Baseband Pulse Shaping

Nyquist Criteria for Distortionless Baseband Transmission

Raised Cosine Spectrum

11/12/2011

Kochar Inderkumar

Intersymbol Interference
ISI arises when the channel is dispersive
Intersymbol interference (ISI) occurs when a pulse spreads out
in such a way that it interferes with adjacent pulses at the
sampling instant.

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Kochar Inderkumar

Transmitter Section
pg (t )
Tb

Timing
HT(f)

X(t)
Information
source

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Pulse
generator

Kochar Inderkumar

XT(t)
Transmit
filter

Transmitter Section
Timing
X(t)
Information
source

Pulse
generator

HT(f)

HR(f)

Transmit
filter

Receive
filter

Channel noise n(t)

Tb

2Tb
3Tb

Tb

6Tb

5Tb

6Tb

4Tb

2Tb

3Tb

5Tb

4Tb

t
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Kochar Inderkumar

Waveforms

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Kochar Inderkumar

System Description
Tb

2Tb
3Tb

Tb

6Tb

5Tb

6Tb

4Tb

2Tb
3Tb

5Tb

4Tb

1
1
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0
0

0
0

0
1
Kochar Inderkumar

1
1

0 Output
0 Input
6

Receiver Structure

Y(t)

Output

A/D

Receive
filter
HR(f)

Clock
recovery
network

11/12/2011

Kochar Inderkumar

Block diagram of
A Binary/M-ary signaling scheme
Timing
Information

source

HT(f)

X(t)
Pulse
generator

XT(t)

Hc(f)

Trans
filter

channel

Channel noise

Y(t)

Output

A/D

n(t)

Receiver
filter
HR(f)

Clock
recovery
network

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Kochar Inderkumar

Binary-PAM

ak

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bk

bk

Kochar Inderkumar

 The output of the transmit filter is

s(t )

ak g (t kTb )
k

Ignoring noise, the channel output is

x(t )
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s(t ) h(t )
Kochar Inderkumar

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The output of the receive filter is

y(t )

x(t ) c(t )

The receive filter output is alternatively written as

y(t )

ak p(t kTb ) n(t )

k

where

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pKochar
(t ) Inderkumar
g (t ) h(t ) c(t )

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 Applying Fourier Transform,

P( f ) G( f ) H ( f )C ( f )
After sampling at ti=iTb and assuming p(0)=1 (Normalization)

y (ti )

ak p[(i k )Tb ] n(ti )

k

ai

signal
component
11/12/2011

p[(i k )Tb ] n(ti )

k i

ISI
term
Kochar Inderkumar

AWGN
component
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Combating ISI
THREE STRATEGIES FOR ELIMINATING ISI:

1. Use a line code that is absolutely bandlimited.

Would require Sinc pulse shape.
Cant actually do this (but can approximate).

2. Use a line code that is zero during adjacent sample

instants.
Overlap at sampling instants not permitted
Pulse shapes that dont overlap during adjacent sample instants
can be used.
Raised-Cosine Rolloff pulse shaping

3. Use a filter at the receiver to undo the distortion

introduced by the channel.
Equalizer.
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Kochar Inderkumar

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Nyquist Criteria for Distortionless Transmission

For zero ISI, the overall pulse shape should be such that:
p(iTb

1
0

kTb )

i k
i k

In this ideal scenario, the receiver output is

y (ti )

ai

NOTE: Sampling in time domain

periodicity in time domain

Therefore, for a sequence of samples, p(nTb)

P ( f ) Rb

By Fourier Transform
P (f)
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P( f

nRb )

[ p(mTb )] (t
m Kochar Inderkumar

mTb )]e

j 2 ft

dt
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 Put m=i-k, then i=k implies m=0 and using the condition on overall pulse
shape,

P (f)

[ p(0)] (t )]e

j 2 ft

dt

p(0) 1

P( f

nRb ) Tb

Nyquist Criteria

Suppose the channel bandwidth is W. Then H(f)=0 for |f|>W

P( f ) G( f ) H ( f )C ( f ) /

0 for f

CASE 1: T<1/2W..No solution

-1/Tb -1/Tb +W

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-W

Kochar Inderkumar

1/Tb -W

1/Tb 1/Tb +W

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 CASE 2: T=1/2W

-1/Tb

-W

1/Tb

The ONLY solution is to have the overall pulse such that

P( f )
P( f )

T 1/ 2W
0

f
f

W
W

1
f
rect
2W
2W

where the overall system bandwidth is defined by

W
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Rb
2

1
2Tb

Nyquist Bandwidth

Kochar Inderkumar

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Nyquist Criteria for Distortionless Transmission

The pulse in the time domain is

p(t )

IDEAL
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sin(2 Wt )
2 Wt

NYQUIST CHANNEL

sin c(2Wt )

Kochar Inderkumar

sin( t / T )
t /T

sin c(t / T )

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11/12/2011

Kochar Inderkumar

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Ideal Nyquist Pulse

ADVANTAGE:
No frequencies of absolute value exceeding half the bit-rate are
needed for the ideal solution. Hence, ISI is removed with minimumbandwidth required for the pulse.
DISADVANTAGES:
The pulse p(t) is non-causal (in time-domain) and brick-wall (in
frequency domain) and hence non-realizable.
Rate of convergence to zero is too slow. The tails of the pulse decay
as 1/|t| and hence a small timing error in the sampling process
introduces an infinite series of ISI components in the demodulator
output.
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Kochar Inderkumar

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CASE 3: T>1/2W:

Multiple solutions possible

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Kochar Inderkumar

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Raised Cosine Spectrum

1/ 2W
X rc ( f )

1
1 cos
4W

f1

2W

2 f1

f1

0
where,

f1

2W

f1

W f1
W

1
P( f ) P( f 2W ) P( f 2W )
2W
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2W
f

f1
1
W

f1

Kochar Inderkumar

f W

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Raised Cosine Spectrum

f1
1
W
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W f1
W
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2W
: Roll

f1
off factor
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Raised Cosine Spectrum

cos(2 Wt )
xrc (t ) sin c(2Wt )
2 2 2
1 16 W t

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Kochar Inderkumar

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Problems
1. A computer transmits binary data at 56 kbps. The computer
output is transmitted using a baseband binary PAM system
that has a raised cosine spectrum. Determine the
transmission bandwidth required for the following roll-off
factors: 0.25,0.5,0.75,1.0
Ans. 35kHz,42kHz,49kHz,56kHz
2. Repeat the above problem if 8-ary PAM is used.

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Kochar Inderkumar

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Problems
3. An analog signal is sampled, quantized and encoded into a
binary PCM wave using 128 levels for representation. A
synchronizing pulse is added at the end of each codeword
representing a sample of the analog signal. The resulting
PCM wave is transmitted over a channel of bandwidth 12kHz
using quaternary PAM system with a raised cosine spectrum.
The roll-off factor is unity.
a. Find the bit rate at which information is transmitted through
the channel.
b. Find the rate at which the analog signal is sampled. What is
the maximum possible value for the highest frequency
component in the signal?
Ans. (a) 24kbps (b) 1.5 kHz
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Kochar Inderkumar

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Problems
4. A binary PAM signal is to be transmitted over a baseband PAM
channel with absolute maximum bandwidth of 75kHz. The bit
duration is 10 s. Find the raised cosine spectrum that
satisfies these requirements.
Ans. =0.5

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Kochar Inderkumar

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