Metal Science and Heat Treatment

Vol. 50, Nos. 11 12, 2008

UDC 669.14.018.8

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION OF A. P. GULYAEV TO THE PHYSICAL

METALLURGY OF STEELS AND ALLOYS WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES
T. V. Svistunova,1 N. A. Sorokina,1 and A. P. Shlyamnev1
Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 11, pp. 15 18, November, 2008.

The works of A. P. Gulyaev devoted to the study and creation of steels and alloys with special properties are
considered. The authors of the paper are known specialists in the field of corrosion-resistant materials. They
have worked with Gulyaev for many years at the Institute of Quality Steels at TsNIIchermet. N. A. Sorokina
and A. P. Shlyamnev began as his postgraduate students. T. V. Svistunova was invited by him to the editorial
board of our journal in 1991 and continues this work at present.

In this work Gulyaev combined deep experimental and

theoretical studies, constantly widened and advanced the
methods of research, and checked the results obtained in applications.
In the early 1960s the demand of the economy for corrosion-resistant steels and alloys increased considerably due to
the development of the chemical industry. Up to 80% of the
total volume fell to high-alloy steels of austenitic class such
as Kh18N10; the task of saving nickel came to the fore.
At the time the chemical industry of the country used the
first domestic austenitic-ferritic steels (08Kh21N5T and
08Kh2N6M2T) sparingly alloyed with nickel (6%) [21],
which had some advantages over austenitic steels (with
respect to the strength and resistance to local kinds of corrosion).
A. P. Gulyaev and T. A. Zhadan aimed to create a twophase steel with still lower content of nickel (< 2%) and corrosion resistance equivalent to that of austenitic steel
08Kh18N10T and brilliantly solved this problem. Using the
dependences established in the study of the structure, phase
composition, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties
of alloys of the Fe (19 26)% Cr (2 8)% Mn and Fe
(18 25)% Cr (2 8)% Mn 2% Ni systems, they created
an austenitic-ferritic steel 08Kh18G8N2T (KO-3) that had a
two-phase structure in the temperature range of hot deformation and a very high combination of mechanical and corrosion properties at a ratio of the phases close to 1 [2, 10,
11, 17].
Steel 08Kh18G8N2T began to be produced at the Krasny Oktyabr Plant and was recommended for welded chemical equipment used in the production of nitric acid and organic compounds at some chemical plants.

Many achievements of Russian science in the solution of

important problems of metals science are connected with the
name of A. P. Gulyaev and the scientific school created by
him. Gulyaev belonged to the cohort of Russian scientists
who have advanced the theory and practice of production of
steels and alloys for various branches of domestic industry.
Gulyaev was invited to TsNIIchermet as Deputy Director
for Science of the Institute of Quality Steels by Academician
I. P. Bardin in 1958 when he was already a Professor, a Doctor of Engineering, and an Honored Researcher and Engineer
and held this position for 17 years (from 1958 to 1975). He
had the rare gift of foresight and had not missed a single direction of the work of the Institute of Quality Steels.
The collection of his works devoted to the physical metallurgy of special steels and alloys of various structural
classes, including corrosion-resistant (stainless) and hightemperature steels and alloys based in refractory metals
[1 20], occupies a special place. In the 1960s 1970s Gulyaev and his colleagues and postgraduate students at
TsNIIchermet and the Moscow Institute for Chemical and
Mechanical Engineering (MIKhM) performed fundamental
studies, the results of which became a base for developing
foundations of the theory of alloying of corrosion-resistant
sparingly alloyed steels, high-strength alloys of the Fe
Cr Ni system, and alloys based on refractory metals (V, Nb,
Ta, Mo) for operation in media of different corrosive activity.
The circle of scientific interests of Alekdandr Pavlovich
was quite wide. It covered topics of alloying theory, phase
transformations, strength and plasticity, the theory of intercrystalline corrosion and embrittlement, and problems of
corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength.
1

I. P. Bardin Central Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy

(TsNIIchermet), Moscow, Russia.

522
0026-0673/08/1112-0522 2008 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

Scientific Contribution of A. P. Gulyaev to the Physical Metallurgy of Steels and Alloys with Special Properties

Corrosion-resistant steels of the austenitic-ferritic class

undergo complex structural transformations depending on
the heating conditions, which cause embrittlement of the
metal. In cooperation with T. A. Zhadan and . G. Feldgandler Gulyaev performed a study [4, 17] of the effect of
various factors (the temperature and duration of heating, the
content of Cr, Mo, Ni, Ti, C) on the kinetics of embrittlement
of austenitic-ferritic and ferritic steels.
The results of this work still remain a base for advancing
the existing and creating new austenitic-ferritic steels that
have found wider and wider application in the last ten years.
The development of the chemical, microbiological, and
other branches of industry connected with aggressive media
has made it necessary to create high-strength corrosion-resistant materials. For example, the centrifugal machines (of
separators or centrifuges) experience simultaneous action of
high mechanical stresses due to rotation of the devices at a
speed of 6000 6500 rpm and of aggressive media (sulfuric,
phosphoric and other acids with concentration of up to 50%
at a temperature of up to 80C). Fabrication of such machines requires materials possessing high strength properties
(sr > 1000 MPa), enough ductility (d > 12%) and toughness,
and high corrosion resistance [vcor > 0.2 g/(m2 h)]. This
complex task has been solved successfully. Gulyaev headed
the development of corrosion-resistant precipitation-hardening alloy KhN40MDTYu (P543) that meets all the requirements mentioned [7, 8, 13, 19]. The alloy started to be produced at the lektrostal metallurgical plant and has been
recommended for chemical machine building and other
branches of industry.
Gulyaevs fundamental works devoted to evaluating the
corrosion resistance of refractory alloys (Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Mo,
W) and their alloys in highly concentrated acids (H2SO4,
H3PO4, HCl, HNO3, etc.) at high temperatures including the
boiling point (performed with his disciples Ya. P. Selyanskaya, I. Ya. Georgieva, Ya. M. Malakasyan, V. T. Ababkov,
and V. P. Vorobeva) [5, 6, 9, 12, 14, 16] deserves special
mention. All the results obtained were generalized by
A. P. Gulyaev in the monograph Corrosion-Resistant Alloys
of Refractory Metals [20] and have become a base for creating new especially corrosion-resistant alloys.
The rapid development of new directions of mechanical
engineering (aerospace, cryogenic, petrochemical, etc.) has
been accompanied by growth in the demand for high-alloy
steels and alloys with special physical and mechanical properties. This required fundamental studies of new alloying
systems, structural and phase transformations, and various
operating characteristics ensuring reliability and operating
capacity of structures under extreme conditions.
In these years Gulyaev developed the fundamental concepts of physical metallurgy and used them later for formulating the theory of alloying of steels and alloys for operation
under the action of stresses and ultralow temperatures.
The systematic study of high-alloy cryogenic steels, the
study of special features of martensitic transformation in the

523

Fe Cr Ni, Fe Cr Mn, Fe Cr Mn N, Fe Ni, and

Fe Mn systems yielding a- and e-martensite due to cooling
to ultralow temperatures and deformation [N. A. Kozlova
(Sorokina after marriage), D. V. Lebedev. I. V. Chernenko,
G. A. Gadzhibalaev, Ya. M. Fatkina, and T. F. Volynova]
[22 30], and the determination of the main rules of their influence on the mechanical properties have created prerequisites for fabrication of new cryogenic steels with high service
characteristics (03Kh20N16AG6, 03Kh13AG19, 0N6, 0N9,
G29, etc.).
The study of maraging steels performed by P. G. Lapin,
E. A. Ulyanin, A. P. Shlyamnev, and N. A. Sorokina [31, 32]
from the standpoint of the possibility of their use as highstrength corrosion-resistant materials has yielded steels with
sr > 1200 MPa that can serve at a temperature of 253C
and simultaneously possess satisfactory corrosion resistance
in aggressive media [33, 34].
The works on cryogenic materials were generalized by
A. P. Gulyaev and presented as an independent new section
in the textbook Physical Metallurgy published in 1986,
which raised the value of the textbook for future engineers.
Gulyaev has always responded to the requirements of advanced branches of industry. For example, he posed a task of
studying the brittleness of corrosion-resistant steels of ferritic class, which represent the most expediently alloyed group
of steels. This study allowed him to find the dependence of
the brittle and ductile properties of chromium steels on the
purity of the metal, on the concentration of chromium, and
on the grain size and to suggest ways for solving the task of
improving the weldability of steels of this type [35]. He developed a criterion for evaluating the susceptibility to brittle
fracture, i.e., the critical rate of deformation.
Hot pressure treatment of some modern alloys with enhanced strength is accompanied by considerable process difficulties due to their low ductility. A study of the high-temperature ductility of nickel alloys with Cr, Mo, Nb, and Ti
showed some regular features of their fracture due to hot
plastic deformation, which were used to improve the adaptability of the alloys to manufacture [36 38]. The work was
continued with the aim to study the phenomenon of superplasticity and the effect and the methods of formation of
superfine grains. These results and practical recommendations were presented by Gulyaev in the monograph Superplasticity of Steel [40].
Gulyaevs work with postgraduates deserves special
mention. The recent candidates and doctors of engineering
recall that he always stimulated independent work of the disciples from their first year. He formulated the direction of the
future thesis with allowance for the field of metals science in
which the disciple worked. The choice, the preparation of the
object of study, the tests, and the determination of the structure and properties the postgraduate had to perform independently, but this did not exclude advice. When the first results were obtained, the most interesting things began both
for the teacher and for the postgraduate. A nonstandard origi-

524

nal approach to treatment of scientific data showed itself in

full, giving rise to brilliant hypotheses and assumptions. After this Gulyaev suggested new experiments aimed at confirming the expectations. The interest of the teacher in the
new experimental data obtained by the disciples was indescribable.
The fundamentals of modern physical metallurgy developed by Aleksandr Pavlovich Gulyaev will long remain a
base for generation of new ideas aimed at creation of steels
and alloys with special properties.
REFERENCES
1. A. P. Gulyaev, Steels and alloys for chemical and mechanical
engineering, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 10, 3 12
(1964).
2. A. P. Gulyaev and T. A. Zhadan, On the possibility of replacing
nickel by manganese in two-phase stainless steels, in: Special
Steels and Alloys, Coll. Works [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1965).
3. A. P. Gulyaev and K. E. Miroshnikova, Intercrystalline corrosion of some stainless austenitic steels, Metalloved. Term.
Obrab. Met., No. 12, 2 5 (1965).
4. A. P. Gulyaev, . G. Feldgandler, and L. Ya. Savkina, Embrittlement of ferritic-austenitic and ferritic stainless steels,
Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 3, 41 44 (1965).
5. A. P. Gulyaev and I. Ya. Georgieva, Regular features of variation of hardness in binary niobium alloys, Fiz. Met.
Metalloved., 20(4), 592 596 (1965).
6. A. P. Gulyaev and I. Ya, Georgieva, Corrosion resistance of binary niobium alloys, Zashchita Met., 1(6), 652 657 (1965).
7. A. P. Gulyaev, E. V. Zotova, M. Yu. Ustimenko, and L. I. Posysaeva, Development of a highly corrosion-resistant alloy with
elevated strength, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Metally, No. 5,
102 106 (1966).
8. A. P. Gulyaev and M. Yu. Ustimenko, Effect of plastic deformation on the properties of alloy KhN40MDTYu, Izv. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, Metally, No. 6, 63 67 (1966).
9. A. P. Gulyaev and V. T. Ababkov, Corrosion resistance of molybdenum alloys in sulfuric, hydrochloric, and phosphoric acids
at elevated pressures and temperatures, Zashch. Met., 2(4),
444 449 (1966).
10. A. P. Gulyaev, T. A. Zhadan, and V. S. Maltseva, Effect of titanium on the phase composition of stainless steel of ferriticaustenitic class, in: Special Steels and Alloys, Coll. Works [in
Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1966), Issue 46, pp. 37 40.
11. A. P. Gulyaev and T. A. Zhadan, Transformations in two-phase
chromium-manganese-nickel stainless steels under heat treatment, in: Special Steels and Alloys, Coll. Works [in Russian],
Metallurgiya, Moscow (1967), Issue 52, pp. 64 66.
12. V. T. Ababkov and A. P. Gulyaev, Susceptibility of St3 +
TsM2A bimetal to brittle fracture, Metalloved. Term. Obrab.
Met., No. 7, 49 53 (1968).
13. A. P. Gulyaev, A. V. Smirnova, and M. Yu. Ustimenko, Effect
of aging on the properties, structure, and phase composition of
alloy KhN40MDTYu (P543), in: Special Steels and Alloys,
Coll. Works [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1970), Issue 77, pp. 102 108.
14. L. P. Vorobeva, A. P. Gulyaev, and I. P. Druzhinina, Corrosion
resistance of alloys in boiling acids, Zashch. Met., 6(5),
537 540 (1970).

T. V. Svistunova et al.

15. A. P. Gulyaev and T. B. Tokareva, Effect of carbon and nickel

on intercrystalline corrosion of austenitic chromium-nickel
stainless steels, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 2, 29 37
(1971).
16. A. P. Gulyaev and N. P. Selyanskaya, Effect of alloying elements on corrosion properties of titanium, Izv. Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Metally, No. 3, 239 246 (1973).
17. A. P. Gulyaev and T. A. Zhadan, New Low-Alloy Stainless Steels
[in Russian], Mashinostroenie, Moscow (1972).
18. A. P. Gulyaev, N. V. Andrushova, and Yu. V. Zakharov, About
the causes of intercrystalline corrosion in stainless steels,
Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 7, 27 33 (1972).
19. A. P. Gulyaev, M. Yu. Ustimenko, M. A. Lyubinskaya, and
V. V. Topilin, Anisotropy of mechanical properties of alloy
KhN40MSTYu (P543), in: Special Steels and Alloys, Coll.
Works [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1974), Issue 3,
pp. 115 121.
20. A. P. Gulyaev, Corrosion-Resistant Alloys of Refractory Metals
[in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1982).
21. M. V. Pridantsev and A. A. Babakov, Stainless steels with reduced content of nickel, Stal, No. 11 (1962).
22. A. P. Gulyaev and I. V. Chernenko, Effect of low-temperature
deformation on phase transformation and properties of steel
1Kh18N9T, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 5, 2 7
(1957).
23. A. P. Gulyaev and N. A. Kozlova, Stability of austenite and
properties of chromium-nickel stainless steels at low temperatures, in: Special Steels and Alloys, Coll. Works [in Russian],
Metallurgiya, Moscow (1966), Issue 46, pp. 58 66.
24. A. P. Gulyaev and N. A. Kozlova, Effect of delta-ferrite on the
stability of austenite and properties of stainless steels at low
temperatures, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, No. 1, 130 134 (1968).
25. A. P. Gulyaev, G. A. Gadzhibalaev, and D. V. Lebedev, Toughness of Cr Ni and Cr Mn austenitic steels at low temperatures, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 9, 8 12 (1973).
26. A. P. Gulyaev, D. V. Lebedev, and G. A. Gadzhibalaev,
Strength and ductility of austenitic Cr Ni and Cr Mn steels
at low temperatures, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 2,
5 10 (1973).
27. A. P. Gulyaev and A. M. Fatkina, Effect of nickel on mechanical properties and threshold of cold brittleness, Metalloved.
Term. Obrab. Met., No. 10, 34 40 (1966).
28. A. P. Gulyaev and V. M. Makarov, Martensitic transformation,
mechanical properties, and structure of stainless steels of
austenitic-martensitic class, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met.,
No. 8, 3 9 (1960).
29. A. P. Gulyaev and Yu. S. Medvedev, Structure and stability of
austenite in Cr Mn Ni steels with nitrogen, Metalloved.
Term. Obrab. Met., No. 1, 35 39 (1963).
30. A. P. Gulyaev and T. F. Volynova, Cold brittleness of a-, e-,
and g-solid solutions of Fe Mn alloys, Metalloved. Term.
Obrab. Met., No. 2, 17 23 (1979).
31. A. P. Gulyaev, P. G. Lapin, and E. A. Ulyanin, Effect of alloying elements on the properties of stainless maraging steels at
low temperatures, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 2,
47 52 (1972).
32. A. P. Gulyaev, A. P. Shlyamnev, and N. A. Sorokina, Effect of
alloying on martensitic transformation in stainless steels,
Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 9, 5 10 (1975).
33. A. P. Gulyaev and V. N. Afonina, Ways for raising the strength
of wire from stainless steel, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met.,
No. 11, 5 10 (1971).

Scientific Contribution of A. P. Gulyaev to the Physical Metallurgy of Steels and Alloys with Special Properties

34. A. P. Gulyaev and Yu. S. Medvedev, Stainless Cr Mn Ni

steels with Ti, Nb, and Mo, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met.,
No. 11, 21 28 (1962).
35. A. P. Gulyaev and A. N. Levanova, Brittleness of high-chromium stainless steels, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met., No. 11,
2 3 (1978).
36. A. P. Gulyaev and G. S. Chernyak, Effect of Pb and B on the
structure and properties of alloy KhN70VLTYu, Metalloved.
Term. Obrab. Met., No. 1, 12 13 (1967).
37. L. S. Bulavina, G. S. Chernyak, V. P. Stepanov, and A. P. Gulyaev, Effect of chromium, molybdenum, niobium, and alumi-

525

num on the high-temperature plasticity of nickel alloys, in:

Special Steels and Alloys, Coll. Works [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1974), Issue 3, pp. 172 173.
38. A. P. Gulyaev, L. S. Bulavina, and G. S. Chernyak, High-temperature plasticity of refractory Cr-Ni alloys, Metalloved.
Term. Obrab. Met., No. 5, 27 30 (1979).
39. A. P. Gulyaev and A. V. Zakharov, Grain growth in recrystallization of refractory alloys, Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met.,
No. 1, 22 24 (1966).
40. A. P. Gulyaev, Superplasticity of Steel [in Russian], Metallurgiya, Moscow (1982).