01 - MECH3001Y - Unsymmetrical - Bending

1
Unsymmetrical
Bending
Review of Centroids & Moments of Inertia

Centroids and moments of inertia are used repeatedly
throughout this chapter, and must therefore be clearly
understood
to
efficiently
tackle
problems
involving
unsymmetrical bending of beams.

Essential
definitions
and formulas
must
be
readily
accessible.
Topics covered in this introductory part include:
centroids and how to locate them
moments of inertia
parallel-axis theorem
Only plane surfaces are considered
K.A.
MECH3001Y
Mechanics of Materials & Machines III
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CENTROID OF PLANE AREAS
A centroid is an important geometric property. The area of the

above geometric figure is defined by
A = dA
1st moments of area w.r.t the x and y axes?
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MECH3001Y
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First moments represent the sums of the products of the

differential areas and their coordinates (Pytel & Kiusalaas,
2010).
First moments may be positive or negative, depending
upon the position of the xy axes.
Also, first moments have units of length raised to the third
power; for instance, m3.
The coordinates x and y of the centroid C are equal to the 1st
moments divided by the area of the shape.
Centroids of some simple geometric shapes
In engineering work, we rarely need to locate centroids by

integration. Centroids of common geometric figures are already
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MECH3001Y
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known and tabulated. For objects composed of several parts of

familiar geometric shape (rectangle, circle, ...), the integral form
is rarely used to find the position of the centroids.
Instead,
1. The overall shape is broken down in simpler ones
2. The centroid of the overall shape is calculated using a
summation
e.g:
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MECH3001Y
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Problem 1.1
Locate the centroid of a right
angled triangle with baseline a
and height h.
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MECH3001Y
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K.A.
MECH3001Y
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Problem 1.2 Centroid of a composite area

Consider the L-shaped area in
the
given
figure.
Locate
its
centroid (find the coordinates) by

breaking
rectangular
the
L-shape
elements
into
and
applying the summation principle.
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Note that absence of an area can be handled by using

subtraction.
e.g,
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Homework Centroids
Locate the centroids of the profiles shown (dimensions in mm).
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF PLANE AREAS

The moments of inertia of a
plane area (see figure) with
respect to the x and y axes,
respectively, are defined by the
integrals:
NB:
Moments of inertia are always positive.
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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Problem 1.3 Moment of Inertia

Calculate
the
moment
of
inertia of the given rectangle,

1)
w.r.t the x-axis
2)
w.r.t the y-axis
3)
w.r.t the baseline BB
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Note that the moment of inertia with respect to axis BB is larger

than the moment of inertia with respect to the centroidal x-axis.
In general, the moment of inertia increases as the reference
axis is moved parallel to itself farther from the centroid.
The moment of inertia of a composite area with respect to any
particular axis is the sum of the moments of inertia of its parts
with respect to that same axis.
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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Problem 1.4 Moment of Inertia

Calculate the moment of
inertia of the given box w.r.t.
the x-axis.
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

Given the moment of inertia with respect to some arbitrary axis,
the parallel axis theorem provides a way to calculate the
moment of inertia of the same shape with respect to any
parallel axis.
Let I0 denote the moment of
inertia (2nd moment of area) of
the object shown with respect to
the x-axis.
The parallel axis theorem states
that the moment of inertia Ix1 of
the object with respect to X1
(parallel to X) is given by
Show the proof on board
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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Problem 1.5 Parallel axis theorem

Consider the built-up
up beam structure shown in the picture
below.
structure.(position the x-axis

x
along
a) Find the centroid of the structure.(position
the baseline of the structure, and the y-axis
y axis along the line of
symmetry)
b) Find the momentt of inertia of the structure about the neutral
axis (NA). Note that the NA runs through the centroid.
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MECH3001Y
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K.A.
MECH3001Y
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PRODUCT OF INERTIA
The product of inertia of a plane area is defined with respect to
a set of perpendicular axes lying in the plane of the area.
Thus, referring to the figure, the

product of inertia (or product
moment of area) is defined by
the integral:
Ixy can be positive, negative, or zero, depending upon the

position of the xy axes with respect to the area.
Area lies entirely in 1st quadrant: Ixy positive
Area lies entirely in 2nd quadrant: Ixy negative
Area lies entirely in 3rd quadrant: Ixy positive
Area lies entirely in 4th quadrant: Ixy negative
Product of inertia: Symmetry

The product of inertia of an area is zero with respect to any pair
of axes in which at least one axis is an axis of symmetry of the
area.
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Parallel axis theorem
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Problem 1.6 Product of inertia

Determine the product of inertia of
a rectangle with respect to xy axes
having their origin at point O at the
lower
left-hand
corner
of
the
rectangle.
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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Problem 1.7 Product of inertia

Determine the product of inertia
Ixy of the Z-section shown. The

section has width b, height h and
constant thickness t.
K.A.
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Unsymmetrical Bending
Frequently, a beam undergoes a simultaneous deflection in two
different perpendicular directions. In this case, the bending is
referred to as unsymmetrical bending.
This type of bending occurs when the beam:
1. carries loads along two perpendicular directions
2. cross section is not symmetrical
Unsymmetrical bending can be considered as the
superposition of 2 simple bending problems.
For a beam loaded in the y-direction, there is a moment about
the z-axis (cf. diagram).
If we now consider loads being applied simultaneously to the

beam in the z and y directions resp., moments about the y and
the z-axis resp. will apply to the beam.
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Each direction can be solved separately for bending stress, and

the results added together to obtain the overall bending stress.
ASSUMPTIONS
a) We consider that the beam cross section has an arbitrary
shape, and therefore, no particular symmetry is present.
b) We assume that loading is such that there is no twisting of
the beam cross-section,
section, i.e loads act through the centroid.
NB: Observe that we use a right-handed

right handed coordinate system
c) The axis of the beam bends but does not stretch.
d) Plane sections of the beam remain plane (do not warp) and
perpendicular to the deformed axis of the beam. (Each cross
section of the beam rotates as a rigid entity about a line called the
neutral axis of the cross section).
section
e) Changes in the cross-sectional
cross sectional dimensions of the beam are
negligible.
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The deflection of the beam is caused by a moment which is

perpendicular to the load.
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SOLVING THE PROBLEM

a) Resolve
esolve the load into 2 components
b) Find the corresponding moments and stresses
c) Use the principle of superposition, i.e., add the stresses
Recall from the simple bending theory
z = M .y = M z .y
I
Iz
z : bending stress
M z : bending moment about Z
I z : moment of inertia w.r.t. Z
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The bending stress in the x-direction

x
is caused by a bending
moment about the Z-axis.
Similarly, the bending stress due to bending moment around

the y-axis
axis only is given by
y =
M y .z
Iy
y : bending stress
M y : bending moment about Y
I y : moment of inertia about Y
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Principle of superposition
The total bending stress is given as
b = y + z
M y .z M z .y
b =
Iy
Iz
unsymmetrical bending
equation
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MECH3001Y
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Neutral axis: board show how to find.

line of ZERO stress.
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MECH3001Y
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INCLINATION OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS (NA)

In general, the neutral axis for unsymmetrical bending is not
parallel to the bending moment M. Because the neutral axis is
the line where the bending stress is zero, its equation can be
determined by setting = 0 , which yields
M y .z M z . y
Iy
Iz
0 =
The angle between the neutral axis

and the Y-axis is given by
z = tan 1 M z .I y
y
M y .I z

= tan 1
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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Problem 1.8 Unsymmetrical Bending

Two distributed line loads act on a cantilever beam as shown
in the diagram on the left. Both loads act through the center of
the rectangular cross section in the directions shown. What is
the maximum absolute bending stress in the wall?
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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K.A.
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A cantilevered beam of rectangular cross section supports an
inclined load P having its line of action along a diagonal of the
cross section (see figure). Show that the neutral axis lies along
the other diagonal.
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The W250x32.7 section carries a 32kN.m bending moment
inclined at 16.2 to the z-axis as shown. Determine
a) the moments of inertia of the section w.r.t. the y and z axes.
b) the angle between the neutral axis and the z-axis.
c) the largest bending stress acting on the section.
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MECH3001Y
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TRANSFORMATION OF SECOND MOMENTS OF AREA

In general, the values of Ix, Iy, and Ixy for a plane area depend
on the location of the origin of the coordinate system and the
orientation of the xy-axes.
Here we investigate the changes caused by rotating the
coordinate axes.
Consider a set of axes ( x , y ) and a second set of axes ( u , v )

having the same origin as ( x , y ) and rotated through an angle
w.r.t. ( x , y ) .
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Given the second moments of area w.r.t. the (x, y) axes, find
the moments of area w.r.t. (u,v).
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PRINCIPAL AXES
The principal axes are the set of axes ( u , v ) for which the
product moment of area is EQUAL TO ZERO.
It follows that for a couple of perpendicular axes, for which at
least one of the axes is an axis of symmetry of a given plane
shape, the pair of axes are also principal axes for the given
shape.
Finding the principal axes
Iuv = 0
0=
K.A.
MECH3001Y
Ix I y
sin 2 + Ixy cos2
2
Page | 40
tan 2 =
2 Ixy
Ix I y
Note that having found 1 principal direction, the 2nd one is at

90 to the first one.
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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PRINCIPAL AXES AND BENDING

Recall the unsymmetrical bending equation
b =
M y .z M z . y
Iy
Iz
Choosing the axes for resolving forces/moments
y and z are chosen such that they are principal axes.

All plane sections, whether they have an axis of symmetry or
not, have two perpendicular axes about which the product
second moment of area is zero.
K.A.
MECH3001Y
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BENDING OF BEAMS HAVING UNSYMMETRICAL SECTIONS
1) Find moments of inertia (including product moment of

inertia) of section with respect to a set of known axes.
2) Find the principal axes.
3) Resolve load along principal axis directions.
4) Calculate moments of inertia of section with respect to
principal axes.
5) Find bending moments / stresses for each principal
direction.
6) Superimpose solutions for each direction to obtain the
overall solution of the problem.
K.A.
MECH3001Y
Page | 43
Problem 1.11 Unsymmetrical Bending // Principal axes

A couple of magnitude M0=1.5 kN.m acting in a vertical plane
is applied to a beam having the Z-shaped cross-section
shown. Determine
a) the moments of inertia of the section w.r.t. y and z axes
b) the directions of the principal axes
c) the stress at point A
d) the angle that the neutral axis forms with the horizontal
plane
The moments and product of inertia of the section with respect
to the y and z axes have been computed and are as follows:
Iy = 3.25x10-6 m4
Iz = 4.18x10-6 m4
Iyz = 2.87x10-6 m4
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MECH3001Y
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Problem 1.12 Unsymmetrical Bending // Principal axes

The angle section shown below is used as a simply supported
beam over a span of 2.4m . The beam carries a central
concentrated load of 400N acting along line YG , midway
between the two supports. Point G
is the centroid of the
section. Taking E = 200GPa ,

a) Calculate the positions of the principal axes.
b) Calculate the principal moments of inertia.
c) Show that the bending moment at the midpoint between the
supports is given by WL and calculate the corresponding
4
stress at point
C.
d) Find the position of the neutral axis.
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Solution:
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1

Review of Centroids & Moments of Inertia

unsymmetrical bending of beams.

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

CENTROID OF PLANE AREAS

A centroid is an important geometric property. The area of the

1st moments of area w.r.t the x and y axes?

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

First moments represent the sums of the products of the

Centroids of some simple geometric shapes

In engineering work, we rarely need to locate centroids by

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

known and tabulated. For objects composed of several parts of

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Problem 1.2 Centroid of a composite area

centroid (find the coordinates) by

applying the summation principle.

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Note that absence of an area can be handled by using

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF PLANE AREAS

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Problem 1.3 Moment of Inertia

inertia of the given rectangle,

w.r.t the x-axis

w.r.t the y-axis

w.r.t the baseline BB

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Note that the moment of inertia with respect to axis BB is larger

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Problem 1.4 Moment of Inertia

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM

Show the proof on board

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Problem 1.5 Parallel axis theorem

structure.(position the x-axis

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Thus, referring to the figure, the

Ixy can be positive, negative, or zero, depending upon the

Product of inertia: Symmetry

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Parallel axis theorem

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Problem 1.6 Product of inertia

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Problem 1.7 Product of inertia

Ixy of the Z-section shown. The

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

If we now consider loads being applied simultaneously to the

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

Each direction can be solved separately for bending stress, and

NB: Observe that we use a right-handed

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

The deflection of the beam is caused by a moment which is

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III

SOLVING THE PROBLEM

Recall from the simple bending theory

Mechanics of Materials & Machines III