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Time-Frequency Representation
3.2
Time-Frequency Representation
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
Normalised Time
3.1
Lecture 3
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
my speech
Page 3.2
Hz
Spectrogram
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
dB
3.3
Time-Frequency Representation
3.4
2 j
k (m i )
i =0
[k=frequency, m=time]
N 1
Notes:
|X(k;m)|2 gives the power at a frequency of k/N Hz
(normalized) for a window centred at m-(N-1).
the (m-i) term in the exponent means that the phase
origin remains consistent by cancelling out the linear
phase shift introduced by a delay of m samples.
the window samples are numbered backwards in time
(for convenience later) hence the summation is
performed backwards in time.
The values X(k;m) are based on the N signal values
from mN+1 to m.
the frequency resolution is 1/N Hz (normalised units)
the spectrum is periodic and (since w and x are real)
conjugate symmetric:
X ( k ) = X ( k + N ) = X * ( k )
X ( k ; m) =
We often want to estimate the power spectrum of a nonstationary signal at a particular instant of time.
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
i =0
5 0 0
i=0
1 0 0 0
in d o w
Page 3.3
i=400
1 5
f1
f2
f3
f4
3.5
f5
m=600
2 j
k (m i )
N 1
X ( k ; m) =
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
(N=401)
in d o w
5 0 0
e d
a ta
1 0 0 0
1 5
( 1 8 3 - 4
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
3.6
Time-Frequency Representation
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
dB
dB
dB
i =0
2 j
k ( m i )
N 1
2j
ym (r ) exp N kr
r =0
N 1
3.7
Page 3.4
where ym (r ) = w( N 1 r ) x (m N + 1 + r )
2j (m N + 1)
X ( k ; m) = exp
k
X ( k ; m) =
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
Blackman-Harris: 4 term
0.359 + 0.488c1 +
0.141c2 + 0.012c3
a=2.72, b=8
Sidelobe = 92dB
a=1.81, b=6
Sidelobe = 67dB
Blackman-Harris: 3 term
Rectangular: w( n) 1
a=1.21, b=2
Sidelobe = -13dB
Time-Frequency Representation
3.8
0
-10
0.1
0.2
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0
-10
0.1
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0.5
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0
-10
0.1
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0.9
0
-10
0.1
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0
-10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-5
-5
-5
-5
-5
0
S a mple
harris 4
0
S a mple
ha rris 3
0
Sa mple
hamming
0
Sample
ha nning
0
S ample
re ctangle
-80
-0.5
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
-80
-0.5
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
-80
-0.5
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
-80
-0.5
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
-80
-0.5
-70
-60
-50
0
Norm alis ed Fre que ncy
ha rris 4
0
Norma lis e d Fre que ncy
ha rris 3
0
Norma lis e d Fre que ncy
ha mming
0
Norma lis e d Fre que ncy
ha nning
0
Norm alis e d Freque ncy
re cta ngle
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
10
10
10
10
10
-40
-30
-20
-10
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
N 1
i =0
Page 3.5
Frequency Shift
by k/N
zk
Low-pass filter
(window)
X(k;)
i =0
= w(i ) zk (m i )
N 1
f k/N
2 j
k ( m i )
f k/N
Zk(j):
z k ( r ) = exp (2 j ( f k / N )r )
X(j):
x ( r ) = exp (2 jfr )
2 j
kr
zk (r ) = x(r ) exp
N
3.9
Time-Frequency Representation
3.10
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
BW = 45 Hz
BW = 300 Hz
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
NT = 44 ms
NT = 7 ms
Page 3.6
300 Hz gives
finer time
resolution
Horizontal slice
through
spectrogram:
45 Hz gives
finer frequency
resolution
mT = 0.1 s
Vertical slice
through
spectrogram:
4000
5000
6000
Time-Frequency Representation
-70
0
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-80
0
-70
-50
0.05
0.1
0.15
Time (s )
300 Hz, 7 ms
45 Hz, 44 ms
0.2
0.25
2 (see earlier)
-60
2000
Uncertainty Principle
3.12
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
1000
300 Hz, 7 ms
45 Hz, 44 ms
300 Hz, 7 ms
3.11
-40
-30
-20
-10
45 Hz, 44 ms
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
dB
dB
Overlapping Windows
3.13
Page 3.7
b/N
45 Hz, 44 ms
300 Hz, 7 ms
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
Time-Frequency Representation
fx = f0
1.25f0
1.5f0
3.14
2f0
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
DFT Properties
3.15
Page 3.8
N 1
m= 0
Discrete
Real
Periodic: xm+N/r = xm
Skew Periodic: xm+N/2r = xm
Periodic: Xk+N = Xk
Hermitian: Xk = X*k
Discrete: Xk = 0 for k ir
Odd Harmonics:
Xk = 0 for k (2i+1)r
Even: xm = xNm Real
Odd: xm = xNm Purely Imaginary
Real & Even Real & Even
Real & Odd Purely Imaginary and Odd
k =0
xm2 = N X k2
N 1
Ex =
N 1
k
2j
X k = xm exp
km = X ( z ) evaluated at z = exp 2j
N
m=0
TIMEFREQ.PPT(15/04/2002)
Time-Frequency Representation