Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Microbial loop
Wetzel 489-525, 731-783
CO2
Littorial flora, Phytoplankton, Bacteria
Heterotrophic
organisms
Detritus
CO2
Detritus
Detritus
Detritus (Con.)
Nonhumic substances:
Carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, amino acids, fats, waxes,
resins, pigments, and other low-molecular-weight organic
substances.
Labile, easily to be utilized and degraded by
microogranisms, exibit rapid flux rates; low instantaneous
concentrations in water
Humic substances (80% of the organic matter):
Humic acids, fulvic acids, humin; the formation of humic
substances occurs during the degradation of higher aquatic
and terrestrial plant material (celluloses, hemicelluloses,
and lignin) by fungi and bacteria.
Loss: photolysis, microbial decompositon, aggregation and
sedimentation, and outflows
Sources:
. Autochthonous dead organic
carbon is synthesized and cycling
within the system.
. Allochthonous inputs of dead
organic carbon from sources external
to the ecosystem that enter and cycle
in the system
Hydrolysis
proteolysis
Protein
Alcohol,
simple sugars
Fatty acids
Carbohydrate
lipid
deamination
Amino acids
CO2 , CH4
nitrification
NH3
NO2+NO3
denitrification
N2
-KT
Detritus food
(con.)
MT=Mchain
e
0
K=ln(M0/MT)/T
T=ln(M0/MT)/K T(half-life)=ln2/K
Table 17-13
RL = (f x NDVI)/D
(f =fractal dimension), plant cover (NDVI=Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index), and distance from the sampling point (D)
y = -0.140x2 + 0.077x + 0.03
r = 0.66, p<0.01
0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
RL
0.50
0.60
0.70
Oligotrophic lakes
1) organic inputs are small
2) organic matter is exposed during sedimentation to oxic
conditions for long distances
3) degradation of sedimenting organic matter is relatively
complete
4) organic sediment accumulation is slow
Eutrophic lakes
1) Massive inputs of organic matter
2) sedimentation is rapid
3) less volume of aerobic water
4) rapid accumulation of organic matter in anaerobic
hypolimnia and sediments.
In streams or rivers
Fig. 23-2, Fig. 8-8
In rivers
The role of animals in comparison to
microflora in decomposition of POM varies
widely, but is certainly small.
DOM (>90%) drives the metabolism of
streams and rivers.
In lakes
The decomposition of carbon by microflora of the
littoral and the sediments, probably dominates in
most lakes of the world since a vast majority of
lakes are small to very small.
In large lakes or in hypereutrophic lakes, the
inputs from littoral sources are proportionately
low, and animals may assume a somewhat greater
importance in the degradation of POC.
Decomposition of DOC is almost completely by
bacteria and fungi and by physical photolysis.
Percent (%)
Primary production
100
5.1
90
4.6
38
1.9
480
24.5
1170
80
59.8
4.1
1958
100.0
Community respiration
77
4.1
620
32.7
1200
1897
63.2
100.0
Inputs
Subtotals
Outputs
Total annual budget of Carbon fluxes for Lawrence Lake, Michigan. (table 23-16)
Components
g C m-2 yr-1
Inputs
Autochthonous
Phytoplankton
43.4
Submersed macrophytes
87.9
Epiphytic algae
37.9
Algal secretion and autolysis
14.7
Littoral plant secretion
5.5
Heterotrophy
2.8
Dark CO2 fixation
7.1
Allochthonous
stream and groundwater DOC
21
Stream
4.1
Shoreline litter POC
0.01
226.4
Outputs
Respiration
Benthic respiration
117.5
Bacterial respiration of DOC
20.6
Bacterial respiration of POC
8.6
Algal respiration
13
Permanent sedimentation
14.8
Coprecipitation of DOC with CaCO3
2
Outflow
dissoved
35.8
particulate
2.8
215.1
Percentage
19.1
38.8
16.8
6.5
2.5
1.2
3.1
9.3
1.8
0
100
54.6
9.6
4
6.1
6.9
1
16.5
1.3
100
Decomposers
Abundance and distribution
Aquatic bacteria are typically nutrient limited the
numbers and biomass of bacteria increase with increasing productivity
and concentrations of inorganic and organic compounds in lakes.
In
eutrophic lake we usually expect a higher bacteria
biomass than oligotrophic lake. Bacteria are high
in epilimnion, decreases in hypolimnion and
increases sharply at water and sediment interface,
but decline again below the interface. (table 17-1)
Decomposer (con.)
Seasonal: Genereally lower during winter than
during summer. This is because autochthonous
and allochthonous orgaic matters are low in low
temperature. Bacteria biomass generally increases
with organic matter loading. A close relation often
exists between seasonal changes in biomass of
phytoplankton and bacteria. Often bacteria
increase lag behind pulses of phytoplankton 5-10
days. The reason probably is that phytoplankton
organic matter which facilitating the development
of bacteria.
Protozoa
Zoop.
Bacteria
Phytoplankton
nutrients
Functions of Microbes
Small, high surface area to biomass ratios,
permitting a more intimate contact with the
environment, a greater uptake potential for
nutrients and a more rapid turnover of nutrients
and organic matter than larger organisms
Slow sinking rates and tend to remain in the upper
waters of lakes and oceans for long periods before
settling out to greater depths. So the nutrients
enters the microbial loop have a greater likelihood
of remaining in the photic zone longer than those
incorporated directly into larger metazoans with
faster sinking rates.