CC-Rwanda Country Mapping-FINAL

REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA)
Integrating Climate Change Finance into

SLM Investment Strategies
Rwanda Country
Mapping
Prepared by EcoSecurities Consulting and Best Associated

Consultants (BAC)
Final Version
June 2011
Rwanda Country Mapping
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European
Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official
opinion of the European Union.
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Table of contents
1
Introduction ........................................................................................................ 6
1.1
Background: climate change and land degradation in Rwanda ............................... 6
1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 8
Analysis of the current situation in Rwanda ................................................... 9

2.1
Policies and programmes in place to address climate change and land degradation9
2.2
Current investment flows to climate change mitigation and adaptation projects in the
agriculture, rural and land use sector ................................................................................28
2.3
Identification of opportunities and barriers to funding mitigation and adaptation
projects in Rwanda ...........................................................................................................32
Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................. 36

3.1
How to overcome the implementation barriers of mitigation and adaptation activities
relevant to the AFOLU sector in Rwanda ..........................................................................36
3.2
Where the Government of Rwanda could focus efforts to develop climate change
projects benefiting SLM ....................................................................................................38
References........................................................................................................ 43
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List of Acronyms
ADB/AfDB
AFOLU
BAC
BAD
CDM
DFID
DNA
EDPRS
EC
EICV
FAO
FCD
FONERWA
GHG
GEF
GoR
IDA
IFAD
IMF
ISAR
MINALOC
MINAGRI
MINECOFIN
MINELA
MINIFOM
MININFRA
MINIRENA
MINITERE
NAFA
NAP
NAPA
NGOs
NLC
ODA
OGMR
PRSP
RARDA
RADA
RAP
REMA
RHODA
SLM
SRAP
UN
UNCCD
UNICEF
UNDP
African Development Bank

Agriculture, Forestry and Landuse
Best Associated Consultants
Banque Africaine de Dveloppment
Clean Development Mechanism
Department for International Development
Designated National Authority
Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy
European Commission
Enqute Intgrale sur les Conditions de vie des Mnages
Food and Agriculture Organization
Focus Group Discussion
Fonds National de lEnvironnement au Rwanda
Greenhouse Gases
Global Environmental Facility
Government of Rwanda
International Development Agency
International Fund for Agricultural Development
International Monetary Fund
Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda
Ministry of Local Government Community Development and Social
Affairs
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
Ministry of Economic Planning and Finance
Ministry of Environment and Land
Ministry of Forestry and Mines
Ministry of Infrastructure
Ministry of Natural Resources
Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry , Water and Mines
National Forestry Authority
Nation al Action Plan to combat Desertification and Land Degradation
in Rwanda
National Adaptation Programmes of Action
Non Governmental Organizations
National Land Centre
Overseas development assistance
Office de Gologie et Mines du Rwanda
Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme
Rwanda Animal Resources Development Authority
Rwanda Agricultural Development Authority
Regional Action Plan
Rwanda Environment Management Authority
Rwanda Horticulture Development Authority
Sustainable Land Management
Sub- regional Action Programme
United Nations
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
United Nations Childrens Fund
United Nations Development Programme
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UNEP
UNFCCC
USAID
USD
WB
United Nations Environment Programme

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
United States Agency for International Development
United States Dollars
World Bank
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1 Introduction
The Government of Rwanda ratified the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD) in October 1998 and is elaborating its National Action Programme to Combat
Desertification (NAP), which has been validated in November 2009. In support of the future
implementation of the NAP/UNCCD, the Global Mechanism of the UNCCD and the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) are supporting the Government of Rwanda in the
elaboration of an Integrated Financing Strategy (IFS) for Sustainable Land Management
(SLM) in Rwanda. The IFS aims at identifying and assessing all possible sources of finance
that can strengthen NAP implementation. The present report contributes to this process by
assessing the availability of climate change finance for SLM and NAP implementation.
1.1
Background: climate change and land degradation in Rwanda
Rwanda is a small landlocked mountainous country in Central Africa, bordered by Uganda,
Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It extends over just 26,338 km2,
and is home to an estimated 9 million people, which makes it the most densely populated
country in Africa. Despite recently enjoying strong economic growth rates (USAID, 2008),
Rwanda ranks 152nd of 169 countries according UNDPs 2010 Human Development report
(UNDP, Human Development Report 2010. The real wealth of nations: pathways to human
development, 2010). Nearly 90% of the population relies on subsistence agriculture and the
majority of the population lives on less than USD 1.25 a day (UNDP, Human Development
Report 2010. The real wealth of nations: pathways to human development, 2010). The four
major causes of poverty in Rwanda bear a direct link with the environment. These have been
identified as follows(Ubudehe Survey,2006).
Causes
% Share of Respondents
Lack of land
Poor soils
Drought/weather
Lack of livestock
49.5
10.9
8.7
6.5
Lack of land, soil infertility and lack of livestock are a direct result of population pressure,
land degradation and soil erosions, and are further exacerbated by changing weather
conditions linked to climatic changes already being observed in the country.
1.1.1
Climate change in Rwanda
Rwanda contributes to 5, 010.4GgCO2e (UNFCCC, Emissions Summary for Rwanda, 2005,

Second National Communication) of global GHG emissions, if greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and removals resulting from the forestry sector are not taken into account. The
agriculture sector is the greatest contributor to these emissions (78%), followed by the
energy (17,8%), industrial processes (3%), waste (0.9%) and land use and forestry (0.2%)
sectors. The forestry sector results in a net absorption of 8545 Gg CO2e. Hence, Rwandas
overall contribution to global GHG emissions is negative at 3534.6 Gg CO2e (UNFCCC,
Emissions Summary for Rwanda, 2005, Second National Communication).
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Despite not contributing to climate change, Rwanda is already experiencing its adverse
impacts. Average yearly temperatures have increased by 0.9C between 1971 (19.8C) and
2007 (20.7C) (REMA, 2010). Climate-related shocks like drought and flooding are becoming
more regular and are all the more severe as the majority of the population relies on smallscale agriculture and ecosystem services for their livelihoods. The Eastern and South
Eastern regions (Nyagatare, Gatsibo, Bugesera ,Kamonyi and Ruhango Districts) have been
severely affected by prolonged droughts, while the Northern and Western regions (Musanze,
Gakenke, Burera, Nyabihu, Nyaruguru and Gicumbi Districts) have been experiencing
excessive rainfall resulting in erosion, flooding and landslides (Twagiramungu, 2006). These
extreme climate events have had a devastating effect on agricultural productivity. In the 2008
harvests, for instance, the droughts destroyed just-planted seeds and in some cases delayed
planting so much that crops then became highly vulnerable to dry spells late in the season in
a way that affected their productivity (REMA, Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook,
2009).
Rwanda signed the United Nations Framework Convention to Combat Climate Change
(UNFCCC) in 1995 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2004. It ratified the UNFCCC in August 1998
and the Kyoto Protocol in February 2006.
1.1.2 Land degradation in Rwanda
Heavy soil loss is one of the key contributors to land degradation in Rwanda. About half of
Rwandas farm land has shown evidence of modest to severe erosion (REMA, Rwanda State
of Environment and Outlook, 2009). Overall the country is estimated to be losing 1.4 million
tones of soil per year. Soils are exhausted by continuous farming by farmers who have
limited, if any alternatives. Soil loss has a significant impact on the productivity of the land
and can result in farm land turning into waste land. It is estimated that about 40,000 people
every year are food insecure as a direct effect of soil erosion (REMA, Rwanda State of
Environment and Outlook, 2009).
Prevailing agricultural practices on the slopes of the hills and deforestation also result in land
degradation and soil erosion. About 40% of Rwandas land is classified as having a very high
erosion risk with about 37% requiring soil retention measures before cultivation and only
23.4% of the countrys lands not prone to erosion (FAO, Accessed Nov 2010). While it is
recommended that land areas on slopes greater than 5% need erosion control, the reality in
Rwanda is that crops are grown wherever possible, including slopes as steep as 55%. Over
86% of the agricultural land is equipped with anti-erosion techniques, such as protective
grass strips. The province with the highest anti- erosion techniques is Northern Province
leading at around 93.1%, followed by Southern Province at 92.3%, then by the Western
Province at 87.5%, Eastern at 80.06% and Kigali City comes last at 79.8%.
The lack of a human settlement development framework has also resulted in increased land
degradation. Residential areas in urban centres have expanded, with land being poorly
managed resulting in environmental degradation. Domestic and industrial energy demands
have also indirectly contributed to soil erosion and land degradation - much of the countrys
energy requirements are met by crop residues and fuel wood. The use of crop residues limits
the extent to which they can be used to conserve soil moisture and fertility. Deforestation on
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the other hand leads to extensive soil erosion and in some instances floods and landslides
(REMA, Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook, 2009).
Rwanda signed the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in June
1995 and ratified it in October 1998. The Convention entered into force in January 1999.
Rwanda has recently prepared its National Action Programme (NAP) under the UNCCD (see
Section 2.1.1). The NAP will form a key part to UNCCD implementation in Rwanda, and, as
explained in more detail in the following chapter, its strong inter-linkages with climate change
make it an even more useful tool towards the sustainable management of natural resources.
1.1.3 Linkages between climate change and land degradation in Rwanda
The correlation between climate change and land degradation in Rwanda is clear. Climate
change threatens marginal lands by increasing the risk of degradation and desertification.
Moreover land degradation, particularly from unsustainable agricultural and land
management practices and deforestation is a major contributor to increased atmospheric
GHG concentrations that are responsible for human-induced climate change. An increase in
extreme weather events, such as droughts and heavy rains, resulting from global warming
leads to further land degradation and this desertification process affects the climate.
A number of areas exist that offer an opportunity for a synergistic approach to tackling
climate change (mitigation and adaptation) and land degradation in Rwanda. These primarily
relate to:
Forestry (e.g. reforestation, avoided deforestation and sustainable forest
management),
Sustainable land management (SLM) and agriculture;
Sustainable rural energy provision, such as through fuel-switching and energy
efficiency at the community level, and the use of biofuels; and
Adaptation through enhancing ecosystem resilience and its capacity to adjust to
changes.
1.2 Objectives
The objectives of this report can be summarized as follows:
Identify policies and programmes that address climate change and land degradation
in Rwanda;
Map current investment flows to climate change mitigation and adaptation projects in
the agriculture, rural and land use sector in Rwanda;
Identify specific opportunities and barriers to funding mitigation and adaptation
projects in Rwanda;
Analyse how barriers to implementation of mitigation and adaptation activities can be
overcome; and
Outline specific roles that the GM can play to help increase Rwandas access to
climate change financing.
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2 Analysis of the current situation in Rwanda

2.1
Policies and programmes in place to address climate change and land

degradation
2.1.1 Linkages between NAPA, NAP and EDPRS

National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) were established by the Parties to the
UNFCCC when negotiating the adaptation funds. NAPAs provide a process for countries to
identify priority activities that respond to their urgent and immediate needs with regards to
adaptation to climate change. In their NAPAs, countries tend to focus on adaptive capacity to
climate variability. Rwanda published its NAPA in 2006.
National Action Programmes (NAP) are one of the key instruments for the implementation of
the UNCCD. They are developed in the framework of a participatory approach involving the
local communities. Rwanda has elaborated its NAP, which has been validated in November
2009 and is currently at approval stage with the Cabinet (the latest draft NAP has been
referred to in this report).
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) are documents required by the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank before a country can be considered for debt relief
with the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) programme. Poverty reduction papers are
prepared by the member countries through a participatory process involving domestic
stakeholders and external development partners, including the World Bank and IMF. PRSPs
describe the countrys macroeconomic, structural and social policies and programmes over a
three-year or longer period to promote broad-based growth and reduce poverty (IMF, 2010).
Rwanda published its second PRSP, which Rwanda, in agreement with the World Bank,
renamed as Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS), for the
period 2008 2012 in 2007. In the EDPRS, Rwanda has integrated climate change issues,
especially NAPA elements, as key aspects of the programme.
A comparison of Rwandas NAPA, NAP and EDPRS is provided in Table 1.
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Table 1: Comparison of Rwandas NAPA, NAP and EDPRS

NAPA
NAP
EDPRS
Guiding
Help Rwanda define urgent and
Contribute to the sustainable
Provide a medium-term framework
principle(s)
immediate adaptation priority activities
management of natural resources for
for achieving Rwandas long-term
to climate change in order to obtain
sustained socio-economic
development goals and
funds from GEF or other donors for
development.
aspirations.
their implementation.
Objectives
Evaluate present vulnerabilities to

climate change considering the
stakeholders and partners to ensure
socio-economic aspects and land
sustainable development and the
use that exacerbate these
rational use of natural resources;
vulnerabilities;
Identify the most vulnerable

groups of population, regions and
sectors;
Reinforce capacities of local
Objectives embodied in three

flagship programmes:
Sustainable Growth for Jobs

and Exports aims to make the
Rehabilitate all areas affected by
Rwandan business
desertification and land
environment the most
degradation;
competitive in the region,
Improve the enforcement of existing
thereby laying the foundations
Determine priority adaptation
laws and formulate new ones to
for strong private sector growth
options and define their profiles;
manage natural resources
in the future;
Select urgent and immediate

activities and projects to be
implemented.
appropriately;
Identify and adopt alternatives to

lessen natural resource
degradation.
Vision 2020 Umurenge aims

to eradicate extreme poverty by
2020;
Governance aims to improve

governance in several areas,
including maintaining peace
and security, strengthening
good relationships with all
countries, promoting unity and
reconciliation among
Rwandans, performing reforms
of the justice system. And
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NAPA
NAP
EDPRS
empowering citizens to
participate and own their social,
political and economic
development in respect of
rights and civil liberties.
Proposed
1. Conservation and protection of
Reinforcement of the political,
priority
lands against erosion and floods at
legislative and institutional
projects/areas
district level in vulnerable regions;
framework to favour environmental
2. Mastering hydro meteorological
protection;
information and early warning
Rational planning and use of land;
systems for control of climate
Sustainable planning and management
change hazards;
3. Realisation of round irrigation
perimeters from water flows in
vulnerable regions;
4. Assistance to districts of
vulnerable regions to plan and
implement conservation measures
of forests;
Rational management of water
resources;
Rational exploitation of mines and
quarries
Improvement in agricultural techniques
and of farming on slopes ;
and water storage;
Reinforcement of the implementation
5. Increase the capacity of
of the national programme for
adaptation of villages imidugudu

in vulnerable regions through
improvement of drinking water and
sanitation and alternative energy
services and promotion of nonagricultural activities;
6. Increase modes of food
distribution and health support to
face extreme climate phenomena;
N/A
grouped housing;
Promotion of sources of energy other
than wood;
Creation of jobs to help the fight
against poverty;
Reinforcement of the recycling
programme for domestic and
industrial waste;
International, regional and sub-regional
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NAPA
7. Preparation and implementation of
woody combustible substitution
national strategy to combat
NAP
EDPRS
cooperation;
Research and system for postevaluation.
deforestation and put a brake on

erosion due to climate change.
Funding
See Table 5
mechanisms
Fonds National pour lEnvironnement

au Rwanda (FONERWA) to be
established
Traditional sources of financing, e.g.
Combination of domestic tax

and non-tax revenues
Grants
External borrowing
GEF, UN organizations, NGOs, and

possibly some of the initiatives
given in Table 5.
Timelines
2007 - 2012
2009 - 2018
2008 - 2012
(project
implementation)
Source: MINITERE, 2006, MINIRENA, 2009, IMF, 2008
While Rwandas NAPA, NAP and EDPRS address different topics and have different priorities, a number of synergies can be
identified, in line with the common overarching objectives of all the three, which is to foster sustainable development in Rwanda.
These synergies include the promotion of off farm activities, support to the integrated water management system, fight against
erosion, promotion of zero grazing, increasing forest cover, effort to reduce wood deficit, developing alternative energy sources,
developing integrated information management system and support to ecosystem rehabilitation. These priorities are intended to
either help Rwandan to mitigate or adapt to effects of climate change. The NAPA, NAP and EDPRS are implemented by national
institutions under different sector policies and strategies, programmes and projects depending on their responsibilities and
mandates. Although sustainable Land Management activities in Rwanda are implemented by a number of ministries and
agencies, the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI) is the lead institution as it is the one mandated to handle
land issues and is responsible for the provision of strategic orientation and policy formulation in the area of SLM. Major
stakeholders involved in the SLM aspects and their respective roles are summarized in Table 2 below.
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Table 2: Mapping of Key Stakeholders and their roles and responsibilities in SLM
Key Stakeholders
MINELA
MINAGRI
MININFRA
MINALOC
MINECOFIN
MINIFOM
REMA
RADA
Role in SLM
Prepare and ensure the follow up and evaluation of policies, strategies for rational exploitation and efficient land
management, Environment, Water Resources and evaluate their implementation
Prepare draft bills and establish norms and practices
Reinforce capacities of decentralised entities in matters of land management, Water Resources and Environment
Initiate, develop and manage suitable programs of transformation and modernization of agriculture and livestock to
ensure food security and to contribute to the national economy
Develop institutional and legal frameworks, national policies, strategies and master plans relating to transport,
energy, habitat and urbanism, meteorology, and water and sanitation subsectors
Initiate, develop and facilitate urban development programmes with a view to providing affordable shelter with due
regard to adequate water and sanitation facilities for the population and promote grouped settlement (Imidugudu)
Sensitization and involvement of decentralized structures and communities in the sustainable land management
Follow up and evaluation of the functioning of decentralised administration units and reinforcement of their
capacities
Coordination of the process of restructuring decentralised administrative units in order to improve their functioning,
synergy and their partnership with other institutions
Contribute to increase living standards of the population and human development within a sustainable
environment
Contribute to promote a fair and flexible labour market that rewards entrepreneurship and risk-taking behaviours
for economic development
Ensure an efficient and equitable tax and benefit system with incentives to work , save and invest in the
development of the country
Contribute to foster deep regional integration through openness to change as well as mobility of goods
Contribute to increase economic productivity, employment opportunities, investment climate, and quality public
investment
Prepare and ensure the follow up and evaluation of policies, strategies for rational exploitation and efficient mines
and forestry management and evaluate their implementation
Prepare draft bills and establish norms and practices
Reinforce capacities of decentralised entities in matters of mines and forestry management
Implement Government environmental policy
Advise the Government on policies, strategies and legislation related to the management of the environment as
well as the implementation of environment related international conventions
Contribute towards the growth of agricultural production through sustainable land and water management and soil
conservation
Implement the national agriculture policy
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Key Stakeholders
RARDA
NAFA
NLC
OGMR
ISAR
IRST
Role in SLM
Coordinate farmers activities and those of other agricultural stakeholders
Contribute towards sustainable animal production
Implement the national livestock policy
Coordinate farmers activities and those of other livestock stakeholders
Implement the national Policy on forestry and agro-forestry
Advise the Government on policies, strategies and legislation related to the management of the forestry as well as
the implementation of forestry related international conventions and protection of natural resources such as land,
water and forestry biodiversity
Support organs that are in charge of fighting erosion with the aim of safeguarding forestry
Provides a policy framework for land administration
Offers a legal framework for land tenure security.
Carries out registration and land use planning
Facilitate the establishment of environmental sound norms and standards for mining sector
Implement the national mining policy and strategies
Execute the national agricultural research and promote technologies in crops, livestock, forestry, agroforestry, land
conservation and water management
Coordinate research activities in crop and animal improvement, forestry, agroforestry, land and water
management
Collaborate with national, regional and international agencies with similar mandate.
Research and generating suitable technologies in energy, environment, health society and economy fields hence
contributing to the sustainable development of Rwanda
Source: Adapted from the Official Gazettes of the Republic of Rwanda.
Although the government funds a considerable number of SLM projects, most financing is done by bilateral and multilateral
donors. The major donors to SLM Projects per sector as agreed with the GoR are summarized in Table 3.
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Table 3: Donors funding per sector
Agriculture
Bilateral
Multilateral
Canada
EC
Japan
WB
United Kingdom
FAO (UN lead)
United States (US)
WFP
IFAD
Forestry, Land and Environment

Bilateral
Multilateral
Sweden
FAO
Belgium
UNDP (UN lead)
Germany
UNEP
UN HABITAT
WFP
Water and Sanitation

Bilateral
Multilateral
Japan
AfDB
Austria
UN HABITAT
UNICEF (UN lead)
WHO
Source: MINECOFIN, 2010
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2.1.2
Climate change mitigation and adaptation initiatives at the international

level relevant to Rwanda
A relatively large number of programs and initiatives exist that Rwanda can tap into to
improve its access to carbon markets. These include initiatives run by several funds, multilateral banks, UN agencies, NGOs and development agencies. Relevant initiatives generally
focus on project financing, policy dialogue and development, capacity building and technical
assistance, in the hope of catalyzing greater involvement in the carbon markets and
contribute to the further mitigation of GHG emissions. Presented below in Table 4 is a
summary of current initiatives and programs relevant to Rwanda with a focus on forestry,
SLM and sustainable rural energy.
Table 4: Summary of initiatives and programs relevant to Rwanda to improve its access to carbon
markets
Initiative
Description
Total size
Sectoral focus
Country focus
ACP-CD4CDM
Project aiming to
enable targeted
countries to fully
participate in the
carbon market
Facility for upfront
project financing and
capacity building
N/A
All sectors
eligible for the
carbon markets
12 African, Caribbean
and Pacific (ACP)
countries, including
Rwanda
2009 - 2011 USD

$7 million.
All sectors
eligible for the
carbon markets
Africa
Partnership for
support on policy,
public dialogue and
technical capacity
Ministerial level
authority for policy
development and
dialogue
Fund for project
financing
USD $15 million
REDD
10 COMIFAC member
1
countries
N/A
10 COMIFAC member
countries
Partnership for
information sharing
and policy dialogue
support for COMIFAC
International
organization
supporting capacity
building, policy
development and
pilot projects
Programme for
capacity building,
N/A
Sustainable
forest
management
and REDD
Forest
management,
community
livelihoods and
reduction in
rates of
deforestation
Sustainable
forest
management
and REDD
Carbon markets,
REDD
African Carbon
Asset
Development
(ACAD) Facility
Agence
Francaise de
Developpment
COMIFAC
Congo Basin
Forest Fund
Congo Basin
Forest
Partnership
GTZ
Norway
International
GBP 100 million
N/A
3 billion NOK /
year
REDD
10 COMIFAC member
countries
10 COMIFAC member
countries
Global
All countries with REDD

potential
COMIFAC member states include: Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Central African Republic (CAR),
Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, the Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC) and Chad
Page 16 of 45
Initiative
Description
Climate and
Forest Initiative
technical support,
project financing,
policy support and
research
Conservation funding,
policy support,
mapping
USAID - Central
African Regional
Program for the
Environment
(CARPE)
World Bank
BioCarbon Fund
Fund for project

financing
Total size
Sectoral focus
Country focus
N/A
Forest and
biodiversity
protection
Global
Tranche One
USD $53.8
million; Tranche
Two USD $38.1
million. Both
Tranches are
closed to new
fund participation
USD 562.1
pledged
Projects that
sequester or
conserve carbon
in forest and
agroecosystems
Global
REDD, SFM
Based on ODA
eligibility and active
MDB country
programme.
Global
World Bank
Forest
Investment
Program
WWF
Fund for project

financing
NGO focused on
capacity building,
awareness building,
policy development
and pilot projects
N/A
Forest and
biodiversity
protection,
REDD
MDG Carbon
Facility
Innovative means of
harnessing the vast
resources of the
carbon market in
order to bring longterm sustainable
development to a
more diverse share of
developing countries
N/A
Renewable
energy, energy
efficiency,
cleaner energy,
waste to energy,
fugitive emission
reductions
Global, focus on LDCs
Overall, Rwanda has access to nine initiatives and programmes aimed to increase countries
access to carbon markets2. Furthermore, there are a number of governmental and nongovernmental agencies active in Rwanda that have increased access to carbon markets as
part of their agenda. These include the AfD, COMIFAC, GTZ, USAID and WWF. While
access to carbon markets could still be improved, Rwanda is doing relatively well compared
to other African countries in terms of developing carbon project, especially when considering
its rather small geographical size.
Funding specific for adaptation to climate change activities is more recent than mitigation
funding and as such has received less attention than mitigation activities to date. Fewer
funds exist at the international level and therefore fewer opportunities to successfully finance
adaptation activities. Nonetheless, Table 5 provides an overview of initiatives that are
attempting to improve access to adaptation funding and that are relevant to Rwanda.
This may not be an exhaustive list, but certainly covers all major international mitigation funding and
support sources.
Page 17 of 45
Table 5. Summary of adaptation initiatives relevant to Rwanda

GEF Funds
Focus Areas
Volume
pledged
Status
Eligibility
Projects funded
in sub-region
Strategic
Priority for
Adaptation
(SPA)
Biological diversity,
climate change,
international waters,
land degradation
USD
$50m
Non-Annex 1
Rwanda receiving
funding as part of a
region-wide
initiative to
integrate
vulnerability and
adaptation to
climate change into
policy planning
Least
Developed
Countries
Fund
(LDCF)
Supports
implementation of
NAPAs
USD
$180m
(receiving
additional
pledges)
As of May
2008 all
funds have
been
allocated
(21
projects).
Program to
be
evaluated
USD
$36.8m
disbursed
(12
projects).
Open for
project
ideas.
Only NonAnnex 1 LDCs
Rwanda receiving
funding for the
preparation of their
NAPA and for a
project reducing
Vulnerability to
Climate Change by
Establishing Early
Warning and
Disaster
Preparedness
Systems
Special
Climate
Change
Fund
(SCCF)
Water, land
management,
agriculture, health,
infrastructure
development, fragile
ecosystems,
integrated coastal
zone management,
disaster risk
management and
prevention
Adaptation projects
and programs in
that are particularly
vulnerable to the
adverse effects of
climate change
USD
$90m
USD
$67.6m
disbursed
(17
projects).
Open for
project
ideas
Non-Annex 1
No projects funded
in Rwanda to date,
but Rwanda is
eligible to apply for
funding under the
SCCF
Expected
to receive
between
USD
$100
500
million by
2012
N/A
Over 5
million
CERs in
holding
account.
Not
operational
yet.
Funded 37
projects in
Africa since
April 2006.
Open for
project
ideas
Non-Annex 1
Only one project

(in Senegal) has
been approved
under the AF Fund
to date, but
Rwanda is eligible
to apply for funding
under the AF.
No projects funded
in Rwanda to date,
but Rwanda is
eligible to apply for
funding under the
CCAA.
Adaptation
Fund (AF)
Climate
Change
Adaptation
in Africa
(CCAA)
Research and
capacity
development
program aims to
significantly improve
the capacity of
African countries to
adapt to climate
change in ways that
benefit the most
Africa
Page 18 of 45
GEF Funds
Focus Areas
Volume
pledged
Status
Eligibility
Projects funded
in sub-region
USD
$247m
disbursed
so far in
9,500
grants.
Open for
project
ideas
N/A
Countries that
ratified both
the UNFCCC
and CBD
Three climate
change adaptation
projects funded in
Rwanda.
Low and
middle income
countries
Supported three
regional projects
including Rwanda
vulnerable
GEF Small
Grants
Programme
(SGP)
Activities of nongovernmental and

community-based
organizations in
in five focal areas
including adaptation
N/A
Global
Facility for
Disaster
Reduction
and
Recovery
(GFDRR)
Improve the ability of

low and middle
income countries to
respond and manage
disaster reduction
and recovery,
including adapting to
climate change
N/A
Overall, Rwanda has access to seven international adaptation initiatives3. Thanks to these
initiatives, Rwanda has so far been able to implement nine adaptation projects, of which four
are regional projects that also include Rwanda, one involved the development of Rwandas
NAPA and the remaining four address specific identified adaptation needs of the country.
Other sources of climate change adaptation funding that may become increasingly important
in the future include:
- Fast Start Fund established in the Copenhagen Accord and which has been adopted
in the Cancun Agreements, (USD 30 Billion from 2010 t0 2012 and USD 100 Billion
from now to 2020);
- Japanese African Adaptation Fund;
- Global Climate change Green Fund established by the UNFCCC COP and the
outcome of Cancun;
- Climate Change Green Fund for Africa established by AfDB.
2.1.3
Climate change mitigation and adaptation initiatives at the national level

in Rwanda
Rwanda has put in place a number of instruments that can be exploited to mitigate and adapt
to the effects of climate change. These instruments are categorized as either legal,
policy/strategy, institutional or programmes/projects.
This may not be an exhaustive list, but it covers all major international adaptation funding sources.
Page 19 of 45
Rwandas legal, policy/ strategy and institutional frameworks as well as

programmes/projects to climate change
Mitigation and Adaptation initiatives to climate change in Rwanda under legal, policy,
strategy and institutional frameworks contain provisions or give orientations that compel
various institutions to implement activities that translate into adaptation and mitigation to
climate change. These frameworks are summarized in Table 46.
Table 6. Summary of key legal, policy and institutional mitigation and adaptation
initiatives to climate change in Rwanda
Initiatives
Legal framework
Policy/strategy
instruments
Nature
Article 49 of Rwandan Constitution obliges both the Government and
Citizens to protect the environment.
The organic law on environment (law No4/2005) aims at protection,
conservation and sustainable management of the environment for welfare
of the population
The Land Law set guidelines that ensure sustainable land management
The Law on forestry protection calls for protection and conservation of
forests and sets punishments for people found destroying the forests.
Rwanda committed itself to the protection of environment internationally by
signing and ratifying International conventions namely the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, the KYOTO Protocol to the
Framework Convention on Climate change, Convention on persistent
organic pollutants, International Convention on the establishment of
international procedures agreed by states on commercial transactions of
agricultural pesticides and other poisonous products, Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous wastes and their
disposal , International Convention on Biological Diversity and its Habitat,
International Convention on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,
Biosafety to the Convention of Biological Biodiversity, International
Convention on Wetlands of International importance, especially as water
flow habitats and Convention on International Trade in endangered
species
Both Vision 2020 and Economic Development and Poverty Reduction
Strategy (EDPRS) priorities sustainable development, environment
protection and proper natural resource management through
Reducing the use of wood energy and improving energy efficiency
Promoting soil conservation and restoration of soil fertility
Liming of acid soils to reduce nitrogen emission into the air.
Reducing methane emissions into air through good livestock
practices
Increasing carbon sequestration on farmlands through better
management of residues and rehabilitation of degraded hillside
soils as well as practicing agro forestry.
Conserving critical ecosystems and maintain the functioning of
Page 20 of 45
Institutional
framework
smooth
coordination
environmental
issues/climate
change
for
of
forests and trees in the environment particularly in water catchment

areas.
Encouraging private sector by giving incentives for private
investment
in low carbon project(Low carbon policy,
implementation strategy and guidelines)
Optimum utilization, awareness raising and ensuring populations
participation in environmental activities
Mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation into
national policies and strategies(NAPA has already been
mainstreamed in Economic Development and Poverty Reduction
strategy)
Each of the above areas that facilitate adaptation and mitigation to
effects of climate change has an institution(s) responsible for
coordination, oversight and synergy; REMA-Environment(DNA),
Rwanda Natural Resource Board-Land, Water, Forestry and Mines,
Rwanda Agricultural Board-Agriculture and Livestock , ISAR and
IRST-Research
Within REMA, a directorate for climate change has been created
and is operational
Programmes/Projects
The Government of Rwanda has initiated a number of programmes aimed at helping the
country and its citizens to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. These
programmes/projects are summarized in Table 57 below.
Table 7. Programmes related to mitigation and adaptation to climate change and their
budget in Rwanda
Ministry Responsible
Programmme
Budget (frws)
Source
budget
Ministry of Infrastructure
Diversification of energy sources and
1.674 bn
supply security
Ministry of Environment and
Lands
Land
Planning,
Budget
Management
and
2.03 bn
Administration
Water Resources Management;
1.87bn
Ministry of Agriculture and
Irrigation Development
4.25bn
Animal Resources
Promotion of Research for Development
Soil Conservation and Soil Erosion control;
Forestation, and Reforestation
Development
Budget
0.70 bn
Development
Mines
Ministry
Development
Budget
Ministry of Forestry and
Development
Budget
of
Disaster
Management and Refugees
Risks and Disaster management;
0.08 bn
Recurrent
Budget
Source: REMA, 2010
Page 21 of 45
of
The above programmes have a number of projects that are currently under implementation.
Some of these projects are funded internally by the Government under the Development
Budget while others are financed externally by development partners.
Projects
In addition to putting in place legal, policy, strategy, and institutional instruments as well as
programmes and projects to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change, Rwanda has
also commissioned a number of projects. These projects include studies that were conducted
to assess the current status with respect to climate change, such as the first and second
national communications on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), the National Adaptation Programme of Action and the Study on the Economic
Cost of Climate Change in Rwanda.
Other projects including their budget size and source are summarized in Table 8, 9 and 10.
Table 8: Environmental /Forest /Land Use Projects (Million)
Project Name
Sources of
2007
2008
funding
Detailed
Studies
on
Nyabarongo
Rwanda
167
South Korea
Gestion Intgre des Ressources En Eau
Rwanda
70
DEMP:
Pays Bas
414
Environment
2009/10
Closing
budget 2009
Management
Decentralized
Mini
date
27
282
Management Project Phase I

DEMP: Phase II
UNDP
250
RWANDA
IMCE: Integrated Protection and
IDA
Management Of Critical Ecosystems
IDA/GEF
Rwanda
Restauration de la Biodiversit des Aires
42
441
732
125
1,140
500
80
50
425
98
GEF
570
Projet d'Appui l'Amnagement des
BAD
558
1,175
1,861
Forets
Rwanda
193
158
126
Technical Support to Land Reform In
DFID
393
Rwanda
600
690
1,015
237
244
450
378
Protges
Rwanda
Schma Directeur d'Utilisation des Terres
700
SDUTA
Rainwater Collection and Use
Rehabilitation and Protection of River
BAD
63
FAO
359
Rwanda
25
Rwanda
910
GEF
295
Banks and Lakes Shore

Reinserting
Biodiversity
In
Protected
Areas
Control of Major Rivers (Yanze, Cyunyu,
Rwanda
2013
Page 22 of 45
2010
Project Name
Sources of
2007
2008
funding
Mini
2009/10
Closing
budget 2009
date
Sebeya, Kadahokwa, Rugeramigozi)

Etude de la Nappe Phratique
Rwanda
264
75
Fight Water Hyacinth
Rwanda
216
116
Ground Water Project
LWI
300
700
Rwanda
60
200
Rwanda
875
1,015
2012
Land Management
Programme d'Appui la Reforestation
Belgique
850
2,021
2012
Protected Areas Project
GEF
400
551
2012
Rwanda
200
Rwanda
362
Rehabilitation of Hydrological Stations

National Youth and Environment Project
Rwanda
88
UNDP
Poverty Environment Initiative
Total
UN HABITAT
175
624
958
3,486
3,443
7,287
10, 453
Page 23 of 45
2011
Table 9: Agricultural /Land Use Projects (Million)

Projects
Sources of
2007
2008
funding
Mini budget
2009/10
2009
date
Bugesera Rural Development Project
Luxembourg
816
2,001
Irrigation and hill side protection
Rwanda
400
400,
One Cow Per Family
Rwanda
500
PADAB : Projet D'Appui au Dveloppement
BAD
180
Agricole de Bugesera
Rwanda
Irrigation Master plan
Rwanda
RSSP: Rural Sector Support Project (Phase
IDA
II)
Rwanda
305
FIDA
343
196
273
DIFD
376
95
25
281
FIDA
282
286
159
1,918
Rwanda
110
78
132
32
400
280
2,157
2,477
PAIGELAC:
Project
for
Integrated
management of inland lakes
Closing
223
319
1,199
1,000
1,302
2015
1,540
694
468
2012
117
112
600
180
240
1,042
830
1,032
280
2012
225
2011
Rwanda
Population
PAPSTA: Project for support to
Strategic
Plan for Agriculture Transformation
Gashora Swamp Reclamation
Rwanda
KWAMP: Kirehe Watershed Management
FIDA
Project
Rwanda
500
220
LWH : Land Husbandry Hillside Irrigation and
Rwanda
500
1,875
Water Harvesting
Nasho Irrigation Project
TOTAL
175
4,953
6,924
7,673
12,778
Page 24 of 45
2013
2016
2014
Table 10: Energy Project

2007
Projects
2008
Mini budget
2009/10
Donors
2009
Biomass: Project for substitution of fuel e and wood
Rwanda
300
energy
Expand Meteorological Stations Network (Synoptic,
Rwanda
58
Rwanda
397
Rwanda
332
Agromet, H
Project To Substitute Wood and Wood Coal:
Family Biogaz
Project To Substitute Wood and Wood Coal:
Improved Stoves
Strategic Study On Energy Efficiency
150
150
Rwanda
50
50
Pays Bas
275
100
Rwanda
300
Design and adoption of a Regulatory Framework
GEF
100
800
on Renewable and Substitution Energies
Rwanda
150
100
Project: Substitution Of Wood/ Coal : Household
Pays Bas
277
854
Biogas
Rwanda
301
633
Construction of rain water Collection system on the
Rwanda
Strategic Study/Renewable Energies
GEF
276
public Buildings
District Forests Management (MINALOC)
Total
Rwanda
929
300
787
2,532
2,963
Source: RADA/SLM Project, 2010

The above projects aim at enabling the Rwandese population to adapt to and mitigate the
effects to climate change. The nature and extent of adaptation and mitigation depends of the
project. For example the soil conservation project though radical and progressive terraces
currently under implementation throughout the country has supported farmers to adapt to the
effects of climate change by increasing agricultural production through enabling them to have
enough reservoirs even in case of extreme events such as drought or heavy rains.
Most of the projects listed in the tables above go beyond 2010 and can serve as entry points
for developing other synergistic projects on SLM and climate change. Some of these projects
include: Land husbandry, Hillside irrigation and Water harvesting, One Cow per poor family,
Land Management, Kirehe Community based watershed Management, Support to
reforestation Programme/Programme dappui la Reforestation and Agricultural
Development Support to Bugesera Project (PADAB). Experience shows that the above
projects are likely to go beyond the initial closing dates as most of them are in their first or
pilot phase and there is high potential for financing climate change activities in Rwanda in the
next 5 years.
However, there is need for coordination and creation of synergies for the realisation of
greater impact. When looking at the various projects under implementation, it can be noted
that some activities are duplicated with limited linkages or synergies among them. There is
therefore a need to create a national task force in charge of preparing CC/SLM projects to
Page 25 of 45
give them more focus and avoid duplication. The task force could develop a coordination
mechanism that describes who does what in order to share information and experience as
well as create synergy among CC/SLM projects. It could also ensure that CC/SLM
stakeholders are supported to elaborate competitive CC/SLM projects to attract potential
donors. During the validation workshop for the present study, which was held from 18 to 20
May 2011, the participants recommended to start with the following projects:
Agroforestry and silvo-pastoral system: This project aims at supporting mitigation
initiatives.The project has been chosen because of land scarcity in Rwanda that would
not allow any meaningful afforestation project. This project is expected to benefit many
farmers because its activities will be carried out in their farms.
Promotion of sustainable crop and animal husbandry techniques: This will support
farmers to adapt to the effects of climate change. Some activities under this project such
as drought resistant crops varieties, soil erosion control, fodder production and
conservation will reduce farmers vulnerability due to effects of climate change.
Figure 1: Radical terracing in Rubaya Sector, Gicumbi District, Northern Province
Photo credit: BAC

Similarly proper livestock management such as zero grazing being taught to farmers in
Rwanda is expected to improve efficient feed utilization hence increasing their capacity to
survive the effects of climate change. It is also expected to reduce accelerating climate
change by decreasing the emission of methane gas into the air.
Page 26 of 45
Figure 2: Zero Grazing in Mukamira Sector, Nyabihu District of Western Province
Photo Credit: BAC

The current efforts to diversify into alternative sources of sufficient energy as well as their
efficient utilisation are aimed at reducing the use of combustible energy hence decreasing
the emission of green house gases into the air and mitigate effects of climate change. The
utilisation of alternative energy source is also expected to reduce burden on forest allowing
them to increase carbon sequestration.
Figure 3: Biogas unit in Nyabihu District and Mini Hydro power station in Burera District respectively
Photo credit: BAC
Photo credit: BAC
Similarly the plantation of forests for regeneration of natural forestry, agro-forestry, biodiesel
forestry as well as high income forestry activities are being implemented in Rwanda to
increase significant quantity of carbon sequestration hence reducing emission of green
gases into the atmosphere.
Page 27 of 45
Figure 4: Reafforestation of in Bugesera District, Eastern Province
Photo Credit: BAC

2.2
Current investment flows to climate change mitigation and adaptation
projects in the agriculture, rural and land use sector
2.2.1
Carbon projects relevant to the agriculture, rural (energy), forestry and land
use sector under development in Rwanda
CDM projects currently under development in Rwanda are summarized in Table 11 below.
Table 11: CDM projects under development in Rwanda
CDM
Rwanda Electrogaz Compact
4472
Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)

distribution Project
EE households
Registered
24,000
At validation
6,000
At validation
6,000
Letter of Non
40,000
Objection
60,000 for the
granted 29 Apr
programme
Lighting
CDM
Rwanda Natural Energy
Solar Solar PV water
5786
Project: Water Treatment
disinfection
Systems for Rural Rwanda

(Shyra and Fawe)
CDM
Rwanda Natural Energy
Solar Solar PV water
5788
Project: Water Treatment
disinfection
Systems for Rural Rwanda

(Mugonero Esepan,
Rwesero, Nyagasambu)
n.a.
D-light rural lighting

programme (PoA)
Renewable energy
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/AENOR1265819671.65/view
http://www.rema.gov.rw/dna/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:water-treatmentsystems-for-rural-rwanda-shyira-and-fawe&catid=47:project-listes&Itemid=64
6
http://www.rema.gov.rw/dna/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:rwanda-naturalenergy-project-water-treatment-systems-for-rural-rwanda-mugonero-esepan-rweseronyagasambu&catid=47:project-listes&Itemid=64
7
http://www.rema.gov.rw/dna/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=83:d-light-rurallighting-program&catid=47:project-listes&Itemid=64
5
Page 28 of 45
2010. PDD
writing ongoing
N/A
NURU Design Lighting
Fossil fuel switch (LED
Programme
Conceptual
N/A
Conceptual
55,250
lights charged by a
stationary bicycle)
N/A
Rwanda 19.95MW Small and

Micro Hydro Project Bundle
Hydro
Voluntary carbon projects currently under development in Rwanda are summarized in Table
6 below.
Table 6: Voluntary carbon projects under development in Rwanda
Standard
Project title
Technology used
Status
Emission
reductions
(tCO2e/yr)
Gold
Standard
Plan
Vivo
Tbd
PiSAT Solar K-Light Project

in Rwanda
Solar PV
Listed
4,993
Reforestation
N/A
N/A
Renewable energy,
Conceptual
48,000
10
Clinton Foundation forestry

11
project
Rwanda National Biogas

12
Programme
methane avoidance
http://www.rema.gov.rw/dna/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=80:nuru-designlighting-programme-&catid=47:project-listes&Itemid=64
9
http://www.rema.gov.rw/dna/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75:rwanda-1995mwsmall-and-micro-hydro-project-bundle&catid=47:project-listes&Itemid=64
10
http://www.viabilityllc.com/pisat-solar-carbon-project.html
11
http://www.rema.gov.rw/dna/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82:clinton-foundationforestry-project&catid=47:project-listes&Itemid=64
12
http://www.rema.gov.rw/dna/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=77:rwanda-nationalbiogas-programme&catid=47:project-listes&Itemid=64
Page 29 of 45
2.2.2
Adaptation projects relevant to the agriculture, rural (energy), forestry

and land use sector
A list of adaptation projects being developed and/or implemented in Rwanda at present is
provided in Table 73.
Table 73: Adaptation projects underway in Rwanda
Name
Initiative
Budget
Status
USD 195,000 (GEF
IA approved
under which
funded
Enabling Activities to Facilitate the
LDCF
Preparation of a National
Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA)
grant)
13
Reducing Vulnerability to Climate
LDCF
USD 3,160,000 (GEF
CEO endorsed
grant) + USD
Change by Establishing Early
3,300,000 (Co-
Warning and Disaster
financing)
Preparedness Systems and Support

for Integrated Watershed
Management in Flood Prone
Areas
14
Projet de construction de 160
GEF Small
citernes d'eau destins la collecte
Grants
des eaux de pluie et la protection
Programme
USD 50,000
Satisfactorily completed
USD 47,290
Satisfactorily completed
USD 24,000
Under execution
de l'environnement dans
l'agglomration de MUSIGASecteur KANOMBE
15
Production of solid fuel briquettes

from municipal waste
16
GEF Small
Grants
Programme
Project de biogaz lcole Stella

Matutina
17
GEF Small
Grants
Programme
13
http://gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=2484
http://gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=3838
15
http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/13616/projet_de_construction_de_160_citernes_d_eau_destines_a
_la_collecte_des_eaux_de_pluie_et_a_la_protec.html
16
http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/13636/production_of_solid_fuel_briquettes_from_municipal_waste.
html
17
http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/14806/project_de_biogaz_a_lecole_stella_matutina.html
14
Page 30 of 45
Name
Initiative
Budget
Status
Under implementation
under which
funded
Integrating vulnerability and
Strategic
USD 1,000,000 (GEF
adaptation to climate change into
Priority on
grant) + USD
sustainable development policy
Adaptation
planning and implementation in
1,265,000 (Cofinancing) (split
18
Southern and Eastern Africa
among five countries,

namely Kenya,
Madagascar,
Mozambique,
Rwanda and
Tanzania)
Pilot project on reducing the

vulnerability of the energy sector to
the impacts of climate change in
Rwanda
19
UNEP, GEF
USD 313,333 (+
and
contributions from the
Government
Government of
of the
Rwanda, tbd)
Under implementation
Netherlands
Source: REMA, 2010

2.2.3
ODA funding or national funding channelled specifically into mitigation

and adaptation activities relevant to the agriculture, rural (energy), forestry
and land use sector
While the proportion of the Rwandan national budget allocated to the environment is still
small (1.15% of overall country budget), it has increased significantly from 2003, when it
constituted less than 0.1% of the overall country budget, at 0.06%. Moving forward, it is
expected that the share of environment, land and forestry will not exceed 1.8% cent of the
total expenditure and not 4.9% in the Capital Development and Productive Sectors
expenditure (REMA, 2009).
In 2005, the overall aid directed to environmental protection in Rwanda constituted only 1%
of the total overseas development assistance (ODA) disbursed in that year. However, due to
its cross-cutting nature, some funds from health (12%), energy (2%), agriculture (4%) and
water and sanitation (3%) may have contributed to environment management.
18
http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/integrating-vulnerability-and-adaptation-climate-changesustainable-development-policy-plann
19
http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2007/workshop_reducing_vulnerability.pdf
Page 31 of 45
Figure 5: Sectoral distribution of ODA in Rwanda in 2005 (REMA, 2009)
2.3
Identification of opportunities and barriers to funding mitigation and

adaptation projects in Rwanda
2.3.1 Identification of opportunities

Rwanda holds significant opportunities to host GHG mitigation projects. As for adaptation,
there are notable overlaps between carbon market project opportunities, and measures that
help to combat land-degradation and desertification. Opportunities for dual mitigation and
adaptation projects in Rwanda with UNCCD relevance are as follows:
AFOLU - In Rwanda, the key area with mitigation and adaptation potential includes
the entire array of activities that fall under the wider AFOLU category. Activities in this
category offer a high potential for synergies between combating climate change and
land degradation and desertification. Specific opportunities in Rwanda related to the
AFOLU sector include (REMA, 2010):
o Restoring and protecting natural forests;
o Afforestation and reforestation activities (Vision 2020 foresees an increase of
forest cover of up to 30% by 2020, compared to forest cover of 21% today):
Planting bamboo in protected humid areas;
Planting eucalyptus on hilly sloped that cannot be used for agriculture;
Planting Grevilla robusta and other tree species for wood provision.
o Intensification of agroforestry practices;
o Sustainable forest management and conservation.
Rural energy provision is another key area for mainly mitigation activities and for a
synergistic approach between the UNFCCC and UNCCD. Specific opportunities in
Rwanda related to the rural energy sector include (REMA, 2010):
o Increase the share of renewable energy;
o Introduction of efficient charcoal burning and carbonisation;
o Increase use of biogas from 5% to 70% in rural households with access to
electricity, and from 0.5% to 60% in rural households without access to
electricity;
o Replacement of traditional lightbulbs with energy efficient ones;
Page 32 of 45
Introduction of fuel efficient cooking stoves resulting in a reduction of the fuel

wood needed for cooking of in between 50% and 75%.
These activities have been identified as priority areas by a document currently being
prepared by the Rwandan Government (REMA, 2010). An implementation plan still needs to
be disclosed.
2.3.2 Identification of barriers and constraints
It is apparent that despite the numerous options for mitigating GHGs and adapting to climate
change in Rwanda, projects face a range of barriers that prevent both private and public
sector actors from participating within the carbon markets or from seeking adaptation
funding. Barriers and constraints can be summarized as follows:
Mitigation Project Barriers (and the CDM framework):

Limited scope for projects in the land-use sector The land-use sector
(agriculture and forestry) bears a high potential in terms of climate change mitigation
while contributing to sustainable land management in Rwanda. However, markets for
projects in this sector are limited. Avoided deforestation and soil-carbon sequestration
projects have been specifically excluded from the CDM as a project category, while
afforestation and reforestation projects have suffered from complicated
methodological procedures and a limited demand for forestry specific credits due to
the largest active carbon market, the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU
ETS), banning the use of forestry credits to meet compliance targets. Despite the
limitation of low greenhouse gas emission levels, Rwanda has taken steps to develop
in a green manner with a target of 90% of energy expected to be from renewable
sources and 246,000 ha of forest allocated for carbon credits thus providing a fertile
environment for many carbon credit eligible projects. So far currently one CDM
project, called the Rwanda Electrogaz Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) distribution
Project, has been registered and numerous others are in the pipeline, especially in
the fields of energy and forestry.
Lack of industrial development The CDM has a strong bias towards large,
industrial, point-source projects with the potential to generate substantial emission
reductions. These projects have proven to be the most profitable and successful of
CDM projects to date largely due to their considerable economies of scale. Despite its
recent economic boom, Rwandas industrial development remains limited, resulting in
limited opportunities to develop CDM projects.
Low grid emission factor 56% of electricity in Rwanda is produced in hydropower

stations, while the remaining is produced through thermal power stations (REMA,
2010). This has resulted in a relatively low national grid emission factor (approx 0.7
tCO2e/MWH (calculated from (REMA, Accessed Nov 2010)) compared to other
countries that use primarily fossil fuels. This means that projects that displace the use
of grid electricity in Rwanda (e.g. energy efficiency, renewables) are credited with
fewer emission reductions than in other countries with dirtier power generation, thus
making the project less viable.
Page 33 of 45
High transaction costs CDM projects incur substantial upfront development

transaction costs that may be prohibitive for the scale of mitigation projects possible
in Rwanda. High initial transaction costs would need to be covered by a substantial
revenue stream from the sale of carbon credits, which may not always be the case in
Rwanda. Although small-scale projects benefit from reduced eligibility requirements
under the CDM, in reality it has been found that small-scale projects incur similar
overall transaction costs to large-scale projects, making their project viability more
challenging. A lack of initial capital available to cover these transaction costs, from
project developers or local finance institutions, further reduces the potential to
develop these projects under the CDM.
Adaptation Project Barriers

o Information and capacity While the adverse impacts of climate change have been
documented in Rwanda (see for example (REMA, Accessed Nov 2010) and (Ministry
of Lands Environment Forestry Water and Mines, 2006), its manifold impact on the
ecosystems is not yet clear. In order to better determine the challenges of adapting to
climate change, and to allow stakeholders to make educated decisions, information
on climate systems and their variability is required. This uncertainty of climate
change projections and variability makes it difficult to determine the appropriate
adaptation measures (IDS, 2006). Furthermore, while a number of funds and facilities
to sponsor climate change adaptation exist, the level of awareness about their
potential is still low and there is limited know-how about how to apply for the funding
that they make available.
o
Socio-economic country situation Non-climatic stresses associated with the low

development level of Rwanda increase the countrys vulnerability to climate change.
They do so by reducing the countrys resilience and its adaptive capacity because
resources need to be deployed to competing needs (Adger, et al., 2007).
Financial situation - Rwanda is ranked among the least developed countries and as
such is an inherently poor nation. This has meant that historically it has only been
possible to allocate limited funding to the environment (refer to Section 2.2.3). The
Rwandan Government has recognised that environmental degradation is a key
aspect of the countrys low development and vulnerability profile and is supporting
environmental sustainability, however the amount of funding that the Government is
able to allocate to climate change adaptation is still very limited. For climate change
adaptation to be implemented in Rwanda, it will therefore be necessary that sufficient
funds are made available by the developed world.
Channelling adaptation funding Even when funding for adaptation is available,

one of the main barriers is appropriate channelling of the funds to potential projects.
This is a significant problem given the broad spectrum of activities that may be
affected by climate change, as well as the diverse locations and stakeholders
worldwide. Rwanda is in urgent need of accessing adaptation financing. This would
be greatly facilitated by a more straightforward and transparent means of access to
funding sources and through enhanced information and capacity on how to apply for
the funding available from different bodies (many of the adaptation funds currently
Page 34 of 45
available have come under scrutiny due to a lack of transparency in the way they are
administered and how their funds are disbursed).
o
Harmonisation of adaptation activities

Similar activities within NAPA, NAP and EDPRS priorities should be identified to
create synergies. Promotion of off farm activities, integrated water management
system, zero grazing, fight against erosion, increasing forest cover, make an effort to
reduce wood deficit, develop alternative energy sources, develop integrated
information management system and support ecosystem rehabilitation are common
activities to all the three strategies and should be exploited for the development of
SLM.
Page 35 of 45
3 Conclusions and recommendations

3.1
How to overcome the implementation barriers of mitigation and adaptation

activities relevant to the AFOLU sector in Rwanda
3.1.1 Overcoming barriers specific to mitigation

Barriers associated with the limited scope for land use sector projects
These can be overcome by GoR negotiating with the AFOLU financing institutions to ensure
that:
The scope for AFOLU projects in an international climate change agreement is
enlarged to include more land-use type activities;
The rules and procedures governing the AFOLU sector are simplified;
Pilot projects are developed for the voluntary market to build experience and learn
lessons that can be applied in the future to projects developed under a compliance
regime.
Barriers associated with the lack of industrial development and the low grid emission
factor
These barriers can be overcome by GoR negotiating in the international climate change
arena to ensure that:
The CDM is reformed in a way that does not favour industrialtype projects and offers
more scope for small-scale activities;
CDM reforms address the issue of accounting for emission reductions that displace
off-grid emissions.
High transaction costs barriers can be overcome by Rwanda negotiating in the
international climate change arena to ensure that:
Further simplified procedures are adopted for small-scale projects, implying lower
transaction costs;
The Programme of Activities (PoA) a CDM mechanism designed to allow for the
bundling of smaller projects under one umbrella program is further simplified
providing another avenue through which projects in the sub-region can access carbon
finance.
3.1.2 Overcoming barriers specific to adaptation
Information and capacity barriers
It is recommended that
A centre of excellence for climate change research is established in Rwanda and that
the government engages more actively with the scientific community (nationally and
internationally) to gain better information;
The information needs of different stakeholders and the best way to communicate
with them is carefully considered when sharing relevant information with them;
A broad range of stakeholders is involved in climate change policy-making so as to
ensure that climate change adaptation is informed by successful ground-level
experiences in vulnerability reduction. Major stakeholders include MINELA,
MINAGRI, MININFRA MINALOC, MINECOFIN, MINIFOM, REMA, RADA, RARDA,
NAFA, NLC, OGMR and ISAR
Page 36 of 45
Although sustainable Land Management activities in Rwanda are implemented by a

number of ministries and agencies, the ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
(MINAGRI) is the lead institution as it is the one mandated to handle SLM issues.
This is why it is the one currently supervising SLM project. The ministries are mainly
responsible for policy and strategic orientation and formulation while the agencies
carry out implementation
A centralized information hub on funding sources for adaptation is developed, and the
capacity of relevant stakeholders on how to apply for adaptation funding is
improved/built through dedicated information/training sessions.
Barriers associated with the socio-economic situation of the country
Overcoming the above barriers requires that
Climate change facilitation measures are included in a package of positive incentives
to tackle the root of the socio-economic problems that Rwanda faces;
The discussion on the possibility of linking the need for climate change adaptation
money (in a way, a climate debt that the developed world has with the developing
world) with the larger debt relief debate is taken further.
Financial barriers
The above barriers can be overcome by GoR negotiating in the international climate change
arena to ensure that:
The funding generated is adequate (i.e. at least in the tens of billions of dollars per
year);
The funding generated is predictable (i.e. have steady flows of revenues, that can be
estimated in advance);
The funding generated is additional (i.e. it should come over and above current ODA
commitments) (Decision 1/CP.13. Bali Action Plan, 2007);
Several of the most promising mechanisms to overcome the present adaptation
funding gap are further developed and deployed (Bapna & McGray, 2008), as it is
unlikely that a single mechanism will be able to meet all these criteria.
Access to adaptation funding barriers to overcome access to adaptation funding
barriers, it is recommended that:
Capacity is built and accurate information is disseminated among adaptation policy
makers and project proponents to empower them to use the mechanisms available as
far as possible.
The following projects Land husbandry, Hillside irrigation and Water harvesting, One
Cow per poor family, Land Management, Kirehe Community based watershed
Management, Support to reforestation Programme/Programme dappui la
Reforestation and Agricultural Development Support to Bugesera Project (PADAB go
beyond 2010 and these can serve as entry point for new projects that link SLMand
Climate Change.
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) a potential way to finance mitigation and
adaptation in Rwanda post-2012
The Bali Action Plan introduced the concept of nationally appropriate mitigation actions by
developing countries in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by
technology, financing and capacity building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable
Page 37 of 45
manner.
While an exact definition of what NAMAs are and what they entail is still outstanding, they
can broadly be categorized into three types:
I.
Unilateral NAMAs, which include mitigation actions undertaken by developing
countries on their own;
II.
Supported NAMAs, where mitigation actions in developing countries are supported by
direct climate finance from Annex I countries;
III.
Credited NAMAs, where mitigation actions in developing countries generate credits to
be sold on the carbon markets (e.g. sectoral crediting).
While negotiations on NAMAs are still fairly vague and generalized, making it hard to
understand the concrete implementation issues surround them, NAMAs (particularly
Supported NAMAs and Credited NAMAs) could play a positive role in generating funds for
mitigation activities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in general and Rwanda in
particular. NAMAs (Credited NAMAs in particular) could potentially also make a positive
contribution to adaptation as a certain share of proceeds from the NAMA credits could be set
aside to support adaptation (in a similar way to the functioning of the CDM).
3.2
Where the Government of Rwanda could focus efforts to develop climate

change projects benefiting SLM
In order to help develop climate change mitigation and adaptation projects in Rwanda, the
Government of Rwanda could focus on the following:
Support capacity building and awareness raising efforts in Rwanda:

Support the in-country mapping of AFOLU activities, and conduct a gap analyses to
support the preparation and implementation of concrete capacity building and pilot
activities. This could include assisting with awareness raising campaigns that inform
relevant national UNCCD stakeholders about the outcomes and the relevance of the
negotiations on AFOLU;
Partner or join forces with donors/development partners with regard to the provision
and implementation of awareness raising, capacity building and technical support
campaigns, including through the provision of co-funding;
Raise in-country awareness and capacity with other development partners on the
technical aspects and requirements of various adaptation funding sources, including
the Adaptation Fund.
Carefully prepare for negotiations in the international climate change arena:

Support the political and technical discussions on AFOLU within Rwanda through the
provision of underlying analyses with regards to the potential and options for the best
possible inclusion of AFOLU relevant activities in a post-2012 agreement to allow
Rwanda to benefit from increased climate change financing;
Gather information on the necessary CDM reforms that will promote Rwandas
access to climate change financing.
Page 38 of 45
Provide technical assistance for the development and implementation of mitigation and
adaptation projects:
Collaborate with development partners to jointly identify and promote carbon market
opportunities in Rwanda through the provision of technical expertise with regards to
mobilizing resources and raising funding;
Support the funding of identified project or program opportunities through assistance
with preparing relevant proposals, preparing sales contracts and finding interested
buyers and/or investors;
In collaboration with other development partners provide technical assistance to
projects and programs in the elaboration of adaptation funding proposals.
A task force should be established that would be in charge of preparing CC/SLM
projects;
Efforts should be made by CC/SLM actors to elaborate competitive CC/SLM projects
to attract potential donors;
Coordination mechanisms describing who is doing what in order to share information
and experience should be established as well as create synergy among CC/SLM
programmes and projects.
Support and encourage decentralised entities and local communities to plan and own
CC/SLM initiatives
Operationnalise Kigali Declaration on Climate Change by Local Governments
of 27November 2009
Plan and evaluate climate change initiatives in annual Districts performances
contracts
Encourage and support local communities to implement climate change
activities at family level.
Page 39 of 45
The proposed road map for integrating climate change financing into SLM financing in
Rwanda involves carrying out activities as well as a number of studies aimed at creating an
enabling policy environment with respect to climate change in Rwanda. It will also involve a
step by step process leading to the development of two pilot projects (one on adaptation and
another on mitigation) that would provide practical experience that will in future guide the
development of a bigger project on climate change. The road map is as follows
1. Fast truck and lobby for approval of NAP and make it dynamic
2. Carry out a study to streamline institutional framework for effective and efficient
coordination of climate change in Rwanda( formation of a task force, its roles and
responsibilities, its location, involvement of all stakeholders etc)
3. Carry out a study detailing climate change activities, their location and magnitude,
implementation challenges, and determine key priority activities and area of
interventions
4. Identify CC-SLM priorities to start with
5. Development of two pilot projects
Activities
Sub-activities
Responsibl
e
1. Fast truck and lobby for approval of NAP and make it dynamic
1.1 Lobby
1.1.1 Update NAP according to Prime MINERENA
technical
Ministers Office observations
Ministries to take 1.1.2 Develop cabinet paper
NAP for cabinet 1.1.3 Organize NAP technical
discussion
committee meetings
1.2 Organise a
1.2.1 Conept note on the workshop
Rwanda
stakeholders
1.2.2 Identify more stakeholders and National
meeting on their
encourage them and existing ones to Resources
roles in the NAP
participate in the workshop
Board
implementation
(RNRB)
Calendar
Partners
JuneAugust
2011
MINAGRI
September
2011
MINAGRI
MINECOFIN,
Development
partners, Civil
Society
and
Private Sector
2. Study coordination mechanism and communication strategy for SLM-CC activities
2.1 Establish
2.1.1 Develop TORs for the TF
MINIRENA
October
MINAGRI,
taskforce to
2.1.2 Appoint the Task Force
2011
MININFRA,
coordinate and
members
MINECOFIN
provide technical
advice on SLMCC activities
2.2 Conduct a
2.1 Develop TORs for the study
RNRB/TF
November
MINAGRI
study to find a
2.2.Implement the findings of the
2011
single
above study
coordination
mechanism and
communication
strategy that
would hormonise
and coordinate
Page 40 of 45
Activities
Sub-activities
Responsibl
e
Calendar
Partners
SLM-CC issues
2.3 Establish
2.3.1 Identify its composition
RNRB/TF
December
MINAGRI
SLM CC
2.3.2 Define its roles and
2011
MINECOFIN
Platform involving responsibilities
all stakeholders
2.3.3 Organise meetings and
including private
elections of its leaders
sector
3. Study detailed climate change activities (stocktaking), their location and magnitude,
implementation challenges, and determine priority activities and area of interventions
3.1 Identify
3.1.1 Develop TORs for the study
JanuaryMINAGRI
existing CC
3.1.2 Implement the results of the
Feb. 2012
activities and
study
linkage with SLM
and determine
priority activities
CC-SLM and
areas of
intervention
4. Implementation of priorities CC-SLM to start with as pilot activities
4.1 Select 2
4.1.1 Rank priorities
RNRB/TF
February
priorities to start
4.1.2 Select area from which to start
2012
with
based on the most needy
4.1.3 Select best options based on
impact /budget
5. Development of pilot projects and implementation

5.1 Develop
SLM-CC projects
5.2 Negotiation
with the donor
and signature of
financing
agreement
5.3 Beginning of
SLM-CC project
Implementation
5.1.1 Project Concept note

5.1.2 Consultations with stakeholders
5.1.3 Baseline study for the project
5.1.4 Development of the project
document
5.2.1 Meeting with development
partners
5.2.2 Financing agreement
developed and signed
RNRB/TF
MarchMay12
MINIRENA
RNRB/TF
June 2012
5.3.1 Launch of project

5.3.2 Recruit project staff
MINIRENA
RNRB/TF
July 2012
MINAGRI,
MINECOFIN
MININFRA
Development
partners
MINECOFIN,M
INAFFET
MINAGRI,
MINALOC
Districts
At the end of the project impementation and from the experiences and lessons learnt
the Task Force will be transformed into the National Commission to combat
Desertification and Land Degradation as provided for in the NAP implementation
mechanism arrangements.This National Commission to Combat Desrtification and
Land Degradation will built on the Task Forces work and will deal with CCD/NAP
Page 41 of 45
implementation for SLM and will encourage better integration and synergy between
CCD/SLM and CC activities and financing mechanisms/strategies.
Page 42 of 45
4 References
Adger, W., Agrawala, S., Mirza, M., Conde, C., OBrien, K., Pulhin, J., et al. (2007).
Assessment of adaptation practices, options, contraints and capacity. In M. Parry, O.
Canziani, J. Palutikof, P. v. Linden, & C. Hanson, Climate Cahange 2007: Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 717-743). Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Bapna, M., & McGray, H. (2008). Financing adaptation: opportunities for innovation and
experimentation. Washington DC: World Resource Institute (WRI).
FAO. (Accessed Nov 2010). Africover. Available at:
http://www.africover.org/system/area.php?place=11 .
IDS. (2006). Overcoming the barriers. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation in
developing countries. Institute for Development Studies (IDS).
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2008. Rwanda: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.
Available at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr0890.pdf .
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2010. Povert Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP).
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Ministry of Agriculture and animal resources (MINAGRI), 2010. Etude sur lanalyse des
ressources et mcanismes de financement internes, externes et novateurs dans le cadre du
dveloppent de la Stratgie de Financement Intgre pour la Gestion Durable des Terres au
Rwanda, Kigali.
Ministry of Forestry and Mines (MINIFOM), 2010. Elaboration de la stratgie de coordination
et renforcement des synergies entre les conventions de Rio et les autres conventions et
programmes en rapport avec la gestion des ressources naturelles au Rwanda, Kigali.
Ministere des ressources naturelles (MINIRENA), 2009. Plan d'action national de lutte contre
la desertification et la degradation des terres au Rwanda (PAN - LCD). Draft document, not
published.
Ministry of Lands Environment Forestry Water and Mines. (2006). National Adaptation
Programme of Action to Climate Change. NAPA - Rwanda. Available at:
http://unfccc.int/cooperation_support/least_developed_countries_portal/submitted_napas/ite
ms/4585.php.
MINITERE, 2003. National Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of Biodiversity in
Rwanda. Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Environment (MINITERE), Kigali.
MINITERE, 2006. National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) To Climate Change.
Ministry Of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines (MINITERE), Kigali.
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ODI. (2009). Climate Funds Update: Cool Earth Partnership. Available at:
http://www.climatefundsupdate.org/listing/cool-earth-partnership.
REMA. (Accessed Nov 2010). Details for the 2009 Rwanda Grid Emission Factor. Available
at:http://www.rema.gov.rw/dna/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=24&It
emid= .
REMA. (2010). Evaluation des options d'attenuation des emissions de GES et de
renforcement de puits. Not yet published.
REMA. (2009). Rwanda State of Environment and Outlook. Available at:
http://www.rema.gov.rw/soe/ .
REMA (2006). Economic Analysis Of Natural Resource Management In Rwanda. Rwanda
Environment Management Authority (REMA), Kigali.
REMA (2008). Integrated Management of Critical Ecosystems (IMCE). Rwanda Environment
Management Authority (REMA), Kigali.
ROR (2000). Rwanda Vision 2020. Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Republic of
Rwanda (ROR), Kigali.
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Republic of Rwanda (ROR), Kigali.
ROR (2004). National Environmental Policy 2003. Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry,
Water and Mines,Republic of Rwanda (ROR), Kigali.
ROR (2004). Politique Nationale des Forts. Ministre des Terres, de la Rinstallation et de la
Protection de lEnvironnement (MINITERE), Kigali.
ROR (2004). Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture in Rwanda (PSTA I).
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Republic of Rwanda (ROR), Kigali.
ROR (2004a). National Land Policy for Rwanda. Ministry of Natural Resources, Republic of
Rwanda (ROR), Kigali.
ROR (2004b). National Human Settlement Policy. Ministry of Infrastructure, Republic of
Rwanda (ROR), Kigali
ROR (2007). Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy, 2008-2012. Ministry of
Finance and Economic Planning, Republic of Rwanda (ROR), Kigali.
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II). Final Report. Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Republic of Rwanda (ROR),
Kigali.
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Twagiramungu, F. (2006). Environmental Profile of Rwanda. Kigali, Rwanda: European

Commission.
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United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), Kigali
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UNFCCC. (2005). Emissions Summary for Rwanda. Available at:
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Page 45 of 45

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REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA)

Integrating Climate Change Finance into

Prepared by EcoSecurities Consulting and Best Associated

Rwanda Country Mapping

Analysis of the current situation in Rwanda ................................................... 9

Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................. 36

Rwanda Country Mapping

African Development Bank

Rwanda Country Mapping

United Nations Environment Programme

Rwanda Country Mapping

Climate change in Rwanda

Rwanda contributes to 5, 010.4GgCO2e (UNFCCC, Emissions Summary for Rwanda, 2005,

Rwanda Country Mapping

Rwanda Country Mapping

Rwanda Country Mapping

2 Analysis of the current situation in Rwanda

Policies and programmes in place to address climate change and land

2.1.1 Linkages between NAPA, NAP and EDPRS

Table 1: Comparison of Rwandas NAPA, NAP and EDPRS

Help Rwanda define urgent and

Contribute to the sustainable

Provide a medium-term framework

immediate adaptation priority activities

management of natural resources for

for achieving Rwandas long-term

to climate change in order to obtain

development goals and

funds from GEF or other donors for

Evaluate present vulnerabilities to

stakeholders and partners to ensure

socio-economic aspects and land

sustainable development and the

use that exacerbate these

rational use of natural resources;

Identify the most vulnerable

Reinforce capacities of local

Objectives embodied in three

Sustainable Growth for Jobs

Rehabilitate all areas affected by

desertification and land

environment the most

competitive in the region,

Improve the enforcement of existing

thereby laying the foundations

Determine priority adaptation

laws and formulate new ones to

for strong private sector growth

options and define their profiles;

manage natural resources

Select urgent and immediate

Identify and adopt alternatives to

Vision 2020 Umurenge aims

Governance aims to improve

Rwanda Country Mapping

1. Conservation and protection of

Reinforcement of the political,

lands against erosion and floods at

legislative and institutional

district level in vulnerable regions;

framework to favour environmental

2. Mastering hydro meteorological