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I. INTRODUCTION
PN
P2
PN
passive
network
passive
network
P2N-2
passive
network
P N+2
P4
P4
P3
P1
(a)
P3
PN+1
P1
(b)
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connecting these 2 ports with the rest ports. Using the indicated
connecting line as the mirror edge, we can create a new
structure as shown in figure 1(b). Assuming that the original
coupler structure has following properties: with port 1 as input
port, power can be equally split between M ports (M < N-1),
there are stable phase shifting between these M ports, and the
rest L ports (L = N-M-1) are isolated from port 1. Then with
careful design of the passive network, we possibly can get a
mirrored structure which maintains many characteristics of the
original structure: when using port 1 as input ports, power can
be equally split between the M ports and the corresponding
mirrored M ports, stable phase shifting can be obtained
between them, port 1 will be isolated with the L ports and their
mirrors.
Certainly it is very hard to prove whether this statement is
correct or wrong in the general case. However many
conventional structures were used to obtain their corresponding
mirrored structures and it is found that these mirrored structures
do can have similar performances as the original structures.
Following is one such case by mirroring the conventional
quadrature coupler.
In figure 2, a quadrature coupler is used for mirrored
structure building. In figure 2 (a), the transmission line between
the input port P1 and isolation port P2 is used as the mirror edge;
and in figure 2 (b), the transmission line between input port P1
and one output port P3 is used as mirror edge. According to the
assumption, for the structure of fig. 2(a), it is expected that port
P1 and P2 remain isolated and input power will be equally
divided between port P3 to P6; for the mirrored structure of fig.
2(b), it is expected that input power equally divided between
port P3, P4, P6, and input port P1 will be isolated with port P2 and
P5. Theoretical S parameter analysis of figure 2(a) and 2(b)
showed that these expectations can be met.
P4
Z2' P2
Z2'
P6
mirror edge
(a)
P4 out 2#
Z2
P2 isolation
Z1
Z1
Z2
mirror edge
P1 input
Original quadrature
coupler
P4
(b)
Z3'
Z2
'
P5
P1
Z1" P3
Z3"
P2
Z1'
'
P3
Z2
P3 out 1#
Z3'
Z1"
Z2"
Z1"
P1
P4
Z3"
Z1"
P5
Fig. 2. (a) mirrored structures with a transmission line between 2 selected ports,
and a passive network connecting these 2 ports with all other ports; (b) using the
transmission line as mirror edge, new structure with more input/ output ports
can be created,
*note: all impedance used are normalized impedance, and all lines are 90o in
length unless otherwise stated
Z2'
P4 , Z p
P6
P2 , 2Z p
Z2
Z3'
Z2
P3
Z1'
'
P1
Z3'
Z2
'
P5
mirror edge
Z3
split to 2
symmetric
P3 , Z p
parts
2Z1
Z2
P1 , 2 Z p
(c)
(a)
symmetric cutting
of a line structure
Vright
Vleft
cutting edge
Z3'
Iright
Ileft
P3
Z2'
P1
Z3'
Z2
'
P5
(d)
(b)
Fig. 3. S parameter analysis for mirrored quadrature couplers (a) original
mirrored structure for S parameter analysis, (b) symmetric cutting of a structure
to explain the doubled characteristic impedance after cutting, where voltage
remain the same and current halved; (c), symmetric cut parts of the proposed
coupler for port 1 S parameter analysis, where all characteristic impedance
along the cutting edge doubled, including the port impedance; (d) normal even /
odd mode analysis of port 3 parameters, open and short connection applied
along the cutting edge as shown in the figure
P6
...(2)
2Z 3
1 Z 32
1
2(1 Z 32 )
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Sii
Z 32 1
, i 3, 4,5, 6
2(1 Z 32 )
S34
1 Z 32
2(1 Z 32 )
...(4)
1 Z 32
S13 i Z 3
And S parameters relating to port 2, 4 ,5 ,6:
Z 32 1
Sii
, i 2, 4,5, 6
2(1 Z 32 )
S 25
1 Z 32
2(1 Z 32 )
-40
-50
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
frequency
-6
-7
-8
S14
S13
-9
-10
-11
-12
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
freqeuncy
S11
S22
-10
S12
-20
-30
-40
-50
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
frequency
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
S13
-9
-10
-11
-12
...(7)
Z (1 Z 32 )
S 24 i 3
2(1 Z 32 )
Z 3 (3 Z 32 )
2(1 Z 32 )
With S parameter expressions in (3), the 3-way equal power
division design can be obtained : Z1 = Z3 = 1/ 3 , Z2 = 1; for this
design, |S13| = |S14| = |S16| = 1/ 3 . ADS simulation of this
structure is shown in figure 5. It should be noted that the return
losses of port 2,4,5 and 6 are not 0. It is, however, not difficult
S 26 i
S11
-30
...(5)
2Z3
S12
-20
Z1 Z 3
S33
-10
S13 , S 14 (dB)
14
Z3
S35 S36 i
(1 Z 32 )
One typical solution based on equation (2), (3) and (4) is the
4-way equal power splitting design with Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = 1
(normalized impedance), and consequently we have |S13| = |S14|
= |S15| = |S16| = 0.5; Simulation results of this design is shown in
figure 4 (the simulation is performed with Agilent's ADS
software). It is observed that the mirrored structure maintains
all the features of the original coupler: matching port, total
isolation between the input port P1 and the isolation port P2,
equal power distribution between output ports, stable phase
shifting between output ports (90o or 0o).
Z2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
freqeuncy
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structures' working bandwidth like the conventional
branch-line couplers; and the 8-way coupler by mirroring the
4-way Saleh coupler.
P3
84.5
P6
30
38
27
46
27
28.5
P10
P2
(c)
59
P5
70
P6
70
96 , 270o
P2
66
78
59
P8
78
P7
66
OPTIMIZATION
51
P5
53
P4
51
P3
P3
Z3
Z01
Z2
Z02
P5
P6
(a)
6.6
5.0
6.6
8
5.4
OPTIMIZATION
P4
Z1
Length (mm)
1.9
3.4
4.3
2.9
2.9
(d)
P1
Width (mm)
48.5
32.6
27.4
36.5
36.5
TABLE I-B
KEY PARAMETERS OF THE MIRRORED STRUCTURE OF FIGURE 7(B) AFTER
Fig. 6. interesting mirrored structures; (a) the 3-way coupler by mirroring the
Wilkinson coupler, (b) the 3-way coupler by mirroring the rat-race coupler, (c)
the 4-way coupler by mirroring the 3-section branch-line coupler, (d) the 8-way
coupler by mirroring the 4-way Saleh coupler;
*note: all lines are 90o in length unless otherwise stated
P3
Impedance(Ohm)
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z01
Z02
P1
P5
III.
TABLE I-A
KEY PARAMETERS OF THE MIRRORED STRUCTURE OF FIGURE 7(A) AFTER
P6
49
P9
49
36
P3
P2
P1
P3 and P5 are isolate ports from port 1
(b)
(a)
P1
59
96 , 270o
P4
P4
P3
P2
106
80
70
Z01
P2
P4
P5
P6
Z5
Z6
Z5
Z1
Z3
Z1
Z4
P1
Z2
P2
Impedance(Ohm)
Width (mm)
Length (mm)
48
73
54
60.5
35
29.5
43
48
1.9
0.94
1.6
1.3
3.1
3.9
2.3
1.9
8
4.5
8.9
4.3
6.7
7
4.9
4
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Z5
Z6
Z01
Z02
46
P1
P4
106
2
2
6
6
...(8a)
EF | Sii | | S12 |2 || S1i | 0.5 |
f i 1
i 3
2
2
10
10
...(8b)
EF | Sii | | S12 |2 || S1i | 0.355 |
f i 1
i 3
-6.0
-6.5
-7.0
-7.5
-8.0
-8.5
5.0
Z02
Z03
P7
P8
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
frequency (GHz)
P9
(b)
P10
Fig. 7. mirrored couplers optimized for maximizing working bandwidth (a) the
mirrored quadrature coupler structure; (b) mirrored Saleh coupler structure, and
where Pn represents port n#
80
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
frequency (GHz)
measured S12
-----simulated S12
measured S11
simulated S11
measured S33
simulated S33
(b) simulated & measured return loss S11 & S33, isolation S12
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200
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
-100
-200
5.4
-20
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
5.9
7.0
frequency (GHz)
** *
measured deg(S14/S13)
-----simulated deg(S14/S13)
measured deg(S16/S13)
simulated deg(S65/S13)
measured deg(S15/S13)
simulated deg(S15/S13)
(c) simulated & measured phase differences, deg(S14/S13) , deg(S15/S13) and
deg(S16/S13)
Fig. 8. Simulated and measured results of the mirrored quadrature coupler
6.4
6.8
frequency (GHz)
** *
measured deg(S14/S13)
-----simulated deg(S14/S13)
measured deg(S16/S13)
simulated deg(S65/S13)
measured deg(S15/S13)
simulated deg(S15/S13)
(c) simulated & measured phase differences, deg(S14/S13) , deg(S15/S13) and
deg(S16/S13)
Fig. 9. Simulated and measured results of the mirrored Saleh coupler
isolate port
input port
-6
-8
-10
-12
5.9
6.4
6.8
frequency (GHz)
-10
-1
-30
-40
-50
5.4
5.9
6.4
6.8
-20
S21
-10
-2
-3
S11
-20
-4
-30
-5
measured S15 . . . . .
simulated S13
***
measured S16 simulated S14
(a) simulated & measured power dividing ratio S13, S14, S15 & S16
high power PA
frequency (GHz)
***
measured S12 . . . . .
simulated S12
(b) simulated & measured return loss S11, S33 & S44 , isolation S12
-40
-6
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
frequency (GHz)
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35
gain
30
return loss
-10
25
-20
20
-30
10
15
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
frequency (GHz)
(b) measured return loss and small signal gain of constructed high power
amplifier with the 4-way mirrored quadrature coupler
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Fig.11, measured results of the back-back connected 4-way coupler and high
power amplifier constructed with it