Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Hirobumi Kayama
AgencyforNaturalResourcesandEnergy,METI
June,2015
Table of Contents
Introduction
We will do our utmost to achieve the reconstruction and recovery of Fukushima while reflecting on the
pains felt by the people affected by the accident at TEPCOs Fukushima nuclear accident. Needless to
say, that is the starting point for rebuilding Japans energy policy.
1.IssuesrelatedtotheenergysupplydemandstructureinJapan
Concerns over the safety of nuclear power generation and deteriorated public confidence in the
government and operators
Outflow of national wealth and increase in dependency on the Middle East, price of electricity and
greenhouse gas emission in Japan due to higher dependency on fossil fuels
North America's move toward independency of its energy supply by the shale-gas revolution and
widening gap of regional energy prices in the world
2.Basicpolicyregardingmeasuresconcerningenergysupplyanddemand
To pursue "Energy Security", "Economic Efficiency" and "Environment" on the premise of "Safety" as
the basic viewpoint, in consideration of "global viewpoint" and "economic growth
"Multilayered" supply structure where the strength of each energy source is to be maximized by
appropriately offsetting each other's weakness
More "flexible and efficient" energy supply-demand structure where various options are to be prepared
by various suppliers
(Ref.)ChangeofNuclearPowerGenerationOutputinJapan
AftertheGreatEastJapanEarthquakeandTEPCOs FukushimaDaiichiNuclearaccidentin
2011,allnuclearpowerplants(NPPs)areinastateoftemporaryshutdown.
hundredmillionkWh
3500
100%
Thermalpowerratio
90%
3000
80%
2500
70%
60%
2000
50%
1500
40%
30%
1000
Nuclearpowerratio
20%
500
10%
0%
0
1970
1972
1973oilcrisis
(October1973)
1974
1976
1979oilcrisis
(1979)
1978
1980
1982
ThreeMileIsland
accident
(March1979)
1984
1986
1988
Chernobylaccident
(August1986)
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Activationofthe
Malreporting
FrameworkConvention
incidentbyTEPCO
onClimateChange
(August2002)
(March1994)
2004
2006
2008
NiigataChuetsu
Earthquake,temporary
shutdownofTEPCOs
Kashiwazaki Kariwa
NPS(2007~)
2010
2012
TheGreatEastJapan
Earthquake,
TEPCOsFukushima
nuclearaccident
(March2011)
(Ref.)AdverseEffectsduetoShutdownofNPPsaftertheDisaster
(JPY1,000=EUR7.6)
EnergySecurity
NationsLife
and
Economy
ClimateChange
The amount of CO2 emissions from general electricity utilities increased by about
110 million tons in FY2013 compared to FY2010. (about 9% of the total Japans
CO2 emission)
(Ref.)ConstitutionofElectricPowerSupplyCorrespondingtoDemand
Description in the Strategic Energy Plan of Japan
Nuclear power is an important base-load power source as a low carbon and quasidomestic energy source, contributing to stability of energy supply-demand structure,
on the major premise of ensuring of its safety, because of the perspectives;
i.
superiority in stability of energy supply and efficiency,
ii. low and stable operational cost and
iii. free from GHG emissions during operation.
Others
VietNam
Indonesia
Russia
Oman
Iraq
Iran
70%
Kuwait
60%
Qatar
UAE
30%
20%
10%
0%
Nigeria
Russia
Others
SouthAfrica
Malawi
Others
Canada
Russia
China
Niger
Indonesia
Brunei
Australia
Indonesia
Uzbekistan
Saudi
Arabia
Oil
DependenceonME83%
DependenceonHolmes80%
MiddleEast
Australi
a
Australia
LNG
Oil
Coal
Canada
(3)DomesticFuelStockpilesbyprivatecompanies
Qatar
Coal
Uranium
DependenceonME30%
DependenceonHolmes25%
Regions
Enriched Uranium
Kazak
hstan
Oman
UAE
LNG
Malaysia
50%
40%
Others
(2) Fuelforoneyearoperationof1,000MWpowerplant
Datasource:Trade
Statistics2012byMOF
ofJapan
Enriched Uranium
Approx.2years
LNG
Oil
Approx.13days
Approx.67days
NationalStockpile:Approx.85days
NorthAmerica
Europe
Africa
Asia
Otherareas
Coal
Approx.33days
(Ref.)EvaluationofNuclearPowerGeneration(2)EconomicEfficiency
Projected costs of generating electricity (2014 model plant)
Geother Hydropo
mal
wer
Small &
medium Biomass
hydraulic
Nuclear
Coal
LNG
Wind
CapacityFactor
Operation Year
70
40years
70
40years
70
40years
20
20years
83
40years
45
40years
60
40years
GenerationCost
Yen/kWh
.
()
Sensitivityanalysis
Additionalsafetymeasurescostdoubles
Decommissioningcostdoubles
Decommissioningandcompensationcost
increasesby1TYen
Reprocessing and MOXFuel fabricationcost
doubles
Solar
(10kW
more)
87
40years
3010
40years
14
20years
12
20years
70
30years
40
30years
Coal
LNG
Solar
Gas
(lessthan cogener
10kW)
ation
Oil
0.01
2.5
35.0
30.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.03
2.5
2.1
1.6
25.0
1.3
0.3
1.5
3.3
0.6
3.1
0.04
3.0
5.5
1.7
2.1
Nuclear
Coal
0.02
3.4
10.8
12.1
0.6
1.0
LNG
2.8
6.0
1.3
Wind
21.7
21.0
6.0
12.8
5.1
0.2
2.3
5.8
8.5
7.6
4.2
3.0
Hydropower
Small- &
Biomass
Geothermal
mediumhydraulic
2.6~
7.7
3.8~
11.4
Oil
Legend
Policy
related
cost
Yen/kWh
40.0
Oil
cogener
ation
Sensitivityanalysisofthefossilfuelpricechange
Oil
3.3
3.0
17.9
3.4
Solar
(10kW more)
(less than
10kW)
Deduction of
heat value
24.7~
(7.7~9.3)
30.1
Deduction of
heat value
(6.3~7.0)
15.6~
17.5
Solar
CO2
Fuel
0.03
1.6
23.9
Accident
riskcost
1.7
1.1
2.3
2.2
Gas
Oil
cogeneration cogeneration
Source Extraction (preliminary translation) from documents released in the 7th Working Group on Verification of Power Generation, Long-term
Energy Supply and Demand Outlook Subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy, METI
Operation
& manage
ment
Additional
safety
measures
cost
Capital
(Ref.)EvaluationofNuclearPowerGeneration
The cost of nuclear power generation is estimated with consideration not only of costs directly
related to power generation, but also of :
future costs including decommissioning, nuclear fuel cycle, and permanent disposal of
radioactive waste,
accident risk costs including nuclear damage compensation and decontamination,
policy related costs including subsidies for power plant siting and R&D expenses for Monju etc.
Public cost
Nuclear power
generation cost
10.1Yen/kWh
Accidentriskcost 0.3Yen
Policyrelatedcost 1.3Yen
Nuclearfuelcyclecost 1.5Yen
Additionalsafetymeasurescost 0.6Yen
Operatingand
maintenancecost
3.3Yen
Accidentriskcost(0.3Yen/kWh)
The accident response cost of the Fukushima Daiichi accident is estimated 12.2Tr. Yen which can be
corrected to 9.1Tr. Yen in consideration of power output of model plant etc.
The lower limit of the estimated value is presented because the damage compensation cost may
increase in the future.
Policyrelatedcost(1.3Yen/kWh)
The cost includes a 345BYen (2014FY) subsidy for power plant siting 130BYen/year and R&D cost for
Monju 130BYen/year etc.
Nuclearfuelcyclecost(1.5Yen/kWh)
Halfofthespentfuelisstoredfor20yearsandreprocessedafterthat,andtheotherhalf isstoredfor45
yearsandreprocessedafterthat.
Thecostcontainsfrontend costs(0.9Yen),backend costs(total:0.6Yen,reprocessing:0.5Yen,highlevel
radioactivewaste0.04Yen.
Costofadditionalsafetymeasures(0.6Yen/kWh)
Add60.1BYenwhichistheestimatedcostforadditionalsafetymeasuresfornewregulation
Operatingandmaintenancecost(3.3Yen/kWh)
Capitalcost 3.1Yen
Employmentcost(2.05BYen/year),repaircost(2.2),overheadcost (8.44BYen/year)
Capitalcost(3.1Yen/kWh)
Capacity: 1.2GW
Operating rate: 70 Discount rate: 3 Buildingcost (0.37MYen/kW440BYen/plant),fixedassettax (1.4),decommissioningcost (71.6BYen)
Operating period of plant: 40 years
Source extracted (preliminary translation) from documents released in the 8th Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook
Subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy, METI
(Ref.)EvaluationofNuclearPowerGeneration(3)environmentaladaptability
Nuclearpowerisawellestablishedlargescalelowcarbonpowersourcewhichdoent emitGHGduring
operation.Itisstillinternationallyconsideredasoneoftheimportantsolutionstotheglobalwarming,
thoughitassumessomechallenges.
Incaseofsubstitutingacoalfiredplant(1GW,capacityfactor80)byanuclearpowerplant,0.4%ofCO2
emission(5.8Mt)outofthetotalemissionofJapancouldbereduced.i.e.,4%reductionby10plants)
LifecycleCO2emissionforeachpowersource
Wind power
Solar power
Geothermal energy
Hydropower
Nuclear power
LNG-fired (combined)
LNG-fired (steam)
Coal-fired
Coal-fired
emission
Fuel (direct)
2010
SourceCRIEPI
Others (indirect)
1,400
1.4
1,200
1.2
1,000
1.0
800
0.8
0.6
600
0.4
400
0.2
200
0
.2
Energy oriented
GHG except CO2
emission
Target after
2020 to be
presented
prior enough
to COP21
(2015)
Energy oriented
CO2 emission
CO2 emission
from utilities
21.8
1990
FY1990
27.6
2005
FY2005
36.2
2012
FY2012
2050
FY2050
IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCC WGIIIreport(April2014)
Nuclear energy is a mature lowGHG emission source of baseload power,butitsshareofglobalelectricity
generationhasbeendeclining(since1993).Nuclearenergycouldmakeanincreasingcontributiontolow
carbonenergysupply,butavarietyofbarriersandrisksexist.
TowardthenextconferenceofCOP21,JapansreductiontargetonGHGemissionhasbeendecidedtobe
26%,bythegovernmenttakingJapansenergypolicyanddiscussiononthebestenergymixinto
consideration.
(Ref.)EnergyBestMix TargetLevelonthePremiseofConsideringtheEnergyBestMix
A METIs advisorycommittee on energy best mix set up 3 goals corresponding to 3E on
the premise to secure safety, in order to compile an outlook of 2030 demand & supply
structure of energy in Japan.
SecureSafety
SelfSufficiency
Rate
Source Extraction (preliminary translation) from documents in the 8th Long-term Energy Supply & Demand Outlook
Subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources & Energy, METI
Only6%atpresent
GoalforEnergysecurity
Approx.25%,exceedingthelevel
before3.11approx.20%
ElectricityCost
Significantriseinelectricityprice
since 3.11approx.30%upforindustry
approx.20%upforhousehold
SurchargeforFIT;1.3trillionyeninFY2014
Premise
GreenhouseGas
Emission
GoalforEconomic
efficiency
Lowerthecost
lessthanpresent
level
GoalforEnvironment
Internationallycomparable
targetofGreenhousegas
reduction
10
(Ref.)EnergyBestMix OutlookofCompositionofElectricPowerSources
Based on 3 goals presented in the previous page, the current draft is as follows (Nuclear power is 20
22%). The draft is now under the public comment process, and will be officially announced thereafter.
Composition of electricity sources and electricity generationbillion
kWh
2030
2030
Oil
31.5
3%
Coal
281.0
26%
LNG
284.5
27%
Nuclear power
216.8231.7
2022%
Renewableenergy
236.6251.5
2224%
1065.0
100%
Total
Solar
74.9
7.0%
Wind
18.2
1.7%
Geothermal
10.211.3
1.01.1%
Hydropower
93.998.1
8.89.2%
Biomass
39.449.0
3.74.6%
before 3.11
LNG
27% (approx.)
LNG 27%
Coal
26% (approx.)
Coal 24%
Oil 3% (approx.)
Renewable energy
22~24% (approx.)
2030
Average in the
last 10 years
Nuclear power
20~22% (approx.)
Oil 12%
Renewable
energy 11%
Nuclear
power
27%
Source extracted (preliminary translation) from documents released in the 8th Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook
Subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy, METI
11
12
(Ref.)AssistanceofFukushimaevacueesfrombothaspectsofquickreturnandquicklaunchofnewlife
Number of evacuees from Fukushima
About 157 thousand
About 119thousand
December 2012
Jan 2015
13
(Ref.)MidandLongTermRoadmaptowardstheDecommissioning
ThecurrentRoadmap wasrevisedinJune,2013.
TheGovernmentofJapanisnowintheprocessoftherevision,takingaccountoftheStrategic
PlanwhichNDFisdeveloping.
December2011
Effortstostabilize
theNPP
Coldshutdownachieved
Achievecoldshutdown
Significantlyreduce
radiationreleases
Fuelremovalfrom
SpentFuelPools
Unit4
Removalwas
complete
Present
November2013
Phase1
Phase2
Perioduptothe
startofthefuel
removalfromthe
spentfuelpool
(within2years)
Preparingforrubbleremoval
Unit2
Dosereductionisunderway
Unit3
Rubbleremoval&dose
reductionisunderway
30to40years
inthefuture
Phase3
Unit 1
Fueldebrisremoval
fromUnit1 3
December2021
Perioduptothe
completionof
decommissioning
measures(30to40
yearsinthefuture)
StepsforSpentFuelRemoval;
RubbleRemoval&DoseReduction
InstallingFuelHandlingMachine
FuelRemoval
Installation of
fuel debris
removal equipment
Fuel debris
removal
14
(Ref.)CurrentStatusofEachUnitatFukushimaDaiichiNPPs
Unit 1
Hydrogen explosion
Core melt
Hydrogen explosion
Core melt
Unit 3
392
Water
566
Unit 2
No hydrogen explosion
Core melt
Unit 4
Hydrogen explosion
No core melt
Water
615
On December 22,
2014, all (1533) fuel
removal from Unit 4
SPF was completed.
15
On the premise that safety comes before everything else and that every possible
effort is made to resolve the peoples concerns, judgment as to whether nuclear
power plants meet the new regulatory requirements will be left to the Nuclear
Regulation Authority (NRA)
In case that the NRA confirms the conformity of nuclear power plants with the new
regulatory requirements ,which are of the most stringent level in the world, GOJ
will follow NRAs judgment and will proceed with the restart of the nuclear power
plants.
16
Kashiwazaki Kariwa
Ohma
Shika
Higashidori(Tokyo)
Tsuruga
Higashidori(Tohoku)
Onagawa
Mihama
Ohi
Fukushima Daiichi
Takahama
Fukushima Daini
Genkai
Hamaoka
Ikata
Sendai
Tokai
Shimane
Decided to be permanent
shutdown in April 2015
(Total 5 Units
Under NRA Review for
basic design and concept
(Total 25 Units
Capacity
Age
Reactor-type
BWR
PWR
ABWR
17
Review of detailed
design (for approval of
Permitted reactors
Date
Reactor
Approved reactors
Applicant
*Notrequiredbythenuclear
Sep.10
SendaiNPS,
Kyusyu Electric
reactorlaw
2014
Unit1 and 2
Power
Feb.12
2015
Takahama NPS,
Unit3and4
KansaiElectric
Power
Date
Reactor
Mar.18
2015
SendaiNPS,
Unit1
May22
2015
SendaiNPS,
Unit2
Applicant
Date
Kyusyu
Electric
Power
May 27
2015
Localacceptanceprocess
* No legal requirements
Preparationandenhancement
ofthedisasterpreventionandevacuationplan
**Based on the Basic Act on Disaster Control Measures and the Act on
Special Measures concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
18
(Ref.)EffortstowardsrestartofSendaiNPPs
1. NRAs Safety Review
KyushuElectricPowersubmitteditsapplicationtomakechangestothereactorinstallment
licenseofSendaiNPSUnit1and2inJuly2013.
Sendai NPP
NRAcompiledadraftevaluationreporton16th July2014whichadmitsthatSendaiNPPs
satisfiesnewregulatoryrequirements.
Afterthepubliccommentprocess(until15th August)andreviewingofthesubmitted
opinions,NRAgrantedapermission(changestothereactorinstallmentlicense)on10th
September2014forthebasicdesignandsafetyfeaturesofSendaiNPPs.Afterthat,NRA
approvedthedetaileddesignandconstructionofSendaiNPSUnit1and2on18th March
2015and22thMay2015,respectively.Andthen,NRAapprovedtheoperation
managementsystemsofSendaiNPSUnit1and2on27thMay2015.
SendaiNPSUnit1and2canberestartedaftercompletingpreserviceinspectionof
operationalsafetyprograms.
18,600pagedocument
wasreviewed&
62reviewmeetings
wereheldfor110
hours
19
Nuclear industry as well as GOJ must shed the so-called safety myth, and
pursue the worlds highest level of safety for operations through continuous and
voluntary safety improvement.
The industrial circles, including nuclear operators, need to set up business
schemes to persistently pursue safety and make efforts to foster safety culture
that places top priority on the safety of nuclear facilities.
Each nuclear power operator, with a firm resolve that it will never let another
nuclear accident to happen, should establish an appropriate risk management
system and implement objective and quantitative risk assessments such as
probabilistic risk assessment (PRA).
20
Countermeasures
Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA)
independent of the other governmental bodies
was established.
NRAs new regulation covers measures to
prevent or deal with severe accidents.
Conformity to new regulatory requirements
does not mean absolute safety.
Dr. Tanaka, the Chairman of NRA
Challenges
22
Attitudes especially required to steadily proceed with these activities and have them take root
Creation of an organizational culture with a critical mind and power of imagination concerning residual risks
Swiftly introducing stateoftheart information and opinions from both home and abroad, and making Japans efforts known
overseas
Involvement of external stakeholders
Improving human and intelligence bases across industry
Sharing roadmaps to be constructed by each industrial actor based on the WGs proposals and pursuing for the overall optimization
through constantly monitoring actions based on the roadmaps and continuously revising the roadmaps
23
24
25
26
(Ref.) Basic Policy for Formulation of Light Water Reactor Safety Technology
and Human Resource Roadmap
The draft of the Light Water Reactor Safety Technology and Human Resource Roadmap was
compiled on 27th of May 2015 through the interaction between a METI's advisory committee
and the Atomic Energy Society of Japan.
This roadmap will be reviewed at least once a year.
A structure of formulating the roadmap
Confirm
Nuclear Energy
Subcommittee
2020
Share
2050
2030
Milestones
An objective at each
milestones
Issue A
Issue B
Issues
Evaluation elements
Get priorities of issues by
utilizing appropriate evaluation
elements
To steadily implement
efforts
forward
autonomous
safety
improvement based on
scientific disciplines and
knowledge
and
to
construct a framework in
which
operators
continuously maintain and
develop technologies and
human resources for LWR
safety while incorporating
international knowledge.
To establish an international
collaborative scheme based
on public confidence in the
framework and efforts toward
autonomous
safety
improvement and to reduce
residual risks by implementing
steady investments needed
for ensuring safety so that
nuclear
power
is
used
appropriately as an important
base-load power source in the
energy
supply-demand
structure.
To
contribute
to
the
international community in
both technologies and human
resources
by
further
pursuing the reduction of the
disadvantages
and
the
enhancement
of
the
advantages regarding the use
of nuclear power so that
nuclear power plays a stable
roles in providing sustainable
energy supply and taking
countermeasures
against
global warming.
27
28
1st Reform:passedinExtraordinaryDietin2013
1) EstablishmentoftheOrganizationforCrossregional
CoordinationofTransmissionOperators(OCCTO)
2) Actionprogramsfor2nd and3rd Reforms etc.
(1st bill)
2013
(2nd bill)
2014
The2nd Bill
The1st Bill
2nd reform
3rd reform
CabinetDecisiononthe
PolicyonElectricity
SystemReform
1st reform
Full retail
competition
Periodof
transitional
arrangementfor
retailtariff
Abolishment
of retail tariff
Legal unbundling of
transmission
/distribution sector
VerificationforElectricityMarketReform
Inadvancingmarketreform,GOJhastoverifytheenforcementstatusofeachbill,theimplementationstatusof
theStrategicEnergyPlanandtheelectricitysupplydemandsituationatfollowingopportunities:beforefull
retailcompetition,beforelegalunbundlingoftransmission/distributionsector,andaftertheenforcement
oflegalunbundling.
Dependingontheoutcomeofeachverification,GOJhastotakenecessarymeasures.
29
7. Contribution to Peaceful Use of Nuclear Power and Nuclear Non-proliferation in the World
Description in the Strategic Energy Plan of Japan
GOJ will promote dialogues with the international community on such occasions as meetings of the IAEA, where
information will be promptly and accurately disseminated. As nuclear power generation is expected to be increasingly
used in emerging nations, including Asian nations, it is a responsibility that Japan must fulfill and the world expects it to
fulfill to make proactive contributions to improvement of nuclear safety, peaceful use of nuclear power, nuclear nonproliferation and nuclear security in the world, by sharing the experiences and lessons learnt from the TEPCO's
Fukushima nuclear accident. It is imperative for Japan to proactively contribute to formulating international standards of
nuclear safety, such as the IAEA standards. Japan will contribute to improvement of nuclear safety in the world by
continuing to share nuclear technologies with our enhanced safety and improved safety culture with other countries
based on the experiences and lessons learnt from the accident, while confirming that a proper consideration is given to
nuclear facilities' safety secured mainly by hosting countries in reference to the Convention on Nuclear Safety and the
IAEA safety standards when public finance is offered on providing nuclear power technologies to overseas, including
exports of nuclear power plants.
By making use of its experience as a non-nuclear armed country, Japan will also actively contribute to strengthen
nuclear nonproliferation through reinforcement of the IAEA safeguards and stringent export control and international
nuclear security through actively participating global initiative such as nuclear security summits. In particular, in the
non-proliferation field, it is important to intensify the efforts toward the nuclear non-proliferation by promoting
international collaboration in enhancing proliferation resistance of nuclear fuel, and R&D to strengthen technology of
nuclear forensics, detection and safeguards, etc. Japan will go through these efforts in cooperation with the countries
such as the U.S. and France. GOJ will also set up an integrated implementing body to support development of human
resources, institutional infrastructure and others for countries that will newly introduce nuclear power, through
cooperation with international organizations such as the IAEA.
30
Japaniscommittedtosecuringnonproliferationaswellasnuclearsafetyand
securityintheworld byprovidingproventechnologieswithUSallies,given
growinginfluenceofRussiaandChinaintheworldnuclearmarket.
The3rdArmitageNyeReportissuedbyCSISonAugust15,2012(Excerpt)
(i)Apermanentshutdownwillalsostymieresponsibleinternationalnucleardevelopment,
asdevelopingcountrieswillcontinuetobuildnuclearreactors. Chinacouldeventually
emergeasasignificantinternationalvendor. AsChinaplanstojoinRussia,SouthKorea,
andFranceinthemajorleaguesofglobaldevelopmentinciviliannuclearpower,Japan
cannotaffordtofallbehindiftheworldistobenefitfromefficient,reliable,andsafe
reactorsandnuclearservices.
(ii)JapanandtheUnitedStateshavecommonpoliticalandcommercialinterestsin
promotingsafeandreliableciviliannuclearpowerdomesticallyandinternationally.
(iii)Safe,clean,responsiblydevelopedandutilizednuclearpowerconstitutesanessential
elementinJapanscomprehensivesecurity. Inthisregard,U.S.Japancooperationon
nuclearresearchanddevelopmentisessential.
31
1. OECDmemberstatesareobligedtocompeteagainstRussianwiththe
restraintsofpublicfinancingstipulatedintheNuclearSectorUnderstanding
(NSU)ofOECDExportCreditArrangementintheworldnuclearmarket.
2. RussiaandChina,whicharenonOECDmemberstates,haveanadvantagein
promotingnuclearexportintheworldmarketwithbettertermsand
conditionsofpublicfinancing.
Case1:Hungary
Hungarian Government was to start a bidding process for their NPP new construction.
In January 2014, the Hungarian Prime Minister officially and suddenly announced that
Russia was selected as Hungary's exclusive partner for their NPP construction during
his official visit to Russia.
The Hungarian Prime Ministers office web site says that Russian loan for the EUR 1012 billion investment would be provided for a 30-year term which covers 80% of
the total cost.
32
2.Chinasentrytothe UKnuclearmarket
China and UK signed a MOU in October 2013. The MOU stipulates the strategic framework for
collaboration on investment, technology, construction and expertise in the field of civilian use of
nuclear energy.
In the same month, EDF officially announced that EDF and Chinese companies(CGN and CNNC)
agreed to jointly invest in Hinkley Point C nuclear power station. The total share of Chinas equity is
expected to be 30-40%.
3.Chinasactivitiesintheworldnuclearmarket
China is strongly promoting nuclear export globally toward such countries as Turkey, Sudan and
Pakistan. Especially in Turkey, according to media sources, SNPTC committed to invest in AP1000
construction project at the third site following Akkuyu and Sinop. In return for the investment, SNPTC will
gain a wider coverage of manufacturing of AP1000 components.
34