TASK 1

1.1 Critically examine these two organization by comparing and contrasting:

a) Their differing structure

CHARACTERISTIC
Specialization

MARK AND SPENCER

Matrix Structure
o A specialized crew can

FORD MOTOR COMPANY

Work Specialization
o Work can be

be chosen on the

completed faster and

merits of their work

more efficiently due to

and the functions that

specialization and

they carry forth.

quality control costs

are lowered due to

Opportunity

The needs of the

specialization
Task refinement by the

project is the sole

specialist leads to

criteria for hiring of

higher levels of

professionals. Thus

productivity.

allowing for more

Skill

chances of success
The project manager

Each employee can be

is solely responsible

an expert to some

for making sure that

degree.

the project is
completed on time and
within the allotted
budget

The different between Matrix Structure for Mark and Spenser is matrix management is a type of
organizational management in which people with similar skills are pooled for work assignments.
For example, although the functions are separate, each manager works together as part of The
Store Managements Team. The specialization for matrix is crew can be chosen on the merits of
their work and the functions that they carry forth which is they are work for a certain task. Then
they have a future opportunity by hiring the professional and through that can make that
company more successful.
All the work have skill of worker towards the company which is manager is responsible to make
sure the project completely on time and within allotted budget due to can save the budget. For
work specialization of Ford Motor Company, Ford demonstrated that work can be performed
more efficiently if employee area allowed specializing. Today we use the term work
specializations or division of labor, to describe the degree to which activities in the organization
are subdivided into separate jobs. Ford is more specialized that work can completely faster due
to their specialism and technical expertise and this can facilitate the development of the function
they are offer as well as providing a recognized path for promotion and career development.
Besides that, the opportunity from this department is task refinement leads to higher level due to
focusing the quality and productivity of task that was given. From that, all the company can be
expert to some degree due to have a skill of work.
The essence of work specialization is that rather than an entire job being done by one individual
it is broken down into a number of steps with each step being completed by a separate
individual. In essence individuals specialize in doing part of an activity rather to the entire
activity.

The similarities of Matrix Structure and Work Specialization

CHARACTERISTIC
Areas of activity
Task

MARK AND SPENSER & FORD MOTOR

o

COMPANY
Have their own specialized section or

department
Responsible for all the task required of the
function

The similarities of matrix structure for Mark and Spenser and also work specialization for Ford
Motor Company is having same areas of activity that both of companies have their own
specialized section or department in their organization. Each department have their own work
based on the skill and knowledge to do work according quality of their own
expertise.Furthermore,the company have a responsible for all the task required of the function
to achieve a goal that they are set for that company.

CHARACTERISTIC

MARK AND SPENCER

FORD MOTOR COMPANY

Functional Departmentalization

Product
Departmentalization

Specialties
o

Efficiencies from

Allows

putting together similar

specialization in

specialties and people with

particular products and

common skills, knowledge,

services

and orientations
Organizational type
o

Smaller

Larger organizations,

organizations, assembly-line

multinational

producers and well-

companies and

established professional

companies that have

organizations such as

operations spread out

colleges and hospitals

across many locations

may employ product
departments to allow
employees in certain
locations to focus on
the production or
output of a key

Ways of work

Focus to workers

product.
Closer to customers

The different between Functional Departmentalization for Mark and Spenser is grouping
activities by functions performed. Activities can be grouped according to function (work being
done) to pursue economies of scale by placing employees with shared skills and knowledge into
departments for example the Store Managements Team includes a Commercial Manager, a
Financial Manager and a Personnel Manager, who all report to a General Manager. For
example, they have specialties skill; knowledge and orientation due to handle the
departmentalization need a huge knowledge. Type of organization that used in functional
departmentalization is smaller organizations, assembly-line producers and well-established
professional organizations such as like Mark and Spenser. The ways of work to focus more to
worker and responsible toward any happen to workers.
For Product Departmentalization of Ford Motor Company is grouping activities by product line.
Tasks can also be grouped according to a specific product or service, thus placing all activities
related to the product or the service under one manager. Allows specialization in particular
products and services as their specialties and more to producing the product. Its a larger
organizations, multinational companies and companies that have operations spread out across
many locations may employ product departments to allow employees in certain locations to
focus on the production or output of a key product and also closer to customer which this
department see the customer indirectly.
Each major product area in the corporation is under the authority of a senior manager who is
specialist in, and is responsible for, everything related to the product line. Ford is an example of
company that uses product departmentalization.

The similarities of Functional Departmentalization and Product Departmentalization

CHARACTERISTIC
Skill of work

MARK AND SPENSER & FORD MOTOR COMPANY

o Coordination within functional area manager can
become expert in their industry

Specialization

o Specifically focused on the completion of its

own product.
The similarities of functional departmentalization for Mark and Spenser and product
departmentalization for Ford Motor Company which is have a same skill of work. When the
workers already work for very long time so that it can help them become more expert in their
industry and the ordination within functional area manager that need to observe the worker. If
already expert, the manager can do other work than is observation. The specialization like
functional departmentalization, product departmentalization can result in a lack of
communication between departments, as each department is specifically focused on the
completion of its own product. In this type of departmentalization, the effort produced by workers
is generally the same and does not necessarily require any additional effort or initiative on the
part of the individual worker

Functional Departmentalization

Product Departmentalization

b) Their different cultures

The comparing between of role culture and task culture
CHARACTERISTIC
Specialization

MARK AND SPENSER

o

Role Culture
every employee is

FORD MOTOR COMPANY

o

Task Culture
Organizations where

delegated roles and

teams are formed to

responsibilities

achieve the targets or

according to his

solve critical problems

specialization,

follow the task culture.

educational

In such organizations

qualification and

individuals with

interest to extract the

common interests and

best out of him.

specializations come
together to form a

Members

There are generally

four to five members in

Organization

each team
Role culture enables

team.
Less of members in
each members

Project teams will be

large organizations to

set specific tasks to

spread tasks among

complete within a set

their employees and

timescale and budget.

ensure key tasks are

covered without
unnecessary
duplication.

The different between Role Culture is in organization, individuals are assigned a specific role or
job. They may have a job description listing the tasks they are responsible for. Role culture
enables large organizations to spread tasks among their employees and ensure key tasks are

covered without unnecessary duplication. Each department of Mark and Spenser has their own
manager that control and manage the functional area which means managers roles are more
important than individuals where impersonal system and procedure role behavior are more
important rather than individual. Specialist roles should increase productivity as employees are
completing tasks they are fully trained and experienced to do.
However a role culture may be unsuitable for organizations with a small number of employees
where everyone needs to be taking on a variety of tasks and responsibilities. Furthermore a role
culture organization may find it difficult to adapt, if its staff are controlled by tight systems and
procedures. For Task Culture of Ford Motor Company is task culture has a number of staff feel
motivated because they are empowered to make decisions within their team, they may feel
valued because they have selected for the team and there is a sense of achievement when the
team complete the task successfully. It may also allow teams to be more creative when problem
solving. For example, for many years the Managing Director, Justin Bibir has striven to run an
economic and efficient operation. All work in this organization is planned according to detailed
task and specialization. Work is carried out under standard condition involving a controlled
environment and the use of efficient working methods. There is strict division of labor so that
individual worker is only responsible for a small number of tasks.

The similarities between role culture and task culture

CHARACTERISTIC

MARK AND SPENSER & FORD MOTOR

Ability of work

COMPANY
A person to carry out the functions in a

Power and authority

satisfactory manner
Desired performance and result

The similarities between role culture of Mark and Spenser and task culture of Ford Motor
Company that have a characteristic the ability of work of the person to carry out the function in
satisfactory manner. There is a security for employees and career progressions are predictable.
This can make the workers of both company will do the work more efficiently. Furthermore,
power and authority are distributed to the right people at the appropriate level and the focus
remains on the desired performance and result. When we have a power, we will improve our
skills and a good result for do the task following the role culture.

1.2 Discuss on how far Mark & Spencer and Ford Company structure and culture can
bring impact on the performance of the business
Product departmentalization focuses attention on major product areas in the corporation. Each
product is under the authority of a senior manager who is a specialist and is responsible for

everything having to do with his or her product line. One company that uses product
departmentalization is Ford Motor Company. Its structure is based on its various product lines,
which include lighting consumer electronics, domestic appliances and personal care, and
medical systems. If an organizations activities were service related rather than product related,
as those of Ford Motor Company, each service would be autonomously grouped. The
advantage of product grouping is that it increases accountability for product performance,
because all activities related to a specific product are under the direction of a single manager.
The first advantage of using functional departmentalization for Mark and Spenser can be that by
grouping together all the people who have the appropriate expertise, you will create highly
skilled specialists. Another advantage of this approach would be that Mark and Spenser have a
good communication between the members of the group due to be very strong as they would be
said to be on the same wave-length due to having similar skills and experience in common. A
third advantage could be that due to everyone in the group being a valued member,
understanding exactly what to do straight away, the company would save both time and money
by avoiding having any staff that may struggle to get to grips with the project.
The matrix structure, since Mark and Spenser employees have constant communication contact
with members from different functional areas, the matrix structure allows for information and
resources to travel more fluidly between those functional areas. The collaboration between
functional areas allows a project team to better handle that show Mark and Spenser have the
complex challenges and objectives. The matrix structure allows for human resources to be
shared flexibly across different projects or products. Functional areas maintain a stock of
talented employees to meet projects' requirements.
Furthermore, work specialization increase efficiency through Ford. Practice make perfect,
therefore the work within particular skills will develop skills and efficiency through repetition of
the job.it save time there is no need of switching from one place to another in that case worker
is fixed in her/his field as a result time is saved. Accuracy in production which it is likely to be
accuracy in production due to the fact that every worker will engage in the particular work where
will be concerned with.
Reduce cost of production in the particular activities the specialized person will be effectively
handling it out as a result there be no need giving cost of repeating the same job.

In a Mark and Spenser, role culture organization, individuals are assigned a specific role or job.
They may have a job description listing the task they are responsible for. It enables large
organizations to spread tasks among their employees and ensure key tasks are covered without
unnecessary duplication. This is particularly useful for specialist roles. Specialist roles should
increase productivity as employee is completing tasks they are fully trained and experienced to
do. However a role culture may be unsuitable for organization with a small number of
employees where everyone needs to be taking on a variety of tasks and responsibilities.
Task culture refers to use of teams of Ford to complete tasks especially if the objective has a
number of steps. The establishment of project teams for the completion of specific objectives.
Project teams will be set specific tasks to complete within a set timescale and budget. A task
culture has staff feel motivated because they are empowered to make decision within their
team, they may feel valued because they have selected for the team and their sense of
achievement when the team complete the task successfully.

1.3 What are the factors that could influence the employees (Mark & Spenser and Ford
Company) behavior at work?
The factor that can influence the employees of Mark and Spenser company and Ford Motor
Company is the demographic factors are socio economic background, education, nationality,

race, age and sex. Organizations of both company prefer persons that belong to good
socio-economic background, well educated, young etc. as they are believed to be
performing better than the others. The young and dynamic professionals that have good
academic background and effective communication skills are always in great demand. The
study of demographic factors is significant as it helps managers of Mark and Ford to pick the
suitable candidate for a particular job.
Furthermore,the abilities and skills of the members of Mark and Ford.The physical capacity
of an individual to do something can be termed as ability. Skill can be defined as the ability
to act in a way that allows a person to perform well. The individual behavior and
performance is highly influenced by ability and skills. A person can perform well in the both
organization if his abilities and skills are matched with the job requirement. The managers of
Mark and Ford plays vital role in matching the abilities and skills of the employees with the
particular job requirement.
Beside that,the perception also effect the behavior to workers .The cognitive process meant
for interpreting the environmental stimuli in a meaningful way is referred to as perception.
Every individual on the basis of his/he reference can organize and interpret environmental
stimuli. There are many factors that influence the perception of an individual. The study of
perception plays important role for the Mark and Ford managers. It is important for
managers to create the favorable work environment so that employees perceive them in
most favorable way. The employees are likely to perform better if they are going to perceive
it in a positive way.
The other effect is attitude. According to psychologists, attitude can be defined as a
tendency to respond favorably or unfavorably to certain objects, persons or situations. The
factors such as family, society, culture, peers and organizational factors influence the
formation of attitude.
The managers in an Mark and Ford organization need to study the variables related to job
as to create the work environment in a favorable way that employees are tempted to form a
positive attitude towards their respective jobs. The employees can perform better in the
organization if they form a positive attitude.
Finally,the personality can be defined as the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits
of an individual, the inter-relations between them and the way in which a person responds

and adjusts to other people and situations. The several factors that influence the personality
of an individual are heredity, family, society, culture and situation. It implies to the fact that
individuals differ in their manner while responding to the organizational environment.
Personality can be regarded as the most complex aspect of human beings that influences
their behavior in big way. It can be concluded that the study of personality traits offers an
opportunity to understand the individuals. It helps them properly in directing their effort and
motivating them for the accomplishment of the organizational goal of Mark and Ford
company.It refers to the fact that different environmental factors may generate different
responses. The study of these responses is very important for the organization. Every
organization demands a particular type of behavior from their employees and such
behaviors can be discovered through observation, learning, exposure, and training.

TASK 2
2.1 Compare the effectiveness of leadership style that had been applied in Mark &
Spenser and Ford Company.
CHARACTERISTIC

Description

MARK AND SPENSER

FORD MOTOR COMPANY

Democratic

Laisez-faire

Leader encouraged

Complete freedom

group to create
o

policies.
Leader gave overview

but leader gave

information only

of task and steps

o

Resources provided

when asked.

before work.
Members choose
actions and
interactions that
facilitate work

Feedback

Feedback was factual

and objective
Findings

members gain

No feedback unless
asked

members have little

satisfactions in making

sense of

their own decisions

accomplishment

individual selfconfidence results

there is lack of clear

goals

from group
achievement

The different between democratic by Mark and Spenser with laisez faire by Ford Motor
Company.The description for democratic is leader encouraged group to create policies.It is
because they are will do the work with a full of responsibility and have specialization task to
settle the work.Before that,leader will gave overview or introduction of task and step before do
the work.From that,they are know what of kind the task that was given and objectives for this
task.After that,members choose actions and interactions that facilitate work.Beside that,the

feedback was factual and objective.Then,the feedback more directly and easy to understand
due to the gather opinion with other members.Moreover,the members can gain satisfaction in
making their own decisions.

members gain satisfactions in making their own decisions

individual self-confidence results from group achievement

2.2 What is the advantage of approaches to management that had been applied in both
organizations? Make a comparison between both organizations
The advantage of bureaucracy that applied in Mark and Spenser is the organizational structure
exercise a great deal of control over the organizational strategy decisions,which is ideal for
business owners with a command and control style.Besides that,the employees tasks in the
organization are allocated as official duties and based on their responsibilities.Strategic
decision-making time can be shorter in a tall organizational structure, since less individuals are
involved in the process. Standardization and best-practices are often highlights in companies
with tall organizational structures, ensuring that work is consistently completed efficiently and
effectively.
Bureaucratic control a system that strategic was based around internal labor market and the
winning of employee commitment through the prospect of long term career advancement
includes job security, pension packages and Training & development.Bureaucracies helped
HRM in recruitment, performance appraisal, and other systems.A bureaucratic system brings to
the overall running and efficiency of a business and its employees. In a bureaucracy each
employee of the organization knows precisely what their duties are within the organization, and
therefore many tasks will be performed a lot quicker and more efficiently. The clear-cut rules set
by bureaucratic systems also enable the organization.
Ford Motor Company applied scientific managements is essential for any type of
business.Justin Bibir managements approach in managing the organisation was quite unfriendly
among his workers.Some of the employees claiming that they were treated like machines and
no account were taken of their abilities or their motivation.Besides,they also think that the
approach applied by him does not suitable in the changing environment of this century.Others
feel that they are not motivated just by the money.Moreover,Justins approach is entirely focused
on the work and takes no account of the workers.There are also certain types of work which are
non-rountine,hard to observe and measure and difficult to plan in advance.

The work is simplified and is carried out in most economical and efficient manner. Scientific
management is instrumental in developing healthy cooperation between the management and
the subordinates thereby encouraging cordial and harmonious relations between the two. The
result is that disagreements that are a common occurrence in industry get considerably
reduced. A concept of mental revolution for the development of close understanding, mutual
trust and confidence between the labor and the management is also given importance in this
type of management.
This type of management is also beneficial for the workers as they start getting higher salaries
than before. The higher wages and different incentive plans are helpful in increasing the
standard of production. Increased standard of production leads to more turn over and enhances
the profit of investor. Higher profits can be utilized for ploughing back or self-financing in order to
provide sound financial base to the concern. One of the main principles of scientific
management is that it undertakes scientific selection, placement and training of the industrial
employees.

Comparison between advantage of Bureaucracy and Scientific Management