JAZZ HISTORY STUDY

-Most frequent saxophones: alto and tenor

-Swing is groove basic to jazz
Two-beat style

Bassist playing on the first anad third of

every 4 beats

walk style every beat

Coleman hawkins first important tenor sax
Basie's notable soloist was Lester Young
- An excellent sense of tempo
- The ability to keep time and swing consistently without using a hard driving, pressured
approach
- Quiet, relaxed playing, which conveyed a feeling on ease
- Placing a fairly even amount of stress on each beat instead of every other beat
- Emphasis on bouyancy rather than intensity
The first rhythm section in jazz history

that consistently swung in a smooth,

relaxed way

Coleman hawkins heavy tone and fast vibrato

young fresher and smoothly swinging
james p johnson - Youve Got to Be Modernistic, Carolina Shout, and Charleston
whiteman symphonic jazz
Count Basie - Bessie Smith & Clara Smith and played with the Blue Devils before becoming a
band leader. Established a comping piano style that would influence many generations of
pianists. The bands renowned soloists include Ben Webster, Coleman Hawkins, Lester
Young, etc.
Chick webb - Drummer whose style of driving a big band was second to none and who led
one of the most significant bands in Harlem. Got his big break when Duke Ellington got him
an opening at the Black Bottom Club. Found Ella Fitzgerald at the Apollo (amateur night) and
hired her on the spot.
Duke Ellington - Became the most celebrated jazz orchestra composer/leader in the world.
Moved his very steady bands (little turnover) through many developmental transformations
and took the jazz orchestra into symphonic directions while always maintaining the tradition.
Did not follow the riff style, but set new standards on almost all levels of the big band
phenomenon (soloists = bass in melodic role).

Dizzy Gillespie autumn leaves

Benny Goodman
This bandleader's appearance in

Carnegie Hall in 1938 helped to

cement the respectability of jazz in
America:

Harlem swing dancing Savoy Ballroom

Which big band leader's style of arranging became the standard for other swing arrangers
Fletcher Henderson
Benny Goodman clarinet, no bass in rhythm section
New Orleans polyphonic
swing bands homophonic
avant garde - polyphonic
Fletcher Henderson model for Duke Ellington
Boogie Woogie twelve Bar blues
Who was Billy Strayhorn?

Duke Ellington's co-composer; he wrote

"Take the 'A' Train"

Count Bassie's first hit One o'clock jump

Count Basie's big band first played in Kansas City
Ella Fitzgerald hired by Chick Webb
Modern Jazz quartet third stream ensembl
Sonny Rollins tenor sax
JJ Johnson trombone
George Russell modalism influenced avant-garde
Most performed jazz composer after Duke Ellington Thelonious Monk
Gil Evans composed sax solo for cannonball adderly
Miles Davis began playing with Charlie Parker
New Historicism jazz must be viewed in context
new criticism no context
mainstream musicians between traditional jazz and modernity
in 60's included bop
in 70's included acoustic

Wynton Marsalis Lincoln Center Orchestra > jazz repertory

Marsalis historicisim -- low jazz sales
jazz could not keep up with new technologies
Mahavishnu provided model for jazz fusion over bitches brew
b3 hammond allows bass lines Jimmy Smith
45 hits
33 more mature listeners
Ornette Coleman melodic and emotion filled
Coltrane referee between bop and avant-gare
Avant garde paradoxes influenced establisehd musicians more inclusive durable as
mainstream jazz
Miles Davis Walkin first hardbop song
Monk only had 1 mainstream piece
- not accepted during life
George Russel relationship between chords and melody modalism
bebop not part of jazz
Kenny Clarke klook
Monk spotted Bud Powell at Minton's playhouse
1940's bebop marketed as popular music and more popular than swing
string bass replaced tuba in swing era
guitar replaced banjo
whites were outsiders in swing era jazz community
Artie shaw was benny goodman's rival
Jimmie Lunceford high school disciplinarian, high shool music teacher
Glenn Miller bandleader for Goodman
Cab Calloway rising figure minnie the moocher played savoy ballroom
-replaced Duke Ellington
Louis Armstrong social music art
Singing: introduced a jazz vocal style using

scat, loose phrasing with lyrics, which

influenced later vocal stars such as Bing
Crosby and Billie Holliday.
Repertory: created masterworks based on Tin
Pan Alley songs, not just original New Orleans
themes, showing that jazz could expand
musically and commercially.
Rhythm: introduced swinging into the
mainstream expectation of jazz.
Singing: introduced a jazz vocal style using
scat, loose phrasing with lyrics, which
influenced later vocal stars such as Bing
Crosby and Billie Holliday.
Repertory: created masterworks based on Tin
Pan Alley songs, not just original New Orleans
themes, showing that jazz could expand
musically and commercially.
Rhythm: introduced swinging into the
mainstream expectation of jazz.
-

The Hot Fives and Hot Sevens

These were important recordings in

that they
mark:
The change from polyphony to showcasing
soloists.
The move from embellishments to
improvisation.
The move from breaks to full chorus solos or
more.
The move from multiple ragtime-like strains to
single-theme choruses of pop songs and blues.
Earl Hines recorded with hot 5's and 7's
Beiderbecker New Orleans style of playing cornet
Hawkins adapted Louis Armstrong's ability to saxophone
Rhythm and blues loss of interest in Satchmo

New York arabian nights from duke ellington

Paul Whiteman king of jazz