Statistics-

Data-

Sampling tech

sampling erro

non-sampling

science of collecting, presenting, analyzing, and interpeting data to arrive at an effective decision
classification of statistics
1. descriptive statistics -> in a manner of organizing, presenting or summarizing a set of data or obse
2. inferential statistics -> proceeds from conducting a study of a subset taken from a population
As to nature:
1. qualitative data -> non- numeric data
2. quantitative data-> numeric data
As to sources:
1. primary data -> personal encounters or experiences of a person
2. secondary data -> works or researchers made by other persons
As to manner of presentation:
1. ungrouped data -> is a set or an array of things or observations wether arranged or not arrange in
2. grouped data - > data presented in a frequency distribution presentation
labels of data measurement
1. nominal level data -> observations are just classified categorized or counted (gender,color)
2. ordinal level data -> higher than nominal ; speak of ranks and ratings (5 is excellent, 4 is very good
3. interval level data -> higher than the previous two ; both interval and ordinal speak of ranks ; in co
4. ratio level data -> highest level data measurement ; all the characteristics of the three levels just d
1. simple random sampling - > where every item or person in the population has an equal chance to b
2. systematic random sampling -> where an arrangement in an particular manner be made first and
3. stratified random sampling -> technique where objects or persons or observations are grouped into
4. cluster probability sampling -> makes used of samples which are internally heterogenous (colleges
5. non-random sampling -> do not involve any specific method or mechanism in selecting elements fr
four non-random sampling
a. purposive - we need to lay down first the criteria or bases for selection
b. convenience - type of non random sampling technique where the elements of the sample ar selecte
c. quota - very similar to stratified random sampling ; the difference is that in stratified, the stratum o
d. judgment - the selection of the elements in the sample is within the sound judgment of the researc
difference between the population mean and the sample mean
occurs when the sample mean deviates from the value of the population mean by chance. This is bec
using large sample can minimize sampling error.
more serious than sampling errors because the occurrence is not influenced by chance but acts of ma
increasing sample size will not cure non-sampling errors
three non-sampling error
a. errors in data acquisition - incorrect responses due to faulty instrument, typographical errors, incorr
b. non response error - arise from failure to obtain responses from members of the sample
c. selection bias - seleced member of the population cannot be included in the sample due to unavaila

n an informative way.

ar arrangement or order

d,2 is fair, 1 is poor)

e (temperature, score of sudents in a 10-pint quiz
; the zero (0) point in ratio is meaningful ; shows absence of condition
as part of the sample (draw lots)
ion process will be undertaken by considering every kth member of the population
exclusive groups called strata (gender:which may be categorized as male or female, Status: single, married)
ents, city or municipality)
ulation ; least preferred because bias may exist in the selection process.

convenience of the researcher.

e chosen at random while in quota sampling there is no specific procedure in selecting the elements in the sam
d upon the expertise or experiences of the researcher

value of the sample mean depends mainly from the selected sample w/c results may apply only to such selected

ding or transcription.

he respondents or some incapacity that may hinder a respondent from a respondent from giving response.

s: single, married)

elements in the sample.

only to such selected sample.

iving response.