CFD LECTURE-1

Dr. S. P.
Harsha
Asst. Prof., MIED, IIT Roorkee
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN FLUID FLOW
AND HEAT TRANSFER
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN FLUID

FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER
Review of basic fluid mechanics and the governing (Navier-Stokes)
equations
Techniques for solution of PDEs finite difference method (FD),
finite element method and finite volume method.
Finite volume (FV) method in one-dimension, Differencing
schemes, Steady and unsteady calculations, Boundary conditions, FV
discretizationin two and three dimensions, SIMPLE algorithm and
flow field calculations, variants of SIMPLE,
Introduction to Turbulence and turbulence modeling, illustrative
flow computations, Introduction to commercial software's FLUENT
and CFX grid generation, flow prediction and post-processing.
Application of FD methods for unsteady and steady heat
conduction problems.
Review of basic fluid mechanics and the governing

(NavierNavier-Stokes) equations
Fluids are substances whose molecular structure
offers no resistance to external shear forces: even the
smallest force causes deformation of a fluid particle.
Although a significant distinction exists between
liquids and gases, both types of fluids obey the same
laws of motion. In most cases of interest, a fluid can
be regarded as continuum, i.e. a continuous
substance.

Classification of a Fluid (A fluid can only sustains
tangential force when it moves)
By viscous effect: inviscid & Viscous Fluid.
By compressible: incompressible & Compressible
Fluid.
By Mack No: Subsonic, transonic, Supersonic, and
hypersonic flow.
By eddy effect: Laminar, Transition and Turbulent
Flow.

Mathematically:
A vector field u (represents the fluid velocity)
A scalar field p (represents the fluid pressure)
fluid density (d) and fluid viscosity (v)
Recalling vector operations

Del Operator:
Laplacian Operator:
Gradient:
Vector Gradient:
Divergence:
Directional Derivative:
Path Lines, Streamlines, and Stream Functions

A path line is a line along which a fluid particle
actually travels. Since, it is the time history of the position
of a fluid particle, it is best described using the
Lagrangian description.
Since the particle incrementally moves in the direction
of the velocity vector, the equation of a path line is given
by:
A streamline is defined as a line drawn in the flow at a

given instant of time such that the fluid velocity vector at
any point on the streamline is tangent to the line at that
point. The requirement of tangency means that the
streamlines are given by the equation
A stream surface (or stream sheet) is a collection of
adjacent streamlines, providing a surface through which
there is no flow. A stream tube is a tube made up of
adjoining streamlines.
For steady flows (time-independent), path lines and
streamlines coincide.
Laws
All fluid mechanics is based on the conservation
laws for mass, momentum, and energy.
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Consider a volume fixed in space (Figure 1). The
rate of increase of mass inside it is the volume
integral
Fig. 1 Mass conservation of a volume fixed in space.
The rate of mass flow out of the volume is the

surface integral
because u dA is the outward flux through an area

element dA.
The law of conservation of mass states that the rate of
increase of mass within a fixed volume must equal the
rate of inflow through the boundaries. Therefore,
(1)
Eq. (1) is the integral form of the law for a

volume fixed in space. The differential form can
be obtained by transforming the surface integral
on the right-hand side of Eq. (1) to a volume
integral by means of the divergence theorem,
which gives
Eq. (1) then becomes
The aforementioned relation holds for any volume,

which can be possible only if the integrand vanishes at
every point. (If the integrand did not vanish at every
point, then we could choose a small volume around

that point and obtain a nonzero integral.)
This requires
(2)
which is called the continuity equation and expresses

the differential form of the principle of conservation of
mass.
The equation can be written in several other forms.

Rewriting the divergence term in Eq. (2) as
the equation of continuity becomes

(3)
The derivative D/Dt is the rate of change of density

following a fluid particle; it can be nonzero because of
changes in pressure, temperature, or composition (such
as salinity in sea water).
The continuity equation (3) can be rewritten for

incompressible fluid as
(4)
Eq. (4) is valid irrespective of whether or not the flow is

steady.
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Consider the motion of the infinitesimal fluid
element shown in Fig. 2. Newtons law requires that
the net force on the element must equal mass times
the acceleration of the element. The sum of the
surface forces in the x1 direction equals
Fig. 2 Surface stresses on an element moving with the flow.
which simplifies to
where dV is the volume of the element.

Generalizing, the i-component of the surface force
per unit volume of the element is
where we have used the symmetry property ij = ji .
Let g be the body force per unit mass, so that g is

the body force per unit volume. Then Newtons law
gives
(5)
This is the equation of motion relating acceleration

to the net force at a point and holds for any
continuum, solid or fluid, no matter how the stress
tensor ij is related to the deformation field. Eq. (5)
is sometimes called Cauchys equation of motion.
motion
NAVIERSTOKES EQUATIONS
NAVIER
The constitute equation for a Newtonian fluid is
given as
(6)
The equation of motion for a Newtonian fluid is

obtained by substituting the constitutive Eq. (6) into
Cauchys Eq. (5) to obtain
(7)
Where, we have noted that (p/xj )ij = p/xi . Eq. (7)

is a general form of the Navier
NavierStokes equation.
Viscosity in Eq. (7) can be a function of the

thermodynamic state, and indeed for most fluids displays
a rather strong dependence on temperature, decreasing
with T for liquids and increasing with T for gases. However,
if the temperature differences are small within the fluid,
then can be taken outside the derivative in equation (7),
which then reduces to
(8)
Where 2ui is the Laplacian of ui
For incompressible fluids u

u = 0, and using vector
notation, the NavierStokes equation reduces to
(9)
If viscous effects are negligible, which is generally found to

be true far from boundaries of the flow field, we obtain the
Euler equation
(10)
Continuity equation
for incompressible (constant density) flow

- derived from conservation of mass
where u is the velocity vector
u, v, w are velocities in x, y, and z directions
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow of

Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum
kinematic
viscosity
(constant)
density
(constant)
pressure
external force
(such as
gravity)


Acceleration term:
change of velocity
with time

Advection term:
force exerted on a
particle of fluid by the
other particles of fluid
surrounding it

viscosity (constant) controlled
velocity diffusion term:

(this term describes how fluid motion is
damped)
Highly viscous fluids stick together (honey)
Low-viscosity fluids flow freely (air)

Pressure term:
Fluid flows in the
direction of
largest change
in pressure

Body force term:

external forces that
act on the fluid
(such as gravity,
electromagnetic,
etc.)

change
body
in
= advection + diffusion + pressure + force
velocity
with time
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations

for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid

in Cartesian coordinates
Continuity:
Navier-Stokes:
x - component:
y - component:
z - component:
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an infinite

channel with stationery plates
- fully developed plane Poiseuille flow
Fixed plate
y
z
2a
Fluid flow direction
Fixed plate
Step 1: Choose the equation to describe the flow

Navier-Stokes equation will be used since the system
considered is an incompressible flow (Assumption 1) of
a Newtonian fluid (Assumption 2)
Step 2: Choose the coordinate system
Cartesian coordinate system is chosen

in Cartesian coordinates
Continuity:
Navier-Stokes:
x - component:
y - component:
z - component:
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an infinite

channel with stationery plates
- fully developed plane Poiseuille flow
Fixed plate
y
z
2a
Fixed plate
Step 3: Decide upon the functional dependence of the

velocity components
x direction:
y direction:
u = function of (t, x, y, z)
v = function of (t, x, y, z)
z direction:
w = function of (t, x, y, z)
(1)
Assumption (3): steady flow and therefore no change in time

Assumption (4): infinite channel and therefore nothing
happens in z-direction
Assumption (5): fully developed flow and therefore no change
in the flow direction (that is, x-direction)
Using the above 3 assumptions, we reduce (1) to the following:
x direction:
y direction:
u = function of (y)
v = function of (y)
z direction:
w=0
(2)
Step 4: Use the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates
v
=0
y
u v w
+
+
=0
x y z
v = constant
v=0
or
Flow geometry shows that vv can not

be a constant, and therefore we choose
Fixed plate
v=0
2a
Fixed plate
The functional dependence of the velocity components

therefore reduces to
x direction:
u = function of (y)
(3)
y direction:
v=0
z direction:
w=0
Step 5: Using the N-S equation, we get

x - component:
y - component:
z - component:
N-S equation therefore reduces to

p
2u
x - component:
+ 2 + g x = 0
x
y
p
y - component:
+ g y = 0
y
z - component:
p
+ g z = 0
z
Ignoring gravitational effects, we get

x - component:
y - component:
z - component:
p
2u
+ 2 =0
x
y
(4)
=0
y
p is not a function of y
=0
z
p is not a function of z
p is a function
of x only
Rewriting (4), we get
2 u 1 p
=
2
y
x
(5)
p is a function of x only and is a constant and

therefore RHS is a function of x only
u is a function of y only and therefore LHS is a
function of y only
Therefore (5) gives, function of (y) = function of (x) = constant
p
It means p =
x
= constant
That is, pressure gradient in the x-direction is a constant.

LHS = left hand side of the equation
RHS = right hand side of the equation
Rewriting (5), we get
2 u 1 p p
=
=
2
y
x
(6)
p
where p =
is the constant pressure gradient in the x-direction
x
Since u is only a function of y, the partial derivative becomes an
ordinary derivative.
Therefore, (5) becomes
d 2u
p
=
2
dy
(7)
Integrating (6), we get
p y 2
u=
+ C1 y + C 2
2
(8)
where C1 and C2 are constants to be

determined using the boundary
conditions given below:
u=0
u=0
at
at
y=a
y = a
no-slip
boundary
condition
y=a
Fixed plate
y
x
2a
y = a
Fixed plate
Substituting the boundary conditions in (8), we get
C1 = 0
and
p a 2
C2 =
2
Therefore, (8) reduces to
p 2
(
u=
a y 2 ) Parabolic
velocity profile
2
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an

infinite channel with one plate moving at uniform velocity
- fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow
p y 2
u=
+ C1 y + C 2
2
(8)
where C1 and C2 are constants to be

determined using the boundary
conditions given below:
u =U
u=0
at
at
y=a
y = a
no-slip
boundary
condition
y=a
Moving plate
at velocity U
2a
y = a
Fixed plate
Substituting the boundary conditions in (8), we get

U
C1 =
2a
and
U p a 2
C2 = +
2
2
Therefore, (8) reduces to

Parabolic velocity profile
p 2
U
2
(
(a + y ) is super imposed on a
u=
a y )+
2
2a
linear velocity profile
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an

infinite channel with one plate moving at uniform velocity
- fully developed plane Couette-Poiseuille flow
u=
p 2
U
(
(a + y )
a y2 )+
2
2a
If zero pressure gradient is maintained

in the flow direction, then p = 0.
y=a
Moving plate
at velocity U
y
x
2a
y = a
Fixed plate
Therefore, we get
u=
U
(a + y ) Linear velocity profile
2a
Point to remember:
- Pressure gradient gives parabolic profile
- Moving wall gives linear profile

Steady, fully developed, laminar, incompressible flow of a

Newtonian fluid down an inclined plane under gravity
Exercise 1:
Show that, for steady, fully developed laminar
flow down the slope (shown in the figure), the
Navier-Stokes equations reduces to
d 2u
g
=
sin
2
dy
where u is the velocity in the x-direction, is the density, is

the dynamic viscosity, g is acceleration due to gravity, and is
the angle of the plane to the horizontal.
Solve the above equation to obtain the velocity profile u and obtain the
expression for the volumetric flow rate for a flowing film of thickness d.
Exercise 2:
If there is another solid boundary instead of the free-surface at y = d and the
flow occurs with no pressure gradient, what will be the volumetric flow rate?
Step 1: Choose the equation to describe the flow

Navier-Stokes equation is already chosen since the system considered
is incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid.
Step 2: Choose the coordinate system
Cartesian coordinate system is already chosen.
Step 3: Decide upon the functional dependence of

the velocity components
x direction :
y direction :
z direction :
u = function (t , x, y , z )
v = function (t , x, y , z )
w = function (t , x , y , z )
(1)
Steady, fully developed flow and therefore no change in time and in the flow
direction. Channel is not bounded in the z-direction and therefore nothing
happens in the z-direction.
x direction :
u = function ( y )
y direction :
z direction :
v = function ( y )
w=0
(2)
v
=0
y
u v w
+
+
=0
x y z
v = constant
or
Flow geometry shows that vv can not

be a constant, and therefore we choose
v=0
v
z
v=0

x direction:
u = function of (y)
(3)
y direction:
v=0
z direction:
w=0

x - component:
y - component:
z - component:

p
2u
x - component:
+ 2 + g x = 0
x
y
p
y - component:
+ g y = 0
y
z - component:
p
+ g z = 0
z
No applied pressure gradient to drive the flow. Flow is

driven by gravity alone. Therefore, we get
x - component:
y - component:
z - component:
2u
= gx
2
y
d 2u
g
=
sin
2
dy
p
= g y = g cos
y
=0
z
p is not a function of z
(4)
What was
asked to be
derived in
Exercise 1

Exercise 1:
Navier-Stokes equation reduces to
d 2u
g
=
sin
2
dy
done

Exercise 2:
d 2u
g
=
sin
2
dy
(4)
z
Equation (4) is a second order equation in u with

respect to y. Therefore, we require two boundary
conditions (BC) of u with respect to y.
BC 1:
BC 2:
At y = 0, u = 0
At y = d, du = 0
(no-slip boundary condition)
(free-surface boundary condition)
dy
Integrating equation (4), we get
Applying BC 2, we get
du g
=
sin y + A
dy
A =
sin d

Combining equations (5) and (6), we get
(5)
(6)
du g
=
sin (d y )
dy
(7)
z
d
y2
+ B
sin dy
Integrating equation (7), we get u =
2

Applying BC 1, we get
B=0
(8)
(9)
y2
Combining equations (8) and (9), we get u =
sin dy
2

(10)

Exercise 1:
Navier-Stokes equation reduces to
d 2u
g
=
sin
2
dy
done

Exercise 2:
done

d 2u
g
=
sin
2
dy
(4)
Equation does not change.

BCs change.
z
BC 1:
At y = 0, u = 0

d
BC 2:
At y = d, du = 0
(free-surface boundary condition)
dy
u=0
du g
=
sin y + A
dy
g
y2
sin
+ Ay + B
Integrating equation (12), we get u =

2
d
sin

2
Applying the BCs in (13), we get B = 0 and A =
(12)
(13)
Therefore, equation (13) becomes
g
dy y 2
u =
sin
2

2
(14)
Volumetric flow rate through one unit width fluid

film along the z-direction is given by
z
d
Q = u dy
0
g
dy y 2
Q =
sin dy
2
2
0
d
g
dy
g
d 3 d 3 gd 3
y
=
Q =
sin
sin =
sin
6 0
6 12

4
4
2
(15)
Summary of Exercises 1 and 2
Gravity flow through two planes
Free surface gravity flow
z
d
y2
u =
sin dy
2

gd 3
Q=
sin
3
(10)
(11)
g
dy y 2
u =
sin
2

2
gd 3
Q=
sin
12
(14)
(15)

Newtonian fluid down a vertical plane under gravity
Exercise 3:
A viscous film of liquid draining down the side of a wide
vertical wall is shown in the figure. At some distance down
the wall, the film approaches steady conditions with fully
developed flow. The thickness of the film is d. Assuming that
the atmosphere offers no shear resistance to the motion of
the film, obtain an expression for the velocity distribution
across the film and show that
3Q
d =
(1 / 3 )
where is the kinematic viscosity of the liquid, Q is the

volumetric flow rate per unit width of the plate and g is
acceleration due to gravity.

Newtonian fluid over a porous plate sucking the fluid
Exercise 4:
An incompressible, viscous fluid (of kinematic viscosity ) flows between
two straight walls at a distance h apart. One wall is moving at a constant
velocity U in x-direction while the other is at rest as shown in the figure. The
flow is caused by the movement of the wall. The walls are porous and a
steady uniform flow is imposed across the walls to create a constant d u = V du
dy
dy
velocity V through the walls. Assuming fully developed flow, show that the
velocity profile is given by
2
u=
1 exp(Vy / )
U
1 exp(Vh / )
Also, show that

(i) u approaches Uy/h for small V, and
(ii) u approaches U exp[ V (h y ) / ] for very
large Vh/.
V
U
h
Step 1: Choose the equation to describe the flow done

Step 2: Choose the coordinate system done
Step 3: Decide upon the functional dependence of the velocity components
Steady, fully developed flow and therefore no change in time and in the flow
direction. Channel is not bounded in the z-direction and therefore nothing
happens in the z-direction.
x direction :
u = function ( y )
y direction :
z direction :
v = function ( y )
w=0
(1)
u v w
+
+
=0
x y z
v
=0
y
v = constant or v = 0
v =V
U
h

x direction:
u = function of (y)
(2)
y direction:
v=V
z direction:
w=0

x - component:
y - component:
z - component:

x - component:
y - component:
z - component:
2u
u
p
V
+ 2
=
y
y
x
p
= g
y
p
=0
z
No applied pressure gradient to drive the flow. Flow is caused by the

movement of the wall. Therefore, we get
x - component:
d 2 u V du
=
2
dy
dy
(3)
V
U
h
d 2 u V du
du
V
=
=
where
=
dy 2 dy
dy
(3)
Equation (3) is a second order equation in u with respect to y. Therefore,

we require two boundary conditions (BC) of u with respect to y.
BC 1:
At y = 0, u = 0
BC 2:
At y = h, u = U


du
= exp(y + A)
dy
u=
(4)
(5)
exp(y + A) + B
Applying the BCs in equation (5), we get
0=
U=
exp( A) + B
exp(h + A) + B
(6)
(7)
From equations (6) and (7), we get
exp( A) =
U
exp(h ) 1
B=
exp( A) =
U
exp(h ) 1
Substituting the above in equation (5), we get
u=
U
U
1 exp(y )
exp(y )
=
U
exp(h ) 1
exp(h ) 1 1 exp(h )
u=
1 exp(Vy / )
U
1 exp(Vh / )
(8)
V
U
h
u=
1 exp(Vy / )
U
1 exp(Vh / )
(8)
(i) For small V, expand exp(Vy/) and exp(Vh/) using Taylor series as follows:
(Vy / ) 2 (Vy / ) 2
+
+ K
1 1 + (Vy / ) +
3!
2!
U
u=
(Vh / ) 2 (Vh / ) 2
1 1 + (Vh / ) +
+
+ K
2!
3!
For small V, we can ignore the terms with power. We then get
Vy /
y
u=
U= U
Vh /
h
V
U
Could you recognize the above profile?
u=
1 exp(Vy / )
U
1 exp(Vh / )
(8)
For very large Vh/, exp(Vh/) goes to infinity. Therefore. Divide equation (8) by
exp(Vh/). We then get
u=
exp( Vh / ) exp(Vy / ) exp( Vh / )

exp( Vh / ) 1
For very large Vh/, exp(-Vh/) goes to zero. Therefore, we get
exp(Vy / ) exp( Vh / )
u=
U
( 1)
u = U exp[ V (h y ) / ]
U
h
Thanks

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Dr. S. P.

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN FLUID

Review of basic fluid mechanics and the governing

Review of basic fluid mechanics and the governing

Review of basic fluid mechanics and the governing

A scalar field p (represents the fluid pressure)

fluid density (d) and fluid viscosity (v)

Recalling vector operations

Path Lines, Streamlines, and Stream Functions

A streamline is defined as a line drawn in the flow at a

All fluid mechanics is based on the conservation

laws for mass, momentum, and energy.

Fig. 1 Mass conservation of a volume fixed in space.

The rate of mass flow out of the volume is the

because u dA is the outward flux through an area

Eq. (1) is the integral form of the law for a

Eq. (1) then becomes

The aforementioned relation holds for any volume,

point, then we could choose a small volume around

which is called the continuity equation and expresses

The equation can be written in several other forms.

the equation of continuity becomes

The derivative D/Dt is the rate of change of density

The continuity equation (3) can be rewritten for

Eq. (4) is valid irrespective of whether or not the flow is

Fig. 2 Surface stresses on an element moving with the flow.

where dV is the volume of the element.

where we have used the symmetry property ij = ji .

Let g be the body force per unit mass, so that g is

This is the equation of motion relating acceleration

The equation of motion for a Newtonian fluid is

Where, we have noted that (p/xj )ij = p/xi . Eq. (7)

Viscosity in Eq. (7) can be a function of the

For incompressible fluids u

If viscous effects are negligible, which is generally found to

for incompressible (constant density) flow

where u is the velocity vector

u, v, w are velocities in x, y, and z directions

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow of

- derived from conservation of momentum

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow of

- derived from conservation of momentum

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow of

- derived from conservation of momentum

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow of

- derived from conservation of momentum

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow of

- derived from conservation of momentum

viscosity (constant) controlled

velocity diffusion term:

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow of

- derived from conservation of momentum

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow of

- derived from conservation of momentum

Body force term:

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible flow of

- derived from conservation of momentum

Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations

Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations

Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an infinite

Step 1: Choose the equation to describe the flow

Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations

Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an infinite