DISSERTATION

ON
IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR SERICULTURE
DEVELOPMENT AT SINGHPUR, TILOI, AND BAHADURPUR
BLOCKS OF RAEBARELI DISTRICT (U.P.) USING REMOTE
SENSING & GIS TECHNIQUES
SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF
POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN REMOTE SENSING &
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY
HARSHITA SINGH
PGDRSGIS- II SEMESTER
Roll No.: 514702

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

Dr. S.P.S. JADAUN
SCIENTIST SD, SERICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
AGRICULTURE RESOURCE DEVISION

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
NATIONAL POST GRADUATE COLLEGE
AN AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE OF LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY
2, RANA PRATAP MARG, LUCKNOW, 226001
2014-2015

CERTIFICATE
It is certified that HARSHITA SINGH, a student for Post Graduate Diploma In
Remote Sensing & Geographical Information System of the Department of
Geography, National PG College has working under our guidance and supervision
during the session 2014-2015 and the present dissertation titled IDENTIFICATION
OF SUITABLE SITES FOR SERICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AT SINGHPUR,
TILOI, AND BAHADURPUR BLOCKS OF RAEBARELI DISTRICT (U.P.) USING
REMOTE SENSING & GIS TECHNIQUES submitted by him is a bonafide genuine
work and no part of this has been submitted for any other work.

Supervisor
Dr. RITU JAIN
Assistant professor
National PG College,
Lucknow

PREFACE
The reduction of rural poverty continues to be a paramount goal of the developing
countries like India. According to the survey of World Bank 70% of worlds population
is under poverty line in rural areas. Establishment of rural based industries like
Sericulture, in particular can be effective in creating new jobs & providing
supplemental income, for all villagers especially for women. Being a rural agro based
industry; it can play a vital role to improve the socio-economic status of rural &
backward areas.
This project entitled Identification of Suitable Sites for Sericulture Development
at Singhpur, Tiloi and Bahadurpur Blocks of Raebareli District (U.P.) using
Remote Sensing &GIS Techniques which has led to the identification of sites in
respect of different categories of culturable wastelands suitable for Sericulture
Development in district of Uttar Pradesh. This report and appended maps highlights
the suitable categories for sericulture development in the Raibarely, district. It is
hoped that the information generated on culturable wastelands will be useful at
plot/village level for purpose of the Sericulture development

Date:

DECLARATION
3

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted of any
other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except
where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

(HARSHITA SINGH)
(P.G.D.R.S.)
Roll No.: 514702

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It provides immense pleasure to acknowledgement this project t at its various stages.
It would not have been possible to develop such a project without the contribution
and great deal of encouragement on the parts of numerous individuals. So, it
becomes obligatory on my part to extend my regards to all .I extend my deepest
thanks to Dr. P.K. SINGH, H.O.D-National P.G College. I extend my heartiest thanks
to Dr. Ritu Jain for her support.
I am highly grateful to Sri Rajiva Mohan-Acting Director, RSAC, U.P for giving us
opportunity to undergo this training. I express my deepest regard to Dr. B.Lal (Head
Training Division), Dr. R. K. Upadhyay (Scientist S.D &In charge ARD) for their
throughout support and guidance. Its my radient sentiments to place on records Dr.
S.

P. S.

Jadaun

(Scientist

S.D

&

Project

Manager-Sericulture

Div),Dr.

KaushlendraSingh (S.D),Sri Narendra Kumar, all the project coordinators for their
rigorous support & motivation that has lead to completion of my project. I would like
to thank all the scientists and employee of RSAC who directly and indirectly helped
me to complete this project.
I also want to thanks to Mr. Atul Mishra, Dr. Bandna Singh Chandel ,Mr. Umesh
Kumar, Mr. Vinod Kumar Tewari , and my classmate Vijyanti Singh and all the
members of RSAC who have throughout supported & guided me.

Harshita Singh

TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

1. Certificate

2. Preface

3. Declaration

4. Acknowledgment

5. List of Tables

6. List of Figure and Diagrams

7. List of Maps

10

8. Chapter-1: An overview of dissertation

11

Introduction

12

Aims & objectives

23

Hypothesis

24

Review of literature

27

9. Chapter-2: General Description

29

Study area
Geography
Topography
River system and water resource
Climate
6

 Agro-climatic conditions
Soil
Minerals
Forest
Administrative setups
10.

Chapter-3: Socio-economic Status

37

Socio-economic status of Raebareli

Industrial scenario of Raebareli
Population status of Raebareli 2001-2011
Population

status

of

rural-urban

population

of

Raebareli 2011
11.

Chapter-4: methodology

44

Landscape & soil parameters considered for land

evaluation.
Best Period for Mulberry Rearing
Suitability criteria for mulberry plantation
Criteria for Determination of Land Suitability Classes
12.

Chapter-5: Results

49

Results
13.

Chapter - 6: Summary & Conclusion

66
7

14.

Summary

67

Conclusion

70

Chapter-7: Bibliography

73

Bibliography

74

Abbreviations

75

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE NO.

Table 1: Status of Silk Production (metric-ton) in Uttar Pradesh

18

Table 2: Available minerals in study area

35

Table 3: Statuses of Tehsils & Blocks

Table 4: Industrial scenario of Raebareli

Table 5: Details of existing micro & small enterprises and artisan units in

36
38

the district (2010-11)

39

Table 6: Population Status of Raebareli District according to Census of

2001 and 2011

40

Table 7: Raebareli district rural-urban population 2011

42

Table 8: Landscape & soil parameters considered for land evaluation. 45

Table 9: Best Period for Mulberry Rearing

46

Table 10: Suitability criteria for mulberry plantation

46

Table 11: Criteria for Determination of Land Suitability Classes

47

Table 12: Landscape Parameters on different selected sites

51

Table 13: Culturable Wasteland

52

LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE NO.

Figure-1 Variety-Wise Raw Silk Productions (2004-13)

Figure-2: Graphical Presentation of Population and Literacy Growth

(Census 2001 & 2011) of Raebareli District of U.P.

16

40

Figure 3: Rural and Urban Population, Literacy Growth (Census 2001 &
2011) in Rural and Urban Areas of Raebareli District, U.P

43
9

Figure-4: Methodology Chart

LIST OF MAPS

48

PAGE NO.

Map-1: Location map (study area)

22

Map-2: Tobosheet map of study area

30

Map 3: Soil Depth map

53

Map4: Drainage permeability map

54

Map5: Erosion Map

55

Map 6: pH map

56

Map 7: Soil texure map

57

Map 8: Slope Map

58

Map 9: Study area on Satellite Image map

59

Map: 10: Suitable sites satellite map (Bahadurpur)

60

Map: 11: Suitable sites map (Bahadurpur)

61

Map: 12: Suitable sites satellite map (Tiloi)

62

Map: 13: Suitable sites map (Tiloi)

63

Map: 14: Suitable sites satellite map (Singhpur)

64

Map: 15: Suitable sites map (Singhpur)

65

10

CHAPTER -1
AN OVERVIEW OF
DISSERTATION

11

INTRODUCTION

Silk is the protein fiber produced by silk worm for spinning cocoon. The purpose of
cocoon is to provide a protective casing to the silk worm during the most critical period of
its life i.e. the pupal stage. Basically there are two proteins which forms the silk fiber i.e.
Fibron & sericin (a waxy substance which encases the Fibron). These proteins are
synthesized by the silk worm from the leaf it feeds on, during its larval period. The
Silkworm undergoes 4 distinct stages in its life cycle. Egg, Larva, Pupa & Moth. The
Moth lays eggs and from these tiny ant-like worms hatch out and feed on mulberry
leaves, this second stage called larva or caterpillar. The larva when fully grown spins silk
into a cocoon around itself. Inside the cocoon the worm is transformed into the pupa
which is the third stage. After some days pupa develops into the moth, which is the final
stage. The moth comes out of the cocoon and after copulation the female moth lays
eggs. This life cycle is thus repeated. The length of the cycle varies form region to region
& forms one species, to another depending on factors like climate, vegetation &
temperature.
Sericulture is both an Art & Science of raising silk worms. Sericulture is an ecofriendly
agro-industry which increases biodiversity and the end point of which is SILK. Silk is
the most graceful Fabric in the world with unparallel grandeur, inherent affinity for dyes,
light weight, high durability and natural sheen. It is also known as Queen of Textiles the
world over.
Silk, as a wearable fiber, was first discovered by the Chinese empress XI Ling Shi
during 2,640 B.C. and its culture & weaving was a guarded secret for more than 2500
years by the Chinese. Silk was a profitable trade commodity in China & it became one of
the principal elements of the Chinese economy and hence the trade route got the name
Silk Route even today Silk reigns supreme as an object of desire and fabric of high
fashion. Being a rural industry, the production and weaving of silk are largely carried out
12

by relatively poor sections of the society and this aspect of Sericulture has made it
popular and sustainable in countries like China and India.

Silkworm Rearing
It is a cottage activity as distinct from mulberry cultivation. This activity needs much
manual attention & skill. There are four Silkworm races viz. univoltine bivoltine,and
Trivoltine and multivoltine. In the univoltine, the silkworm passes through only one
cycle and remains dormant in the egg stage or in the pupa stage in the cocoon for a long
time; i.e. it has only one breed or generation in a year. The multivoltine has cycles after
cycles, where a cycle just takes only six weeks. The univoltine are very sensitive to high
temperature and are to be reared in cooler regions. The cocoons are bigger in size &
possess more silk. The multivoltines are suitable to warm regions and many rearings
can be had in a year. But size of the cocoon is smaller and its quality is low. The
Bivoltine & Trivoltine fall in between these two.

Types of Silk
Mulberry Silk: What is commonly called silk is mulberry silk.Bombyx mori , a native of
northern China or Bengal, is the silkworm which produces Mulberry Silk. It is found in all
voltines. Mulberry sericulture is being practiced in almost all the states of India. The
production of Mulberry silk involves a series of processes. As it predominates over other
types of silk, here a special mention has been made of the processes of its production.
Tasar Silk: Tasar Silk is produced by a species called Antheeraca Mylitta . This exists
in the form of nearly 19 ecotypes thriving between 450 & 750 metres above mean see
level (MSL). It is a wild species found in uni, bi and trivoltines. It is polyphagous in
nature. The main food plants of Tasar silk worms are Assan, Arjun & Sal Tasar silk is
copperish coloured& does not possess the lusture of mulberry silk. A new strain of Tasar
worm has been developed from Antheraea Pernyii& Antheraea Royelie which feed on
Oak trees abounding at 600-1800 m above MSL. Oak Tasar Silk is yellow to white in

13

colour, and it is the finest among the non-mulberry silks. Tasar culture is found in Bihar,
Orissa M.P., Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh.
Eri silk: Eri silk is also known as Endi and ranks next to tasar in commercial importance.
The genus Philosomia comprises 17 species distributed mainly in the indo- Anetratien
region. The silk worm Phelosamis Rivoinie thrives in India NAD is Multivoltine, yielding
from worm is caster lerres, papayas payam. Eri cocoons are white and brick red in
colour. Ericulture is found in Orissa, Bihar, W.B. Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh.
Muga silk: Muga silk is obtained from the worms Anthereaa samensis which are
Polyphagus, primarily feeding on som and salu. This type of silk is golden yellow to
creamy white in color with a lusterous look. Muga silk is almost the monopoly of Assam,
but it is also found in Meghalay.

Sericulture Development using Remote Sensing

Project SITE and other satellite based communication applications have reached the
far-flung areas of the country. The INSAT and EDUSAT based services have
strengthened the reach of health care and quality education. Village Resource Centres
of ISRO are an integration of space technology based services, emanating from satellite
communication and earth observation. Village Resource Centres provide digital
connectivity (Video Conferencing & Information transfer) and spatial information on
natural resources and development. The network of Village Resource Centers being
established in the country can be successfully utilized in Sericulture potential sites
identifications and its extension system. Through latest remote sensing satellite data
along with GIS data base generated by different nationwide projects, potential culturable
wastelands for Sericulture development can be easily identified.

Sericulture Industry

14

China leads the world with 79.1% of the total production of silk production. India, the
second producer of silk in world has 17.5% share in global raw silk production. (Source:
ISC website update as on July 2011).
The establishment of rural industries like Sericulture, in particular, can be very effective
in creating new job opportunities and providing supplemental income. Being a rural agro
based labour intensive industry this sector can also play vibrant role in checking
migration from rural to urban areas and development of the rural India can be made
certain/sure.

Sericulture Industry in India

If fashion is a fine art, the silk is its biggest canvas, and if silk is the canvas, then all its
weavers, dyers, designers, embroiderers are the greatest artists. Indian silk has
enthralled fashion watchers and all categories of consumers across the world with its
vast range of motif, techniques and brilliant hues. India is the second largest producer of
raw silk after China & the biggest consumer of raw silk and silk fabrics.
Indias traditions & culture bound domestic market & and amazing diversity of silk
garments that reflect geographic specificity have helped the country to achieve a leading
position in silk industry. Our country is the second largest producer of non-mulberry silk,
accounting for about 15 % the global raw silk production. Non-mulberry Sericulture
practices in almost all states of the country but Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West
Bengal and Tamil Nadu, together account for about 98% of the total Non Mulberry silk
production in the country. Non Mulberry Sericulture, also known as forest Sericulture
mainly consists of tropical and temperate Tasar, Eri and Muga

Variety-Wise Raw Silk Productions (2004-13)

Figure 1:
15

India has the unique distinction of being the only country producing all the four
known commercial silks viz. mulberry, tropical tasar, eri&muga. The states having silk
production as their culture/tradition are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. and non-traditional states like Punjab, Haryana, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan etc. make a lot of demand against a little supply of silk. So there is a
need to improve the production of silk.
India is the only country where all four types of silk (Mulberry, Tasar, eri&muga) can be
produced in various states due to its climatic diversity. Host plant of non mulberry silk
worm is Morusindica.Morus & Alba.Tasar silk worm food plant are Asan /
Teminaliatomentosa & Arjun (T. Arjuna). Primary host plants of Eri silk worms are (a)
Castor

(Ricinuscommunis)

(Manihotutilissima).

Muga

(b)
Silk

Kssery
worm

(Heteropanaxfragrans)
rearing

can

be

and

done

(c)
on

Topioca
(a)

Som

(Machilusbombysina) (b) Soalu (L. polyantha) (c) Mezankari (L. CitrataBlume) & (d)
Dighloti (L. SalicifoliaRexb.

16

Status of Sericulture in Uttar Pradesh

First time in Uttar Pradesh, Sericulture was started in 1947-48 at Doiwala, Dehradun.
I.S.T.P. (Integrated State Tasar Programme) was started in Mirzapur (1975-76) in
those days, it was the only programme running in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. According
to Central Silk Board (2012), total consumption of silk in Uttar Pradesh is 5000
metric-ton per year against which the total production of silk is 157 metric-tons per
year. Varanasi District of Uttar Pradesh has good market of quality silk and the
weavers of silk are found in Varanasi, MaunathBhanjan, Mubarakpur (Azamgarh),
Chandera (Lalitpur). Mulberry, Eri and Tasar producing Districts of Uttar Pradesh are
given below:

Table: 1 Status of Silk Production (metric-ton) in Uttar Pradesh

17

NEED FOR STUDY

In recent years sericulture has achieved on or moues progress in evolving suitable
mulberry varieties, and techniques to bring about new silkworm races suitable for
tropical climatic conditions. With the evolution and introduction of more productive
silkworm races, the productivity has increased & sericulture has become a highly
remunerative activity. Attracted by these advantages more & more farmers have
taken up sericulture and the industry has spread to most to almost all states in India .
However Karnataka has been the leading producer of mulberry silk accounting for
more then 50% of its production in the country. Karnataka is now regarded as the silk
hub in India. Mulberry cultivation in Karnataka is concentrated in the district of
Mysore. Banglore, koler, Tumkur & Mandye. Originally, the mulberry crop was
Introduction in the Mysore district &its surrounding area as a dry crop. Subsequently
it was grown as an irrigated crop in certain concentrated pockets of kolar & Banglore
districts. The entry of mandya district into the field recent. The farmers in
nontraditional areas of the state are quick in seizing the opportunities before them
and have accepted mulberry cultivation & silkworm rearing as a highly profitable
enterprise.

Type of Culturable Wastelands which can be used easily for

sericulture development:
Gullied/Ravine Land
Gullies are formed as a result of localized surface run- off affecting the
unconsolidated material resulting in the formation of perceptible channels causing
undulating terrain. Gullies develop from rills which are tiny water channels with a few
centimeters deep, formed as a resultant impact of heavy rainfall and wearing action
of run-off generated there from. These are the first stage of excessive land dissection
18

followed by their networking. Ravines are basically a extensive systems of gullies

developed along river courses.
They are commonly found in sloping lands, developed as a result of concentrated
run-off. They appear in light yellow to bluish green in color depending on the surface
moisture and depth of erosion. They vary in size, shape with irregular broken
network pattern. Further classification of this morphology of bed material of the
ravines. Two categories are recognized in ravine lands.
Medium -Medium ravines that have a depth ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 metres.
Deep -Deep ravines that a depth of more than 5 meters .

19

Land with scrub

These areas possess shallow and skeletal soils, at times chemically degraded,
extremes of slopes, severely eroded and lands subjected to excessive aridity with
scrubs dominating the landscape. They have a tendency for intermixing with cropped
areas. They appear in light yellow to brown to greenish blue depending on the
surface moisture cover and vary in size from small to large having either contiguous
or dispersed patter.2 sub-classes are possible to be delineated based on the
presence of vegetation cover on such lands.
Land with scrub-Dense
This category Wasteland of was found in Raebareli district The vegetal cover is often
more than 15 percent. Scrublands are associated with moderate slopes in plains and
foot hills and are generally surrounded by agricultural lands.
Land with Open Scrub
Wasteland of this category is found in Raebareli district This category has a similar
description as mentioned in the earlier class excepting that they possess sparse
vegetation, generally less that 15 percent or devoid of scrub. This land is generally
prone to deterioration due to erosion and has a thin soil cover.
Seasonal Waterlogged
Waterlogged land is that land where the water is at or near the surface and water
stands for most of the year. Wasteland of this category has been shown in chapter 6
(Pg. No. 74). The duration of water logging is for less than 6 months in a year.
Land affected by salinity/ alkalinity
Wasteland of this category was also found in Raebareli district. Lands that are
affected by salinity/alkalinity portray the qualities that have adverse effect on the
growth of most plants due to action or presence of excess soluble salts (saline) or
20

high exchangeable sodium. Salt affected lands appear in different tones of dull white
to white on the satellite data in different geographical conditions. In the irrigated
alluvial plain of Punjab. Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and north-eastern Rajasthan, they
appear in bright white to white tone, while in inland coastal areas, like Gujarat, they
appear in light blue tone. The size and shape of these land units vary from small to
big, contiguous to non-contiguous. In the coastal belt like parts of Surat, Eastern part
of Tamilnadu, they are seen in small patches midst irrigated crop areas. Coastal
saline soils may be with or without ingress or inundation by sea water.
Land affected by salinity/ alkalinity-Strong
These patches appear bright white in color. These lands do not support any kind of
vegetation during any season. Chemically, their Electrical Conductivity (EC) levels
(dS/m) are between 8 and 30, pH 9.0 and 9.8 and Exchangeable Sodium
Percentage (ESP) is between 15 and 40.
Land affected by salinity/ alkalinity-medium
They appear dull white to light red in tone and are often associated with some scrub
vegetation or salt-resistant crop during kharif season. Chemically, their Electrical
Conductivity (EC) levels (dS/m) are between 8 and 30, pH 9.0 and 9.8 and
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) is between 15 and 40.

21

Map 1: Location map

22

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

Awareness for local people or farmers of the study area Thus the farmers of
rural public can get extra benefit from culturable wasteland through
intercropping.

To trace out the culturable wasteland which are mostly suitable for host plant
of silk warm.

To study the Socio-economic status of Raebareli district.

To identify the cultural wastelands in selected blocks of Raebareli district.

mapping location, and area extent of cultural wasteland in selected block of

Raebareli.

To map the landscape characteristics (soil theme) and with soil properties,
which are responsible directly and indirectly for plantation of mulberry.

Acreage estimation of potential suitable sites for Sericulture development in

selected Block of Raebareli district of U.P.

23

HYPOTHESIS
The Chinese has used silk since the 27th century B.C., During the Roman Empire,
silk was sold for its weight, in gold. The Chinese domesticated silk worms and fed
them with mulberry leaves. They unwound the, silkworms' cocoons to produce long
strands of silk fiber.
Silk is one of the oldest fibers known to man. Its discovery as a weave able fiber is
credited to the Lady Xi Ling Shi, the 14-year-old bride of the Emperor Huang Ti, the
so-called 'Yellow Emperor'.
One day in 2640BC, according to Confucius, she was sitting under a mulberry
tree, drinking a cup of tea into which a silk cocoon fell from above. She
noticed the delicate fibers start to unravel in the hot liquid and has been
credited as the first person to 'reel' or unravel a silk cocoon and use the
filament to create a yarn for weaving. Whether or not the legend holds true, it is
certain that the earliest surviving references to silk production place it in China and
that for nearly 3 millennia, the Chinese had a global monopoly on silk production.
The Chinese kept the secret of the beautiful and value added material that, they
were producing from the rest of the world for more than 30 centuries. Travelers were
searched thoroughly at border crossings and anyone caught trying to smuggle eggs,
cocoons or silkworms out of the country were summarily executed. Demand for this
exotic fabric eventually created the lucrative trade route now known as the 'Silk
Road,'. of which mention is made as early as 300BC in the days of the Han Dynasty,
taking silk westward and bringing gold, silver and wools to the East.
Silk was exported along the Silk Road (the ancient trade route linking China and
the Roman Empire). This trade brought China a great wealth, but the Chinese did
not give away the secret on how silk was produced.
24

SERICULTURE IN INDIA
Silk is a way of life in India. Over thousands of years, it has become an inseparable
part of Indian culture and tradition. No ritual is complete without silk being used as a
wear in some form or the other. Silk is the undisputed queen of textiles over the
centuries. Silk provides much needed work in several developing and labor rich
countries. Sericulture is a cottage industry par excellence. It is one of the most labor
intensive sectors of the Indian economy combining both agriculture and industry,
which provides for means of livelihood to a large section of the population i.e.
mulberry cultivator, co-operative rearer, silkworm seed producer, farmer-cumrearer,
reeler, twister, weaver, hand spinners of silk waste, traders etc. It is the only one
cash crop in agriculture sector that gives returns within 30 days. This industry
provides employment nearly to three five million people in our country. Sericulture is
cultivated in Karnataka, Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,
Gujarat, Kerala, Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Orissa etc.
Though India is the second largest silk producer in the World after China, it accounts
for just 5% of the global silk market, since the bulk of Indian silk thread and silk cloth
are consumed domestically. Germany is the largest consumer of Indian silk. The
sericulture industry is landbased as silk worm rearing involves over 700,000 farm
families and is concentrated in the three Southern states of Karnataka, Tamilnadu
and Andhra Pradesh. (The states of Assam and West Bengal are also involved in the
industry to a certain extent).

25

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Maximization of mulberry leaf yield per unit area will lead to the realization of the
most important objectives namely increased cocoon production per ha. And reduced
cost of production (krishnaswami,1990).Mulberry cultivation is an applied science,
which involves are detail study of morphological, fhysiological and ecological
features. The study in encompasses cultivation techniques suited for the production
of best mulberry leaves suited for the raring of silkworms and to obtain rich harvest
of such leaves from a constant cultivation area reasonably inexpensive manner.
Sericulture provides subsistence to approximately 6 million people in India
(Anuradha and Pullaiah,1992). Textile industry is heavily dependent on natural silk,
as the world market requires about 25 million kg. of silk every year. Over 99% Indian
silk is Mori silk, since mulberry foliage constitutes the chief feed for the silkworm
(Datta 1994). The precise origin of sericulture India is not very clear. However,the
historians believe that sericulture industry was brought to India from Chaina through
Khotan in 140 B.C.
Modern days sericulture started during 1875 during the regime of Tipu sultan rular if
Mysore kingdom, who brought mulberry from Bengal to south and planted it in
Kollegal and adjoining areas, while the silkworm Bombyx mori races were brought by
him from China (Mundkar and Muniraju, 2002).
The important multipurpose trees and referred to as the attractant for the silkworm
cocoons and on the whole in the entire operation of sericulture. The presence of
volatile alcohol, 3, yhexanol in the leaves of mulberry. The cultivation of mulberry
serve as the attractant foe the silkworm strains and cultures. Besides being an
important host plant, mulberry is also one of the important multipurpose trees and
referred to as kalpavirushka (Dandi and Ramesh, 1987) as all the part of the plants
26

have many uses. Some spec ies of mulberry are grown for their edible fruits and
timber.

Vijayan et al. (2000) observed a distinct genotypic effect for shoot

differentiation from the leafblade showed a very high frequently of shoot

differentiation compared to the other genotypes. Kim et al (1985) achieved
elongation of the shoot induced from hypocotyls segments of mulberry by gradual
reduction rather than abrupt removal. Mhatre et al. (1985) reported that presoaking
of explants in cytokinings prio to culture was beneficial for shoot bud induction in
axillary bud are leaf explants whereas stem segments proved recalcitrant. They
inferred that pre- restment

confers a wheareas stem segment proved

recalcitrant.The field performance of plants raised in Virto showed certain

characteristics which could beuseful for obtaining more yield of leaves per plant,such
as more branching, short internodes and variation in phyllotaxy in mulberry (Rao and
Bapat, 1993).

27

CHAPTER- 2
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION

28

STUDY AREA
The district of Raebareli, which was created by the British in 1858, is named after its
headquarters town. Tradition has it that the town was founded by the Bhars and was
known as Bharauli or Barauli which in course of time got corrupted into Bareli. Since
about the begining of the media level period of indian history the region in the south
of which the area covered by the district of Raebareli lies has been known as Avadh
or Subhah of Avadh. In the north it streched as far as the foothills of the Himalayas
and in the south as far as the Ganga beyond which lay the Vatsa country. There is no
doubt that the district has been civilised and settled life since very early times.

Toposheet Index Map of Study Area

Map: 2

29

Study area is covered in 8 toposheets, viz- 63F/2, 63F/3, 63F/6, 63F/7,63F/8,

63F/10, 63F/11, 63F/12 it is shown in Map 2.
GEOGRAPHY
The district is irregular in shape but fairly compact. It forms a part of the lucknow
Division and lies between Latitude 25 49' North and 26 36' North and Longitude
100 41' East and 81 34' East. On the North it is bounded by tehsil Mohanlalganj of
district Lucknow and tehsil Haidergargh of district Barabanki, on the east by tehsil
MussafirKhana of district Sultanpur and on the south east by Pargana Ateha and the
Kunda tehsil of district Pratapgargh. The southern boundary is formed by the Ganga
which separates it from the district of Fatehpur. On the west lies the Purwa tehsil of
district Unnao.
According to the 1991 census the area of the district was 4,609 sq. km. The area is
liable to vary every year by reason of the action of the Ganga, for a small variation in
the deep stream of the river makes a very noticable change in the area of the district,
which occupies the thirty fourth place in size among the districts of the State.
TOPOGARPHY
The district as a whole, is fairly compact tract of gently undulating land. The elevation
varies from about 120.4 m. above sea level in the north west to 86.9 m. above sea
level in the extreme south east, on the banks of the Ganga. The highest points are
the crowns of the watersheds of the different drainage channel which serve to divide
the district into five main physical units, The ganga Khadar, the Ganaga upland, the
southern clay tract, the central tract or the sai upland and the Northern clay tract.
RIVER SYSTEM AND WATER RESOURCES
The district is drainned by the Ganga, the Sai and their tributaries although some of
them join the main stream after passing the confines of the district.
30

CLIMATE
As stated earlier this district lies in the vast Gangetic plains of north India at an
elevation of 100 to 120 meters, sloping gently to south east. Relief from the summer
heat arrives with the mansoon in second half of June, through the weather may often
remain sultry. The winter sets in November and last up to February Generally.
AGRO CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
The climate of Raebareli is almost dry Annual Rainfall is about 900-1000 mm,is seen
mainly during July to September. Study area covers 6 Agro climatic zones . The
details are given below:
AES-1(Ganga Khadar region): Light brown sandy loam to sandy, generally
structure less, poor in water holding capacity and organic matter,moderately
alkaline,restricted drainage,surface soils poor in lime content but the middle layer is
calcareous, medium in soluble salts. Carbonates & sulphates practically absent.
AES-2(Ganga Recent Alluvium region): Light gray brown at surface to pale brown
at lower depth, poor to average water holding capacity neutral in reaction and poor in
organic matter.Generally non calcareous with fair drainage, medium in soluble salt
contents with predominance of bicarbonates and chlorides.
AES-3(Ganga Flat region):Light gray to light brownish gray, sandy loam, average
water holding capacity , neutral in reaction, slightly calcareous, look in organic
matter content, impeded drainage and prone to salinity in the water logged areas,
average in soluble salts but injurious carbonetes are absent.
AES-4(Sai Upland Region):Brown at surface and lighter brown, sandy loam,
average water holding capacity, neutral non-calcareous, fair drainage, low in soluble
salts mainly comprising of bicarbonates and chlorides of sodium.

31

AES-5(Sai Low Land region):The colour varies from gray to grayish brown at the
surface to slightly light at water holding capacity, neutral in reaction but lower layers
moderately calcareous. High soluble salts that increase with depth.
AES-6(Sai Flat region):Surface soil gray in colour which darkens below, becoming
gray again in the third horizon.Texture Is clay loam at surface and heavier below,
average water holding capacity, neutral in reaction and medium water soluble salts
comprising mainly bicarbonates and chlorides of sodium.
SOIL OF RAEBARELI
Major part of Raebareli soils is sodic and in these soils crop cultivation without any
modification, becomes very difficult. Under these conditions rice-wheat cropping
system immerged as predominant one.Rice is the most important crop of the district
followed by moong and urd that are grown during Kharif season. Dhaincha is a major
green manuring crop. During winter wheat with its salt tolerant varieties isthe most
important Rabi crop. Other important crops of Rabi season are bengal gram, pea,
mustard etc.
During Zaid fields usually remain vacant due to unavailability of irrigation
water.Geographical, climatic and edaphic characteristics of the district determine the
type of the farming systemto be followed . The district comprises a flat gently
undulating tract and is characterised by sixphysiographic tracts namely Ganga
khadars , Ganga Recent Alluviams, Ganga flats, Sai uplands Sai lowlands and Sai
flats. These physiographic divisions have contributed to the development of six
specificsoils association in the district. Climate is semi arid and is characterized by
average rainfall of 923 m.mwith mean maximum and minimum temperature of 44.2
0C and 2.30C, respectively . Loamy sand, sandyloam, clay loam and silt loam soils
are found in the district. Loamy sand and sandy loam soils are generally light shallow
32

, low water retentive and deficient in nutrients where as silt loam and clay loamsoils
are deep, highly water retentive and medium to highly productive. There are four
major farming systems in the district based on nature of soil and degree of assured
irrigation. (a) Pure cropping (b)Mixed farming (iii) Agri-horti and (iv) Agri-Silvi. The
mustard.
SOIL TYPES:
Ganga Khadar : This soil covers 14836 ha.area out of total area. Light brown,
sandy loam to sandy, generally structure less, poor in water holding capacity and
organic matter, moderately alkaline ,restricted drainage, surface soil poor in lime
content but the middle layers is calcareous, medium is soulable salts. Carbonates &
sulphates practically absent.
Ganga Recent Alluvium:This soil covers 14516 ha.of total area. Light gray brown,
at surface to pale brown at lower depth,poor to average water holding capacity
neutral in reaction and poor in organic matter.
Ganga Flat: This soil covers 108392 ha. Area out of total area Light gray,to light
brownish gray, sandy loam average water holding capacity ,neutral in reaction
,slightly calcareous ,low in organic matter content ,impeded drainage and prone to
salanity in the water logged areas ,average in soluble salt but injurious corbonates
are absent .
Sai Upland: This soil cover 5914 ha.area out of total area .Brown at surface and
lighter brown, sandy loam ,average water holding capacity, neutral non calcareous
fair drainage low and soluble salts mainly comprising of bicarbonates and chlorides
of sodium .
Sai low land :This soil covers 126556 ha.area out of total area the colour various
from gray to grayish brown at the surface to slightly light at lower depth light texture
33

at surface but becoming heavier below ,average water holding capacity , neutral in
reaction but lower layers moderately calcareous .
Sai flat :This soil covers 193116 ha.area out of total area .Surface soil gray in colour
which darknes below, becoming gray again in the third horizon. Texture is clay loam
at surface and heavier below, average water holding capacity, neutral in reaction and
medium water soluble salts comprising mainly bicarbonates and chlorides of sodium.
AVAILABILITY OF MINERALS.
The district forms a part of the Gangetic plain which is of recent origin according to
geological chronology and revels ordinary gangetic alluvium. The district being a part
of the alluvial plain conforms to the same geological sequence as the plain itself. The
only mineral of importance are reh and brick earth. Near about 90 brick fields are
engaged to manufacture the bricks. There is no mineral available for industrial
purpose in the district of Raebareli.
Table-2;S.NO
Names of Minerals Production in Tones (2013-14)in LAKHS
MAJOR MINERAL
1
Brick clay and local 91.53
sand
FOREST
As per Forest Department, the forest covers an area of 4002 hectares in district
Raebareli. It is divided in 4 ranges viz; Raebareli, Dalmau, Bachhrawan and Lalganj.
Largest forest range is Bachhrawan. In this 1019.20 hectares covered by forest. The
areas of such land already planted with trees like Dhak, Khair, Babool, Shisham,
Neem, Vilayati, Babul, Arjuna, Kanji, Siras, Eucalyptus, Mango, Mahuva and Jamun
are 544 hectares in tehsil Raebareli, 500 hectares in tehsil Salon, 348 hectares in

34

Tehsil Dalamau and 61 hectares in tehsil Maharajganj, Groves in the district consist
mostly of mango and mahuva trees.

ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP
For administration purpose the district has been divided into 5 sub divisions, 5
tehsils, 15 blocks, 132 Nnyay panchayat and 700 gram sabha, 1284 revenue
villages, 8 developed villages and 33 under developed villages.
The statuses of Tehsils & Blocks are given below:
Table-3
S.No
1

Tehsil
Raebareli (Sadar

Block
1. Harchandpur
2. Sataon
3. Rahi

Dalmau

4. Amavan
1. Dalmau
2. Jagatpur

Lalganj

3. Rahania
1. Lalganj

Maharajganj

2. Sareni
1. Maharajganj
2. Bachhrawan

Unchahar

3. Shivgarh
1.Unchahar
2. Deen Shah Gaura

35

CHAPTER -3
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
STATUS

36

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF RAEBARELI DISTRICT (U.P.)

Today Sericulture shows a picture of a well knit agro-based labour intensive activity
which plays a significant role in the development of rural economy. Sericulture being
an agro based rural industry, is highly suitable to provide employment to the farmers
& landless labours It is mainly a rural and labour intensive industry requiring potential
for profit and foreign exchange earnings. As an agro based industry, Sericulture has
two main aspects. The first is an agriculture aspect in which mulberry is cultivated &
Silkworm are rerred and the second is an Industrial aspect in which the cocoons are
reeled , Silk processed, woven into fabric, dyed & printed. So the finest product of
Sericulture is Silk. This always has demand in the global market.

INDUSTRIAL SCENARIO OF RAEBARELI

Table-4:

37

DETAILS OF EXISTING MICRO & SMALL ENTERPRISES AND ARTISAN UNITS

IN THE DISTRICT (2010-11)
Table 5:

Source: DIC Raebareli

38

Population Status of Raebareli District according to Census of 2001 and 2011:An official census 2011 detail of Raebareli, a district of Uttar Pradesh has been
released by directorate of census operations in U.P.

Description

2011

2001

Remark

Total population

3,405,559

2,872,335

Increased by 18.56%

Male

1,752,542

1,472,230

Increased by 19.03%

Female

1,653,017

1,400,105

Increased by 18.06%

Male Literates

1,165,965

8,10,498

Increased by 43.85%

Female Literates

799,878

449,049

Increased by 78.12%

Child population

482,517

530,789

Decreased by 9.09%

Population Growth

18.56%

24.35%

Decreased

Sex Ratio

943

951

Increased

Table 6:
Figure-2
Graphical Presentation of Population and Literacy Growth (Census 2001 &
2011) of Raebareli District of U.P.

There was change of 18.56% in the population compare to population as per

2011 in the previous census of India 2001, Raebareli district recorded
increase of 24.35% to its population compare to 1991.

The Initial provisional data released by census India 2011 shows that density
of Raebareli district for 2011 is 739 people per square k.m. In 2001, Raebareli

39

district density was 629 people per square km. Raebareli district administrator
4,609 km2 of area.

With regards to sex ratio in Raebareli it stood at 943 per 1000 male compare
to 2001 census figure of 951.

Child sex ratio 926 girls per 1000 boys compare to figure of 941 girls per 1000
boys of 2001 census data.

Average literacy rate of Raebareli in 2011 were 67.25 compare to 53.79 of

2001. For 2001 census same figures stood at 67.61 and 39.30 in Raebareli
district.

Child sex ratio as per census 2011 was 926 compare to 941 of census 2001.
In 2011, children under 0-6 age formed 14.17% of Raerbareli district compare
to 18.48% in 2001, there was net change of -4.31% in this compared to
previous census of India.

40

RAEBARELI DISTRICT RURAL-URBAN POPULATION 2011

Table 7:
Description

Rural

Urban

Total Population

3,097,564

307,995

Male Population

1,592,449

160,093

Female Population

1,505,115

147,902

Child Population (0-6)

447,627

34,890

Male Child(0-6)

232,224

18,277

Female Child(0-6)

215,403

16,613

Total Literates

1,750,026

215,817

Male Literates

1,046,389

119,576

Female Literates

703,637

96,241

Child Percentage (0-6)

14.45 %

11.33 %

Male Child Percentage

14.58 %

11.42 %

Female Child Percentage

14.31 %

11.23 %

Sex Ratio

945

924

Child Sex Ratio (0-6)

928

909

Average Literacy

66.04 %

79.02 %

Male Literacy

76.93 %

84.32 %

Female Literacy

54.56 %

73.30 %

41

Figure 3:Rural and Urban Population, Literacy Growth (Census 2001 & 2011) in Rural
and Urban Areas of Raebareli District, U.P

42

CHAPTER - 4
METHODOLOGY

43

METHODOLOGY
The process of identification of potential areas for Sericulture development involves
evaluation of water & soil quality for the cultivation of silk worm s foods plants as
well as rearing of silk worms. Mulberry is the only food plant for silk worm
Bombyxmori. The assessment of site suitability for Sericulture involves matching the
climate water & land qualities with the requirements of the silk worm food plants
(FAO, 1976; Sys, 1985; Sys etal, 1993) and silk worm rearing. It needs
interpretation and integration of soils, climatic parameters, vegetation & other
aspects of land, like cultivable wastelands & slope using GIS. The cultivable
wasteland categories have to be evaluated for introducing Sericulture.
LANDSCAPE & SOIL PARAMETERS CONSIDERED FOR LAND EVALUATION.
Table 8:

44

Best Period for Mulberry Rearing

Table 9:

SUITABILITY CRITERIA FOR MULBERRY PLANTATION

Table 10:

45

Criteria for Determination of Land Suitability Classes

Table 11:

46

METHODOLOGY CHART
Figure 4:

47

CHAPTER - 5
RESULTS

48

RESULTS
This study was carried out on Identification Of Suitable Sites For Sericulture
Development At

Singhpur, Tiloi, Bahadurpur Of

Remote Sensing And GIS Techniques. during

Bahadurpur

Raebareli District Using

2014-15 in Singhpur, Tiloi,

Block of Raibareli district of U.P. . Four categories of culturable

Wasteland were found suitable for sericulture development in this block viz. under
Land with open scrub, Seasonal Water logged, Moderate sodic land, severe sodic
land. Results shows that 3101.90, 1378.98 and 350.41 ha. culturable wasteland was
found under different categories of culturable wasteland in Singhpur, Tiloi
Bahadurpr

and

Block, respectively (Table no.--). Table no. 13 reveals that Singhpur

Block has 797.16, 1169.74, 127.13 and 1007.86 ha. culturable wasteland under
Land with open scrub, Seasonal Water logged, Moderate sodic land, severe sodic
land . Tiloi block has 115.59, 734.94, 88.66,and 439.77ha. Culturable wasteland
under Land with open scrub, Seasonal waterlogged ,Moderate sodic,Severe sodic
land category. Bahadurpur block of Raibareli has 107.31 ,45.50, 62.20, & 1350.41ha.
culturable wasteland under Land with open scrub, Seasonal waterlogged,Moderate
sodic land, Severe sodic category. (Table no. Deep soil, well & marginal drainage,
slight, moderate & nil erosion , pH range 6.5-9.5 , fine loamy & fine loamy
calcareous. soil texture was formed on different selected sites suitable for sericulture
development in study area.

49

Table No 12:

S.No.

Block

Tehsil

Landscape Parameters on different selected sites

Soil Depth

Drainage

Erosion

pH

Soil Texture

Singhpur

Singhpur

Deep

Well, Poorly to
imperfect

None to slight,
Moderate

6.5-7.5

Fine loamy,Fine
loamy calcareous,
Coarse Loamy

Tiloi

Tiloi

Deep

Well, Poorly to
imperfect

None to slight,
Moderate

6.5-7.5

Fine loamy,Fine
loamy calcareous

Bahadurpur

Maharajganj

Deep

Poorly to
imperfect

Moderate, Slight

6.5-7.5

Fine loamy,fine
loamy calcareous.

50

Table No. 13

S.No.

Block

Tehsil

Categories of Culturable Wasteland

Land With
Open Scrub

Seasonal
Water
logged

Moderate
Sodic Land

Severe
Sodic
Land

Total Area
(ha.)

Class

Singhpur

Singhpur

797.160

1169.7467

127.139

1007.86

3,101.90

S1, S2, S3

Tiloi

Tiloi

115.596

734.949

88.661

439.77

1,378.98

S1, S2, S3

51

Bahadurpur Maharjganj

Total

107.31

45.501

62.205

135.40

350.41

1,020.066

1,950.1967

278.005

1,583.03

4,831.29

S2, S3

Map 3:

52

Map 4:

53

Map 5:

54

Map 6:

55

Map 7:

56

Map 8:

57

Map 9:

58

Map 10:

59

Map 11:

Map 12:
60

Map 13:

61

62

Map 14:

63

Map 15:

64

CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
&
CONCLUSION

65

SUMMARY
Study entitled Identification of suitable sites for sericulture development at
Singhpur, Tiloi and Bahadurpur blocks of Raebareli district (UP.) using Remote
sensing & GIS techniques the, reveals following outputs for Raebareli district
major components for the selection of suitable sites were the criteria for evaluation
and limitation rating of terrain and soil for the development of sericulture food
plants.The erosion condition varies from Nil to Moderate. Slope was Near level to
level, while the drainage was well and Marginal on some selected sites, soil of Fine
loamy to Fine loamy calcareous texture .PH range 6.5 to 9.5.and deep soil was
found on different sites from categories of culturable waste land were found in the
study area.

Some medicinal plants, pulses, oil seeds & floral plants can be grown

successfully as Inter cropping with silk worm food plants.

Being rural based Agro-Industry, Sericulture needs less specialized skill and

hence suits to women well.

It involves mostly indoor activities, less physical energy and manual labour.
Sericulture needs minimum investment with long life and short gestation
period and it can play very important role in socio-economic development of

rural areas especially.

It provides continuous job with frequent income and scope for utilizing several
byproducts for value addition and thereby can check migration from rural to
urban areas.

Mulberry leaves have been found effective in lowering the Blood Sugar and
Arterial Pressure.

Mulberry leaves are used in preparing green tea together with its root and
stem, which is effective in decreasing Blood Pressure.

66

Dopamine is found in mulberry leaves at high concentration which is used in

gargles for curing the throat Inflammation.

Among various extracted from mulberry shoots, polyphenols or its derivatives

have been seen to increase fur growth in rabbit and sheep.

Pactine and glucose found in stem of mulberry are used for making hair and
skin supple.

Mulberry being a member of Moraseae Family, specialized for their Latex

Producing capacity has the property of healing the wounds and injuries, also
can be used as Dermal Ointment.

Mulberry Fruit juice is very good to drink during Convalescence (Being well
again after illness), nourishes the skin due to high source of Vitamin -C.

Mulberry Fruit juice is very good for Heart, Brain and Spleen (An organ near
stomach , controls quality of blood)

Its Juice helps curing Diarrhoea and intestinal ulcers.

Additional Benefits of Sericulture

Among various substances extracted from stem of Mulberry shoots is used to

increase fur growth of Rabbits and Sheep, Which will increase the income of
farmers who have pets of this type.

Leaves of Mulberry also can be used for fattening of animals which can be
utilized to increase the weight of Mutton.

Mulberry leaves have high ration of plant protein in it and the green shoots.
If the leaf of Mulberry mixed with other grasses (food) @ 1.5 2.0 kg for cattle
feed, the milk production capacity of milk yielding animals can be raised
amazingly.

Mulberry stem is used in components of tanning and coloring purpose.

67

Bark of Mulberry is used as Purgative and Vermifuge.

Cosmetics are also prepared by the Mulberry plants for the nourishment
of skin and hair.

68

CONCLUSION
Study area has 4831.3053 ha. Total area under culturable wasteland.
Study area has 157.14, 845.65, 3755.66 ha. area under S1,S2,S3 categories
respectively.
Singhpur block has maximum culturable wasteland area (3101.90) suitable for
mulberry sericulture among all three blocks studied.
Bahadurpur block has only S2, S3 class of culturable waste land suitable for
sericulture development .While the remaining two blocks has all three classes
(S1,S2,S3) of culturable wasteland suitable for sericulture development.
R.S. and GIS techniques proved very useful for identification of culturable
wasteland.

69

FIELD VISIT PHOTOGRAPHS

Image 1: Field Visit

70

Image 2: Field visit

71

CHAPTER - 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY

72

Bibliography

Note on the performance of Indian Silk Industry and functioning of centre Silk
Board, Centre Silk Board, Banglore. 18 March 2013.

Wood, Jolie M.F. (2011). "Contentious politics and civil society in Varanasi". In
Ajay Gudavarthy. Re-framing Democracy and Agency at India: Interrogating
Political Society. Anthem Press. ISBN 9780857283504.

ISC Website, July 2011.

http://silks.csb.gov.in/nesac.

http://silks.csb.gov.in/nesac/about-silks-2

Vera, Zak (2010). Invisible River: Sir Richard's Last Mission. Author House.
ISBN 978-1-4389-0020-9.

Raghubanshi, A. S. & A. Tripathi. 2009. Effect of disturbance, habitat

fragmentation and alien invasive plants on floral diversity in dry tropical forests
of Vindhyan highland: a review. Tropical Ecology 50:57-69

Indian Silk 47(5), 2008

htttp://envfor.nic.in.

SYS, C., Ranst, V., Debaveye, J. and Beernaert, F. (1993), Land Evaluation
part III, crop requirement, Agriculture publication Number 7, ITC, Netherlands.

Technical guidelines and procedure manuals, NESAC & CSB.

I.S.T.P. (Integrated State Tassar Programme)

Regional Eri research Station, Central silk board, Mendipathar, East Garo
Hills, Meghalaya

Rao, U.R. 1991, Remote Sensing for Suitable Development, General of Indian
Society of Remote Sensing,19,217-236.
73

Abbreviations

AES: Agro Ecological Situation

CSB: Central Silk Board
EDUSAT: Educational Satellite
EC: Electrical Conductivity
NESAC: North Eastern Space Applications Centre
RSAC: Remote Sensing Applications Centre
DEM: Digital Elevation Model
SRTM: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
GIS: Geographical Information System
RS: Remote Sensing
SPARRS: Survey of Potential & Actual Area under Sericulture Through Remote

Sensing
INSAT: Indian Satellite
KVK : Krishi Vigyan Kendra
DOS: Department of Space
APIB: Agricultural Planning & Information Bank
VRC: Village Resource Centre
SILKS: Sericulture Information Linkages & Knowledge System
LGP: Length of Growing Period.
PET: Potential Evapotranspiration
ISRO: Indian Space Research Organization
NWUM: National Wastelands Updating Mission
UPSLRP: Uttar Pradesh Sodic Land Reclamation Project
SITE: Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
SISDP: Space Based Information System for Decentralized Planning
LULC: Land use Land Cover
NRIS: National Resource Information System

74