Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Unit 4
Real fluids
Dr P A Sleigh
P.A.Sleigh@leeds.ac.uk
Dr CJ Noakes
C.J.Noakes@leeds.ac.uk
January 2008
Module web site:
www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel1
3 lectures
Unit 2: Statics
Hydrostatic pressure
Manometry/Pressure measurement
Hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces
3 lectures
Unit 3: Dynamics
The continuity equation.
The Bernoulli Equation.
Application of Bernoulli equation.
The momentum equation.
Application of momentum equation.
7 lectures
4 lectures
W v
du
dy
Lectures 16-19
du
dy
179
Lectures 16-19
Unit 4
Unit 4
Laminar flow
Transitional flow
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow:
Motion of the fluid particles is very orderly
all particles moving in straight lines
parallel to the pipe walls.
this
Turbulent flow:
Motion is, locally, completely random but the
overall direction of flow is one way.
or this
Lectures 16-19
180
Lectures 16-19
181
Unit 4
Unit 4
Uud
P
U = density,
d = diameter
u = mean velocity,
P = viscosity
Re
182
Lectures 16-19
Uud
P
Laminar flow:
Transitional flow:
Turbulent flow:
Re < 2000
2000 < Re < 4000
Re > 4000
Lectures 16-19
Unit 4
183
Unit 4
U kg / m3 , u m / s,
P Ns / m2 kg / m s
Re
Uud
P
kg m m m s
1
m3 s 1 kg
U = 1000 kg/m3
d = 0.5m
P = 0.55x103 Ns/m2
It has no units!
A quantity with no units is known as a
non-dimensional (or dimensionless) quantity.
(We will see more of these in the section on
dimensional analysis.)
Re
u
u
Lectures 16-19
184
Uud
P
2000
Lectures 16-19
185
Unit 4
Unit 4
Re
u
Uud
P
4000
0.0044 m / s
Re
inertial forces
viscous forces
Uud
P
Lectures 16-19
186
Unit 4
Laminar flow
187
Lectures 16-19
Unit 4
x Re < 2000
x low velocity
x Dye does not mix with water
x Fluid particles move in straight lines
x Simple mathematical analysis possible
x high velocity
x Dye mixes rapidly and completely
x Particle paths completely irregular
Lectures 16-19
188
Lectures 16-19
189
Unit 4
Unit 4
area A
pA p 'p A
'p A
'p
Sd 2
4
Lectures 16-19
190
Lectures 16-19
Unit 4
191
Unit 4
'p
Sd 2
4
'p
W wSdL
Ww 4 L
At the wall
R 'p
2 L
Ww
At a radius r
W
W
r 'p
2 L
r
Ww
R
Lectures 16-19
192
Lectures 16-19
193
Unit 4
Unit 4
laminar
'p v u
2 .0 )
Lectures 16-19
194
Unit 4
'p A 'pSr 2
'p r
L 2
ur
'p 1
r dr
L 2P
'p r 2
C
L 4P
du
P ,
dy
'p R 2
L 4P
W 2Sr L
Unit 4
r
r
195
Lectures 16-19
ur
du
P
dr
'p 1
R2 r 2
L 4P
Giving:
'p r
du
P
L 2
dr
du
'p r
dr
L 2P
v
CIVE 1400: Fluid Mechanics. www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/FluidsLevel1
Lectures 16-19
196
Lectures 16-19
197
Unit 4
Unit 4
GQ ur Aannulus
Mean velocity:
S (r Gr )2 Sr 2 | 2SrGr
Q/ A
GQ
'p 1
R 2 r 2 2SrGr
L 4P
Ugh f d 2
32 PL
'p S R 2
R r r 3 dr
L 2P 0
Aannulus
'p SR 4
L 8P
'p Sd 4
L128P
hf
32 PLu
Ugd 2
'p Sd 4
L 128P
Lectures 16-19
198
199
Lectures 16-19
Unit 4
Unit 4
Boundary Layers
Recommended reading: Fluid Mechanics
by Douglas J F, Gasiorek J M, and Swaffield J A.
Longman publishers. Pages 327-332.
umax
Free stream flow
zero velocity
Lectures 16-19
Lectures 16-19
201