Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr Debasis Biswas
Isotypic determinants
Determinants located in the constant region
Collectively define:
Heavy- chain class & subclass;
Light chain type & subtype
within a species
All members of a species carry the
same constant region genes
Allotypic determinants
Allotypic determinants
Within the same species,
some genes have multiple alternative forms
Certain epitopes are present in some
members of the species.. Allotypic determinant
Aggregate of all the allotypic determinants
displayed by an antibody determines its Allotype
Idiotypic determinants
Epitopes present in the
Variable region of Light & Heavy chains
Each individual epitope present in the
variable region .. Idiotypic determinant
Aggregate of all the idiotypic determinants
displayed by an antibody determines its Idiotype
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A Susceptible population
(Pre- vaccination era)
An Immunized population
(100% coverage)
Herd immunity
An Immunized population
(<100% coverage)
Infected host
Susceptible host
Immunized host
Herd Immunity
Immunizing agents transmitted from the vaccine recipients
to the non- recipients
Non- vaccinated agents derive the benefit of immunization
by sharing the same environment as the vaccinees
Circulation of vaccine strains minimize the chances of
contact between pathogenic wild strains and the
susceptible hosts
Examples: Polio
Measles
Monoclonal Antibodies
Epitopes
Antigen molecule
with multiple epitopes
Polyclonal
antiserum
Experimental animal
(mouse, g pig, rabbit, sheep, etc)
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Hybridoma Technology
Epitopes
Detection of:
Pathogens, through identification of specific
antigens (Hepatitis B surface Ag, HBsAg, for HBV; p24 for
Monoclonal
Antibodies
Ag injected into
mouse
HIV)
Hybridomas
Spleen cells
isolated
Hybridize
Fused with
Myeloma cells
Autoimmunity: Proposed
mechanisms of Pathogenesis
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Overview
Failure of self- tolerance
Earlier theory: Failure to eliminate self- reactive
lymphocytes in the Thymus or Bone marrow (Central
Tolerance)
Presently: Failure of the phenomenon of clonal anergy
or clonal suppression that regulates self- reactive
lymphocytes (Peripheral Tolerance)
Mode of tissue destruction: Antibody- mediated (e.g.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia; Hashimotos
Thyroiditis) or Cell mediated (Rheumatoid Arthritis;
IDDM; Multiple Sclerosis)
Categories: Organ- specific (Thyroiditis; Goodpasture
Syndrome) or Systemic (SLE; RA)
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Overview
Transplantation Immunology
Overview
MHC genes= Major, but not the only, determinants of
histocompatibility.
Matching of MHC Class II ag is more important
determinant of graft survival than MHC Class I.
Minor Histocompatibility genes also involved.
Mismatch at no. of minor loci can also lead to graft
rejection
Graft rejection mediated by both CD4 and CD8 T cells
MHC proteins: Recognized directly by recipent Th &
CTLs
Minor HC proteins: Recognized only when they are
presented by self MHC molecules
Hyperacute Rejection...
Pre-formed antibodies to graft ags
Pre-existing abs
carried to the graft
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Immunodeficiency Diseases
Manifestations
Phagocytic Deficiency: Bacterial infections
B cell deficiency: Bacterial infections
(Most commonly, infections with encapsulated bacteria like
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus & Pneumococcus, as antibody is
critical for opsonization and clearance of these bacteria).
Mac-1
CD11b/CD18
gp150/95
CD11c/CD18
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X- linked Agammaglobulinemia
X- linked
Involves a cytoskeletal glycoprotein, sialophorin, reqd
for assembly of actin filaments
Initially T & B cells are present in normal nos.
Severity increases with age
Ds manifests itself by defective responses to bacterial
polysaccarides and lower levels of IgM
Gradually: recurrent bacterial infections;
thrombocytopenia
lymphoid malignancy
eczema
X- linked Agammaglobulinemia
X- linked
Defect in signal transduction molecule, Brutons
Tyrosine kinase (Btk)
No peripheral B cells
Extremely low IgG levels & absence of other Ig classes
Recurrent bacterial infections , beginning at about 9
months of age
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