Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I.
INTRODUCTION
Water is most essential to life next to air and food. It is rather a part of life as the protoplasm of most
living cells contain about 80% water and any major reduction in this percentage is highly detrimental.The man
needs water to live life and share moments with other life. Water is one of the most stable chemical compounds ,
mother earth has ever produced and its history may date back to 3500 to 4000 million years,when the pristine
global gases on surface comprising an ensemble of H2, O2, CH4, NH3, CO, CO2 and N2 must have made
permutations and combinations to reach this stable chemical constituent .Water is one sense, is plentiful. Over
70% of earth surface is covered with oceanic water which accounts of 97.2% of the total water resources present
on the earth. Ocean water although , is not utilizable by man directly but it is useful in some of mans activities
like navigation and renewable energy sources for welfare of mankind. The water which is essential to human
life is the fresh water and it is 2.8% of the total water resources on the planet earth. Of these fresh water , 2.2%
is surface water and 0.6% is present in the form of ground water. 2.15% of fresh surface water is in the form of
glaciers and icecaps and only 0.1% is present in lakes and reservoirs and 0.0001% in streams. Out of the total
ground water 0.3% is utilizable economically and rest which occurs at depth below 800 m is uneconomical to
mined ( Raghunath,1987) . It is thus clear that about 0.4% of total water resources available on planet earth is
available for direct utilization by man , animals and plants. As such , water is precious to man.. The total water
resources of the world are estimated at 1.36 X 10 8 million ham.
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Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Avg.
1.2
24.4
8.0
50.9
4.4
229
304.3
350.7
186.3
290.3
0.0
0.0
120.8
106.3
14.8
0.0
19.1
6.4
126.3
495.9
318.6
20.4.8
19.3
32.0
6.6
104.1
0.1
11.4
8.9
82.3
35.6
161.9
226.1
463.9
290.9
9.0
0.0
0.0
107.5
3.3
3.5
0.0
6.3
19.6
51.5
300.3
250.5
273.7
36.4
7.3
21.4
306.4
7.8
0.0
8.0
9.7
23.5
43.1
314.8
301.9
62.6
28.0
63.4
0.0
71.9
20
13
20
12
500
400
300
200
100
0
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S.No
Location
Source
Ph
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Tap
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
7.01
7.03
7.10
7.11
7.40
7.30
7.12
7.18
7.12
7.06
7.06
7.14
7.18
7.03
7.13
7.02
7.10
7.06
7.08
7.11
7.16
7.04
7.01
7.02
7.08
7.09
7.11
7.00
7.02
7.24
7.16
7.08
7.01
7.31
7.02
7.10
7.31
7.02
7.28
7.21
7.01
7.03
7.15
3.80
2.10
1.64
1.34
3.61
1.14
0.82
0.19
0.14
0.96
0.99
0.19
0.26
0.41
0.96
1.06
0.91
1.47
2.02
1.08
1.42
0.96
0.34
0.58
0.49
0.21
0.96
1.42
0.56
0.98
0.48
0.59
0.85
0.84
1.16
0.21
1.60
0.94
1.08
0.48
0.91
0.70
0.48
404
346
330
420
450
350
460
430
380
400
380
290
330
356
270
190
202
220
350
420
300
330
344
310
362
428
370
396
314
390
418
398
398
562
248
186
300
316
240
260
420
260
300
98
83
82
100
108
84
110
103
91
96
91
70
80
84
64
46
50
54
84
101
72
79
83
74
87
115
76
88
72
94
100
96
96
135
60
45
72
76
58
63
100
62
68
37
33
30
40
43
34
44
41
36
38
36
28
31
35
26
18
19
21
36
40
29
32
33
30
35
34
38
42
85
38
40
38
38
54
24
18
29
30
23
25
41
25
31
80
72
75
82
94
82
98
105
75
105
107
63
82
72
62
60
52
48
70
130
80
65
80
70
90
125
98
126
32
100
110
100
105
203
85
60
80
84
110
85
112
55
55
---0.00
---0.26
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.16
0.21
0.21
0.19
0.21
0.12
0.26
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.28
0.31
0.26
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.19
0.20
0.29
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.19
0.12
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.4
----0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
460
400
393
538
509
421
530
520
455
505
460
354
364
384
307
257
287
322
490
536
378
443
475
407
405
539
483
550
425
413
485
470
471
785
377
268
334
354
406
424
512
334
331
0.10
0.10
1.10
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.30
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
Nil
0.20
0.20
Nil
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
Nil
Nil
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.30
0.20
0.40
0.30
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.40
0.40
0.00
0.00
0.90
0.30
0.30
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
-Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
II.
CONCLUSION
Water is life and development of life depends on river basin. Arpa river watershed is the base of
Bilaspur. Arpa river is a main tributary of Mahanadi which is known as the perennial source of irrigation in the
state of Chhattisgarh, making the lands of the state fertile from a very long time. Mahanadi interects the various
districts of Chhattisgarh. Bilaspur is one such district which is positioned on the bank of one of the prominent
branches of Mahanadi- Arpa river. Bilaspur district is a flourishing place which is blessed with an abundance of
natural resoures. In Chhattisgarh, there are vast stretches of fertile fields that are used for growing a number of
high quality crops. Every year Bilaspur contributes considerably towards the states total crop production. The
reason behind such a commendable farm production is the Arpa river. Around the year, Arpa river goes on
making the agricultural lands of Bilaspur more fertile. The quality of underground water is analysed by the
P.H.E. (Public Health & Engineering) department and found that most of the parameters like pH, Turbidity,
Total Hardness and other minerals like Ca, Mg, Chloride, Iron and Fluoride are within the limit.The Arpa river
is one of the vital strong holds of Bilaspur district in Chhattisgarh. Due to drying of river, the underground water
level of Bilaspur is going down day by day, which is appearing as major problem to the growing population. By
and large the growing city like Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh district is facing the problem of underground water
present day and will be faced severe crisis in next decade. But the quality of underground water as data reveals
that it is still remain same as was previous decades. Of course, the water quantity required for future can be
managed through surface water by managing and saving river water from the encroachment and pollution.
So it is responsibility of each and every civilian and inhabitant to save and conserve the precious surface and
underground water available in this area not for present but future also.
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Adyalkar, P.G. and Dubey, V.N. (1978) - Dolomitisation in the northern part of Chhattisgarh Basin, Bilaspur District, M.P.Jornl.
Geol.Soc. India, Vol.19, No. 2, pp. 69 73.
Adyalkar, P.G., Phadtare, P.N. and Ramana, K. (1973) - Burried Sinkhole of Dhamtari in the charmuria limestone of Raipur District,
M.P. and its Hydrogeological significance Current Science, Vol. XLII, No. 4, pp. 131 133.
Bose, P.N. (1899 1900) - Unpublished Progress Report, G.S.I.
Dutt, N.V.B.S., (1963) - Stratigraphic and correlation of the Indravati series (Purana Group) of Bastar.
Dutt , N.V.B.S., (1964) - A suggested of the purana formation of the southern part of the Chhattisgarh, M.P. Geological Survey of
India, vol.93, pt.2, pp. 143 148.
Ghosh, P.K. and Shah, S.C., (1965) - On the occurrence of stromatolites from the Raipur limestone M.P. Proc. India Sc. Cong. 51 st
52st Abstract, 196p.
IS : 10500 (1991) - Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification. Bureau of Indian standards New Delhi, 5p.
Murti, K.S., (1978)(b) - A study of the stromatolites of Chhattisgarh Basin. Symposium on Purana formation of peninsular India,
Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, University of Sagar, M.P. pp. 276 281.
Todd, D.K. Underground Hydrology.
Water Testing Result From C.G. Environmental Conservation Board.
News Paper Cutting, Dainik Bhaskar Edition, Bilaspur, 2011.
Murty, J. V. S., Watershed Management, pp. 9, 13, 63.
Sujit Kumar,(2002)- Water Resource Evaluation Study of the Son Barsa River basin district Rajnandgaon( Chhattisgarh) pp. 96-98.
Nagar Nigam Bilaspur dwara preshit Nagar Nigam Kshetra ke Jal Namuno ka Parikshan Report.
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