC primary neoplasm of spleen HEMAGIOMA (Cavernous)
o Remember mets to spleen are considered as rare neoplasm so MC neoplasm of Spleen
MC Splenic cysts: Paracytic (Echinococcus). Followed by pseudocyst ( remember pseudocyst is MC non
parasitic cyst of spleen)
Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia in uterus & breast
Endotoxic shock: initial event is cytokine release followed by endothelial injury then release of
secondary cytokines
MC tumor of appendix (Carcinoid- ref Robbins & WHO book)
Biopsy from mass around knee joint, biphasic tumor Mic-2 + likely diagnosis?
Ans: Synovial sarcoma
Exp: Mic-2 positive tumors are: Synovial Sarcoma, Ewings sarcoma, Granulosa cell tumor and
lymphoblastic lymphoma. In these mass around knee joint can be either synivial or ewings. Next hint is
to see (if given) whether a bone tumor or soft tissue tumor: if bone tumor then Ewings if Soft tissue then
Synovial. Or other hint will be histology: Ewings will show rosette while synovial is biphasic tumor.
MC malignancy in small bowel: carcinoid
MC sensitive and specific marker for RS cells: Most sensitive is Cd30: 100% sensitive. CD 15 is more
specific

 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: type IV HS

o Exp:earlier it was thought to be a type III HS but since atleast 2/3 of all HS show granulomas type IV HS
occurs (New hypothesis). If Q is asked mark type IV
Best prognostic lung carcinoma: squamous or BAC
o Exp: squamous better prognostic than adenocarcinoma. But bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) has
excellent prognosis (with 100% 5 yr survival if resectable growth). No studies compare BAC with
squamous but if they ask then go with BAC
RCC TYPES &PROGNOSIS
Worst to best are: collecting duct ca (or Ca of duct of belini>clear cell>papillary>chromophobe
Chromophobe is clearly the best prognostic RCC of common types
Papillary and clear cell arise from proximal tubule while chromophobe arises from distal tubules and
carcinoma of duct of belini arises from collecting ducts
Gullian Barrie syndrome: Cell mediated hypersensitivity (type IV) however recent studies also show
antibody mediated. Single best ans type IV hS
LE cell phenomena: MC seen in neutrophils (polymorphs) can also be seen in monocytes and
eosinophils
DS associated AML: DS associated leukemias are AML
o in children under 4 yrs ratio of ALL to AML in DS is =1:1.2 in DS ( as compared to 4:1 in non-DS
children) this means obviously incidence of AML increases in DS while ALL remains stagnant thats why
they become almost equal incidene. MC AML type is M7 (70% of AML are M7)
o So if Q is which leukemia is associated with DS :Ans will be AML (ALL is not associated with DS) MC in
DS AML or ALL answer should be AML (1.2 cases for every case of ALL)
o IF q is which is associated with DS? AML M7 or ALL.Ans will be AML M7
o But if the Q is which is more common in DS AML M7 or ALL , then answer better answer will be ALL (
because only 70% of AML are AML M7) and ration ALL: AML is almost same thus ALL will be more than
AML M7 ( dont confuse this )
Myeloid sarcoma markers: frequency of positivity in decreasing order CD68>MPO>CD117>others
Soft Tissue Tumors
MC Soft tissue tumor in adults: Lipoma
MC soft tissue tumor in children: Hemangioma

MC soft tissue sarcoma (Adults): Liposarcoma (earlier MFH- malignant fibrous histiocytoma)
MC soft tissu sarcoma in children : Rhabdomyosarcoma(RMS)
MC site of lipoma: Nape of neck
MC site of liposarcoma: retroperitoneum
MC site of RMS:periorbital
MC type of RMS: Embryonal
Marker for RMS: Desmin, Myogenin, MyoD1
GENETICS OF IMPORTANT SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
Ewing's/ PNET & Desmoplastic small round tumor: t(11;22)
RMS: t(2;13) & t(1;13)
Synovial sarcoma: t(x;18)
clear cell sarcoma: t(12;22)
Extra skeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: t(9;22)
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance: t (17;22)
Well diff liposarcoma: 12q ring
NASH / NAFLD ( NON Alcoholic steato hepatitis/ non alcoholic fatty liver disease)
Incidence M=F
Biopsy: micro & macro vesicular steatosis (triglycerides accumalate), mallory hyaline, balooning
degeneration & apoptosis.
Diagnosis is of exclusion (negative history of excessive alcohol intake)
Autoimmune hepatitis
Female prepondrance (78%)
Young and perimenopausal women
Elevated ANA, SMA and Anti LKM-1 antibodies
Negative AMA (antimitochondrial antibodies)

Biopsy: chronic inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells ( plasma cells are
characetristic of autoimmune hepatitis)
Pediatric tumors
MC neoplasm of infancy: hemangioma
MC malignancy of infancy : neuroblastoma
MC malignancy of childhood: 1.Leukemias (ALL) 2. CNS tumors 3.neuroblastoma in order
MC neoplasm of childhood : ALL
MC abdominal tumor in infancy :neuroblastoma ( remember if Q says Infancy & childhood then also the
same answer)
MC abdominal tumor in an older child: wilms tumor
MC CNS tumor : astrocytoma (pilocytic) followed by medulloblastoma
MC malignancy of CNS in children: Medulloblastoma (remember that astrocytoma is benign- WHO grade
I)
MC benign soft tissue tumor: hemangioma
MC malignant soft tissue tumor: rhabdomyosarcoma
1. Cause of abdominal aortic aneurysms: Atherosclerosis
2. Cause of thoracic aneurysms: hypertension
3. Site of AAA: below renal arteries
4. Tumor of BV: hemangioma, capillary
5. Primary Tx of heart in children: rhabdomyoma
6. Primary Tx of heart in adults: myxoma
7. Mx of heart: secondaries (bronchial)
8. Primary Mx of heart: Angiosarcoma
9. Lymphoma: Non Hodgkin
10. Type of HL: Nodular sclerosis> mixed cellularity
11. Site of HL: cervical
12. Age group of HL: 32 years (4th decade)

13. Type of NHL: DLBCL

14. AML: M2
15. AML with DIC: M3
16. Site of Myeloid sarcoma in CML: Skin
17. Inherited Bleeding disorder: vWD
18. Inherited disorder assoc with life threatning bleeding : Hemophelia A
19. Lung ca in men / smokers: SCC
20. Lung ca in Women/ non smokers: Adeno
21. Most aggressive lung tumor: small cell
22. Pleaural tumor: mets
23. Primary pleural Mx: Malignant mesothelioma
24. Tx of Salivary gland: PA
25. Mx of Salivary gland: MECa
26. Site of Meca: parotid
27. Esophageal Ca: SCC
28. Site of esophageal Ca: mid third
29. Site of biopsy in H pylori: antrum
30. Site of biopsy in celiac: D2
31. Type of gastric polyp: hyperplastic
32. Mx of stomach: adenocarcinoma
33. Lymphoma of stomach: MALToma>DLBCL
34. Mesenchymal Tx of abdomen: GIST
35. Site of polyps in GIT: colon
36. Mx of GIT: colon Ad Ca
37. Tx of appendix: carcinoid

38. Benign Tx of liver: cavernous hemangioma

39. Mx of liver: Mets
40. Primary Mx of liver: HCC>cholangio Ca
41. Primary MX of liver in children: Hepatoblastoma
42. Primary in hepatic mets: colon> breast>lung
43. Cyst of pancreas: pseudocyst
44. Cause of NS in children : MCD
45. Cause of NS in adults : FSGS
46. Cause of papillary necrosis : DM
47. Benign Tx of kidney : papillary adenoma
48. Mx of kidney : RCC (adenocarcinomas of kidney)
49. Type of RCC : clear cell
50. Site of RCC mets : lungs>bones
51. Cause of melacoplakia : E.coli>Proteus
52. Mx of bladder : TCC(urothelial carcinoma
53. CA of penis : SCC
54. Benign paratesticular Tx : adenomatoid
55. Mx of paratesticular : RMS
56. Testicular tumour : seminoma
57. Mx of prostrate : adenocarcinoma
58. Secondary in prostrate : urothelial carcinoma
59. Site of Mets in CA prostrate : lumbar spine>femur
60. Site of pituitary adenoma : anterior lobe
61. Type of pituitary adenoma : prolactinoma>GH
62. Type of PA secreting dual hormone : GH & prolactin

63. Thyroid Mx: PTC

64. Variant of PTC: Follicular variant
65. Cause of primary hyper parathyroidism: Adenoma
66. Cause of sec. Hyper parathyroidism: renal failure
67. Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms: insulinoma
68. Cause ACTH independent Cushings: Adrenal adenoma> carcinoma
69. Cause of cushings: glucocorticoids (exogenous)
70. Endogenous Cause of cushings: ACTH pit adenoma
71. Adrenal neoplasm in children: ACC
72. Adrenal neoplasm in adults: Adenoma=carcinoma
73. Common muscular dystrophy: Duchenne (DMD)
74. Most severe muscular dystrophy: DMD
75. Type of intracranial aneurysms: saccular (Berry)
76. Site of berry aneurysms: Ant cerebral A
77. Mx of brain: Mets
78. Primary for mets in brain: Lungs>breast
79. Primary tumor of CNS: Meningioma
80. Primary tumor of brain: Glioblastoma
81. Primary Mx of CNS: Glioblastoma
82. Primary Tx of CNS in childhood: pilocytic astrocytoma
83. Primary Mx of CNS in childhood: medulloblastoma
84. Midline Post fossa tumor in children: medulloblastoma