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Tone Modulation:
AM Modulation (1)
AM-Signal in time domain:
AM Modulation (2)
100 % modulation: = 1
Overmodulation: > 1: It causes phase reversals and envelope
distortion.
AM Modulation (3)
AM-Signal in Frequency Domain
AM Modulation (4)
Power of AM-Signal:
Average transmitted power is:
AM Modulation (5)
It follows from the condition | x(t)| 1 that
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DSB-Modulation (1)
DSB: double-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation: two
sidebands, suppressed carrier
In frequency domain:
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DSB-Modulation (2)
Note: Envelope itself cannot be used for detection because of the phase
reversal
Detection is more difficult than in the case of AM
DSB conserves power but requires complicated demodulation
circuitry, whereas AM requires increased power to permit
simple envelope detection.
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DSB-Modulation (3)
Power of DSB-signal:
All of the average transmitted power is used for information transition.
AM:
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SSB-Modulation (1)
SSB: Single-sideband (suppressed-sideband)
AM is wasteful of both power and bandwidth, DSB is wasteful of
bandwidth.
In the case of real baseband signals, the positive frequencies contains
all the information of the signal.
=> The upper and lower sidebands of DSB are symmetric about the
carrier frequency, so either one contains all the message information.
USSB: Lower sideband is removed.
LSSB: Upper sideband is removed.
In both cases, the bandwidth is
and the transmitted power is
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SSB-Modulation (2)
SSB spectra:
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SSB-Modulation (3)
Tone-modulation:
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Then,
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This means that we can represent the SSB-modulated signal with inphase and quadrature-phase components as:
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Analytic Signal
An analytic signal, in general, is a signal which has only positive
frequency components. Thus, its frequency spectrum is zero when f < 0.
An analytic signal is also defined as:
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Usually, we want that the transfer function HT(f) of the total chain
(transmitter + receiver) is symmetric in a way that:
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The envelope is
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Assuming that the bandwidths of the two messages are the same, the
bandwidth of the QAM signal equals the DSB bandwidth. Then, if it is
necessary to transmit two messages, QAM has the SSB bandwidth
efficiency.
This QAM modulation principle is used commonly as follows:
PAL and NTSC colour TV systems are partially based on QAM
QAM is used extensively in digital communications (will be studied
later)
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A generalized AM-/DSB-/SSB-/VSB-signal:
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Carrier Synchronization
In a good-quality synchronous detection, the local oscillator signal is
exactly synchronized to the carrier in both frequency and phase. The
synchronization can be based on:
1. Carrier (if present, the envelope detection is usually used).
2. Partially attenuated carrier.
3. Pilot-signal that is synchronized to the carrier (e.g., half of th
carrier frequency).
4. Short carrier burst that is repeated from time to time.
In practice, a phase-locked loop (PLL) is used to lock the local
oscillator phase and frequency to the received pilot-signal.
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