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EXTERNAL EQUIVALENT
Each power system (area) is part of an interconnected
system. Monitoring devices are installed and data are
available from ones own system. However, security
analysis depends on accurate and reliable load flow
models of the non-monitored parts of the system as well.
Approximate reduced models for load flow studies of the
non-monitored parts are called External Equivalents.
Internal
System
(normal load
flow
model)
Boundary Buses
External
System
(equivalent
model)
d l)
23
24
26
29
30
25
18
27
19
22
15
28
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10
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4
Boundary
b
i
Internal
3
1
External
e
b : boundary
e : external
t
l
e
e
b
Y ee
Y ebb
Y bi
Eb
Y ii
e
bb
i
bb
Y be Y Y
0
Y ib
By (1):
Y
ee
E
E
e
e
eb
E
1
ee
I
eb
e
b
1
ee
(1)
(2)
(3)
By (2):
Y
be
(Y
be
(Y
[Y
e
bb
Y
e
bb
Y
I
Let : Y
I
eq
eq
e
bb
1
ee
i
bb
eb
i
bb
)E
i
bb
Y
Y
i
bb
Y Y eq Y
Y
Y
e
bb
be
bi
Y
Y
1
ee
be
1
ee
be
be
)E
1
ee
be
1
ee
Y
bi
eb
bi
E
]E
bi
ib
ii
1
ee
eb
I b I eq
(4)
i
In block diagram:
Ward
Equivalent
Internal
System
y
((i))
Y
Y
i
bb
ib
bi
Y
Y
eq
ii
3
3.
4.
Ward Equivalent
q
g
gives reasonably
y accurate
results for real power flows, whereas the
accuracyy for reactive p
power flow is relatively
y
poor.
(This is due to the fact that the change in
reactive power injection to maintain constant
voltage at external PV buses is not accounted
for )
for.)
2. Ward-PV Equivalent
IInternall
system
~
Boundary
External
system
Q
Q
V
b
i
Q Q
QV
Qb
VQ
VV
Vb
bQ
bV
e
bb
i
bb
0
0
Y Y
Y bi
Y ib
Y ii
Q
V
b
wv
vv
wv
bv
wv
vb
wv
bb
0
i
bb
(+)
Y Y
Y bi
Y ib
Y ii
Th W
The
Ward-PV
d PV equivalent
i l t network:
t
k
B
Internal
system
~
~
3. Extended Ward
B ' ,
V 1
B '' V ,
V 1
j i
ii
V
j i
I
Incremental
t l form:
f
or
Set
P
:
V
V
j i
j i
i
j
1 , then
B '
ij
ij
ij
ij
:
(DC
load
flow)
'.....
'.....
Q
V
Q
V
so :
As
ij
j i
ij
Q
V
Q
V
1
i
1
i
B ' ':
''
ii
ii
j i
ij
V
V
ij
V ,
Q
V
where
V
1
1
Q
V 2
1 Q
Q
V
V
V
F
For
ii
1
1
Q
V
V
B
j i
ij
2 B ij B i 0
j i
shunts
B ij 2 B i 0
j i
'
B ii
B
j i
Q
V
B '
' V
ii
ij
1
2
B B i j
''
ij
ij
i ''
''
''
V b
B bb B bi b
B WV
''
''
V
i
B ii
Q i
B ib
V
i
WV
b
''
WV
(*)
B
i
bb
''
B b'' i
B i''i
b
i
Qb
V b
Q i
V i
W
b
V b B W' ' V
By equations (*)
( ) & ().
() If the Ward Equivalent is
desired to have the same reactive response as
the Ward-PV
Ward PV equivalent,
equivalent reactive injections
should be of the amount:
~
''
V b B WV
B W' ' V
(#)
b
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
An approximation to (#) will be derived that can
be implemented in a power flow program
program. The
approach is to construct a network the
^
corresponding B matrix of which is B .
~
^
^
Q
k
Vk BkmVm
B
kk
Vk
m k
^
B Vk Bkm Vm Vk
k
m k
....(a)
^
Where:
Bk Bkk B
mk
k
km
IIn other
th words,
d the
th corresponding
di network
t
k
^
has a shunt given by B k .
Now suppose
B w' '
Then
''
wv
B km
B wv
and
w
km
B kkwv
B kkw
wv
B km
mk
mb
mk
mb
Therefore
j v
B kjwv B k
(shunt)
wv
B km
Bk
(shunt)
B kkwv B kkw
B kk
B kjwv
j v
Practicall
^
B kk
B kjwv
j v
Vk
Vk
Ward-PV
Bkj
boundary
^
k
Bk / 2
j
external
2
k
j v
/ 2
2V k V
^
k
/ 2
~
~
~
B kj
Obtain
Obt
i a Ward
W d Equivalent
E i l t off the
th external
t
l
system.
Start again from the original system.
Ground all external PV buses.
Apply Gaussian Elimination on the Bus
Admittance Matrix Y to eliminate all external
buses to obtain the equivalent shunts at the
boundaryy buses, which are the admittances
^
3.
Further Information
F F.
F.
F Wu
W and
d A.
A Monticelli,
M ti lli C
Critical
iti l review
i
off
external network modeling for on-line security
analysis,
l i Int.
I t Journal
J
l off Electrical
El t i l Power
P
and
d
Energy Systems, Oct. 1983, pp. 222-235.