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Effectsofantibioticsonsoilmicroorganisms:timeandnutrientsinfluencepollutioninducedcommunitytolerance

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SoilBiologyandBiochemistry
Volume37,Issue10,October2005,Pages18821892

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Effectsofantibioticsonsoilmicroorganisms:timeandnutrients
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influencepollutioninducedcommunitytolerance

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Abstract
HeikeSchmitta,b, , ,HeidiHaapakangasa,PatrickvanBeelenb
Keywords
1.Introduction
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2.Materialsandmethods
3.Results
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4.Discussion
5.Conclusions
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Acknowledgements
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doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.02.022

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Abstract
Table1

Amethodforthedetectionoftheeffectsofantibioticsonsoilmicrobialcommunitieswasoptimisedinthe
present study. We investigated the influence of measurement time and nutrient status on the pollution
induced community tolerance (PICT), using the sulfonamide sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) as model
compound. The tolerance development in soil microcosms that were exposed to SCP under different
conditionswascomparedwiththebackgroundtoleranceinSCPunexposedmicrocosms.Thetoleranceof
bacterial extracts from the soil microcosms was determined in Biolog multiwell plates as the SCP
sensitivityofarangeofphysiologicalprocesses.Thebackgroundtolerancewasnotaffectedbysoilnutrient
amendments, but an influence of the inoculum density in the microtiter plates was observed. Still, the
variance of the background tolerance was low, which is in favour of the usage of community tolerance
measurements for a selective detection of a toxicant impact. In line with the assumptions of the PICT
concept,soilamendmentwithSCPledtoanincreaseincommunitytolerance.Thistolerancedevelopment
was enhanced upon additional soil amendment with fresh pig slurry, and less by alfalfa meal addition.
ToleranceincreaseswereobservedafterasoilexposuretoSCPofonly7days,possiblybecausenutrient
inputfacilitatesthefastadaptationofthesoilmicrobialcommunity.However,afurtherincreaseinexposure
timeledtovariablechangesintheobservedtolerance.Prolongedtolerancedetectioninthemicrotiterplates
(11days)enabledaclearerdifferentiationbetweendifferentsoiltreatments,asitbetterresolvedtheEC50
valuesofprocesseswithahightolerancetobacteriostaticantimicrobialcompounds.Forthedetectionof
antibioticeffectsonsoilmicrobialcommunities,itisthereforerecommendedtousenutrientamendments
(possiblyfreshpigslurry),tostandardizethesoilexposuretime,andtoextendtheperiodofBiologplate
measurementbeyond7days.

Keywords
PICTCLPPSoilMicroorganismsCommunityecotoxicologyAntibioticSulfonamide
Correspondingauthor.Address:InstituteforRiskAssessmentSciences,UtrechtUniversity,P.O.
Box80176,3508TDUtrecht,theNetherlands.Tel.:+31302743135fax:+31302535077.
Copyright2005ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

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