Theme 1 Family

Lesson 1

Life

Part 1: Use of English

Part 2: Listening and Speaking

PART 1: USE OF ENGLISH

I.

Get started

Look at the photo and answer the questions.

n What do you think is happening in this photo?
n What makes one tribe different from another one nearby?
n Do you think there are any aspects of tribal life present in
modern society?
II. Develop your vocabulary
Task 1. Each of the words in bold is in the wrong sentence.
Write the correct word.
1. She studies conservation because she is interested ________
in the ideas and policies of government and how they
run the country.
2. The characteristic of cultural differences only
________
occurs when people try to understand these
differences.
3. In many cultures, the mother takes politics for ________
looking after the children.
4. Rights groups fight for the welfare of tribal culture
________
to ensure that their way of life continues.
5. The tribe holds an annual responsibility complete
________
with their traditional songs and dances.
6. Doctors from all over the world visit African nations
________
to assist in child health and acceptance programmes.
7. A defining celebration of a particular tribe is the
________

specific customs they follow.

Task 2. Write a word from the box in each gap to complete the text.
behaviour civilisation luxuries relationships rituals solutions
understanding uneducated

Some tribes have had very little contact with the outside world. Known as
`uncontacted peoples', they are almost totally cut off from modern
(1)_________, either by choice or because they live in remote corners of the
planet. Naturally, they do not have any of the (2)_________ of modern society,
no phones, electricity or vehicles, and little is known about their customs and
(3)_________ toward one another. They are (4)_________ according to modern
standards, as there is no evidence of them having schools. Nor do we know
much about what kind of social and family (5)_________ the members of the
tribe have with each other. We also do not know much about their
(6)_________ on occasions such as birth, marriage or death. Some
uncontacted tribes communicate with nearby tribes who do have experience
of the outside world. Others have been seen from helicopters which
happened to be flying over the area where they live. Social scientists
sometimes try to make contact with them in order to broaden their
(7)_________ of their way of life. Rights groups, however, insist that they do
not
westernyour
(8)_________
toEnglish
any problems
they
may have
andto
theform
best
III.need
Develop
Use of
skills:
using
affixes

derivatives
Task 1. Underline the prefixes and suffixes in these words.
1 active
7 importance
13 possibility
2 dissatisfaction
8 infrequent
14 preventable
3 enable
9 loudly
15 replacement
4 friendship
10 medical
16 suggestion
5 happiness
11 nervous
17 tendency
6 illiterate
12 peaceful
18 unhealthy
Task 2. Look at the words in exercise 1 again and answer the
questions.
________________
1. a Which verb has a prefix that means put into or
cause a particular state?
________________
b Write another verb that begins with this prefix.
________________
2. a Which prefixes are added to give words a negative
or opposite meaning?
________________
b Write any other prefixes you know which form
negatives or opposites.
____________________
3. a Which suffixes have been added to form
nouns?
____________________
b Write any other suffixes you know which form
nouns.
____________________
4. a Which suffixes have been added to form
adjectives?
____________________
b Write any other suffixes you know which form

adjectives.
5. Which suffix is used to form a
regular adverb?

___________________________________

Task 3. Write the 'person' words formed from these key words. Some
key words have more than one person word.
Key word
Person
achieve
achiever
advise
apply
art
attend
begin
communicat
e
compete
conserve
guide
investigate
perform
politics
save
spectate
strange
train

Task 4. Decide if these words are

adjectives (ADJ), adverbs (ADV), abstract noun (N), people (P) or verbs
(V).
1 accept
___________ acceptable ___________ acceptance ___________
2 collect
___________ collector
___________ collection
___________
3 drama
___________ dramatise ___________ dramatic
___________
4 globally
___________ globalise
___________ globalisation ___________
5 mover
___________ movable
___________ movement
___________
6
___________ neighbourl ___________ neighbourho ___________
neighbour ___________ y
___________ od
___________
___________ promotion ___________ promotional ___________
7 promote ___________ reader
___________ reading
___________
___________ scientificall ___________ scientist
___________
8 read
___________ y
___________ successfully ___________
9 science
___________ success
___________ threatening ___________
10
threaten
truthful
succeed
truth
11 threat
12 truly

Task 5: Write the prefix to make the negative form of each of these
words.
1 __active
6 __curable
11 __honest
16 __patient
2 __comfortable 7 __decisive
12 __legal
17
__perfection
3 __complete
8 __employed 13 __likely
18 __reliable
4 __correct
9 __expensive
14 __natural
19
__replaceable
5 __creative
10 __fortune
15 __normal
20
__secure
Task 6. Write a word from the box in the correct form in each gap.
behave breath celebrate centre danger day desire
exhaust power warm

1. The tribe has __________ a every year in honour of family life.

2. Strong family ties are __________ to the life of a well-functioning tribe.
3. Children often learn __________ , such as how to act at dinner, from their
parents.
4. We think it's more __________ to live with modern conveniences, but
maybe a person from
a. tribal culture would have a different view.
5. Hard work in extreme heat can cause people to suffer from __________.
6. Crops are usually gathered during __________ hours.
7. Older members are on the alert for anything that might __________ the
lives of the children.
8. They were __________ to stop the terrible storm from destroying the
village.
9. The father lit a small fire to have __________ in the home.
10. There was less air to __________ high in the mountains where the tribe
lived.
Task 7. Each word in bold is in the wrong form. Write the correct word.
________________
1. It's difficult to calculation how much water the
whole town use.
________________
2. Stop being so child - it's only a small spider!
3. They were commit to improving the lives of the
________________
villagers.
4. The storm did consideration damage to the huts. ________________
________________
5. A dry summer can mean finance ruin for farmers.
6. They don't live in luxury conditions. They don't
________________
even have plumbing.
Task 8. Write the correct form of the word in bold.
1 confide
She was ___________ that shed get accepted to a good school.
The details in this case must remain ____________.
2 economy

3
4
5
6

Many people leave the farms for ____________ reasons.

They buy things in large quantities because its more ____________.
imagine
The little girl had an ____________ friend names Leon.
She was an ____________ child who was very good at drawing.
operate
Dial 0 to be connected with the ____________.
I have good news for you the ____________ was a complete success.
please
She had a ____________ smile that made visitors feel welcome.
Bill took great ____________ in learning the language of the island.
produce
The ____________ of fabric was much faster with the new machine.
We had a very ____________ meeting with the leader of the tribe.

Task 9. Choose the correct words

Much of African tribal life revolves around farming, as
members of a tribe must grow their own food. The (1)
response / responsibility of working the land usually
belongs to the men. The women process the food, which is
usually done by hand. This is (2) understanding /
understandable as they often don't have many (3)
electrifying / electrical appliances in their homes. Farmers
grow a (4) variety / variation of foods depending on the
season. The most (5) populated / popular crop is usually
corn. If the land is particularly dry, it is not very (6) working
/ workable, so a lot of labour is involved in order to soften it
for planting seeds. The long hours in the fields mean the
work is (7) exhausting / exhausted, but the ability of the
Task 10. Each of the words in bold is in the wrong form. Rewrite them
correctly.
Theof
Brazilian
rainforest
is means
home to
one ofinthe
__________
The name
a tribe (1)
__________
'people'
thatworld's
tribe's most
native(1)usual
dangerous
tribes
due
to
the
continually
decreasing
size
of
their
forested
language, although people outside the tribe sometimes do not refer to
land.The
Awaname.
tribe lives
on what
is of
supposed
to be
(2) __________
them
by that
A famous
case
this is the
Inuits,
a Native protective
north
land. However,
nearby
have
from the land (3)
American
tribe living
in (2)farmers
__________
partsbeen
of theremoving
American trees
continent.
__________
legal.
destruction
of__________
the forestmeans
is a direct
threat
their (4)
The
word Inuit
in theThe
Inuit
language (3)
'people.'
For to
simple
years,
though,
many
people,
(4)
__________
in
the
USA,
referred
to
special
__________ survive and there are only about 460 (5) __________ remains
them
as Eskimos,
term that
to tribes
living beginning
in Alaska, which
offend
members
of the atribe,
who refers
say they
are now
to suffer
from (6)
the
Inuits
find
(5)
__________.
The
name
Eskimo
is
from
a
language
__________ starve. It's not just the Awa that are losing rights to their lands;
spoken
the__________
Cree, a Native
American
tribe
withmay
a large
(6) __________
populate
it's anby(7)
nation
issue
that
exist
in as many
as sixty
who
live
in
areas
of
southern
Canada.
The
term
in
their
language
(7)
possible
countries. More than 150 million tribal people exist (8) __________ worldly,
__________ means something like 'eaters of raw meat', although translate
some of whom have no (9) __________ action with the outside world. Since
language experts are still working on the exact (8) __________ of the
they Itcan't
protect
themselves,
aid groups
are trying
to put pressure on
word. 11.
may
how members
other
tie their
Task
Usealso
therefer
wordtogiven
in bold toofform
a tribes
word that
fits shoes
in the space in
or
the
fact
that
neighbouring
tribes
speak
other
languages.
fascinate
the same line.
If anything, it gives a (9) __________ view into how one tribe views real
another. As for the Inuit, the name Eskimo was never (10) __________
meant to refer to them and, in 1982, Canada's constitution was
changed so that, from then on, the tribe would be referred to as Inuit.

Task 12. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar

meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
1. She assumed that the tribe wouldn't understand her.
UNDER
She _________________ that the tribe wouldn't understand her.
2. He complained about being treated unfairly.
MADE
He ____________________ about being treated unfairly.
3. She was feeling depressed because she had lost her home.
SUFFERING
She was ___________________ because she had lost her home.
4. He described the celebration to the anthropologist.
GAVE
He ________________________ of the celebration to the anthropologist.

PART 2: LISTENING AND SPEAKING

A. Listening
I.

Get started

Look at the photo and answer the questions.

Describe your family. How many brothers and sisters have you got?
Would you change anything about your family circumstances?

II.

Develop your vocabulary

Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.

1. Some people say that being a(n) only / lone child is a lonely
experience.
2. I grew / brought up respecting my grandparents.
3. I have a great relationship with my step-parents / in-laws especially my wife's dad.
4. The neighbours keep / put an eye on our teenage children when
we're out at work.
5. It gets a bit noisy with so many children under one roof / ceiling.
6. Families with many children often struggle / fight financially.
7. I have three older sisters, so I'm the youngest / smallest in the
family.

8. It can't have been easy to bring up / raise up five children in a small

flat.

III.

Develop your listening skill: Understanding implications

Task 1. Tick the phrases which imply that the speaker is unhappy.
1. It seems a shame.
6. I sometimes regret it.
2. I haven't got any complaints.
7. She's very well-adjusted.
3. We've never really struggled
8. I felt I was missing something.
financially.
9. I found the perfect solution.
4. I wish I had a younger sister.
10. She always has to have the
5. It didn't work out
final say.

Task 2. Listen to five dialogues and choose the correct answers.

1. What do we understand about the
girl?
a She doesn't like Sandra.
b She wasn't invited on Saturday.
c She enjoys being with her sister.

4. What is probably true about the

man and his family?
a He looks forward to big family
occasions.
b It isn't usually a success when they
all get together.
2. What do we understand about c There are always surprises when
they meet.
Gerry and Carol?
a The man feels he has to invite
5. What is probably true about the
them.
boy's family life?
b They don't like the woman.
c The woman isn't very keen on a He feels that he is treated unfairly.
b The brothers have a great
them.
relationship.
3. How does the man feel about the c There are problems with the
younger members of the family.
boy's grandad?
a He doesn't get on well with him.
b He would like to visit him.
c He doesn't want the boy to meet
him
Task 3. Listen again and write down the phrases that helped you find
the answers in exercise 2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Task 4. What do you think the speakers below are implying?

We never intended to have just one child we had planned to have
a big family.

1.
_____________________
2. It wouldnt work if my parents lived with us.
3. My parents didnt really give me the attention I needed.
4.

Its great that the children can now spend time with their grandparents.

5. I used to be jealous when my friends talked about their aunts, uncles and cousins.
6.

Lets just say we have very different views on things.

Task 5. Choose what each statement might imply.

1. I don't mention him a lot.
I have / don't have a good relationship with a family member.
2. I wish things had been different.
My childhood was comfortable / difficult.
3. They're always dressed in old clothes.
They are quite poor / rich.
4. It's a bit lonely sometimes.
I like / don't like being an only child.
Task 6. Listen to four people talking about the situations in exercise 5.
Decide whether each statement is possibly implies (I) ornot implied (N)
Speaker 1 The speaker and his brother weren't at school
I /together.
N
Speaker 2 The speaker's parents had a difficult relationship.
I/N
I/N
Speaker 3 My parents are very wealthy.
I/N
Speaker 4 The speaker doesn't have a sister.

B. Speaking

I.

Get started

Look at the photo and answer the questions.

Where do old people in your country usually live?
What kind of help do they need from their families?
What can they offer to younger generations?

II.

Develop your vocabulary

Write a word from the box in each gap to complete

the sentences.
1. Sometimes older people have to go to live in
a __________ home - also known as a care home.
2. We should all check on our __________
neighbours and make sure they're all right.
3. If grandparents live with their family, they
can help with babysitting and _________.
4. I love talking things through with my
grandad because he's got so much _________
of life.
5. My parents both worked so my aunt used to
_________ care of me during the day.
6. How is your grandmother _________ in to
her new house?
elderly
experience
you
7. childcare
Getting older
sometimes
means that
issues
have more health _________.
nursing

III.

settling

sheltered

Develop

your speaking skills: giving a short description

Task 1. Write a word form the box in each gap in the table. Some words
can go in more than one collumn. Add more words of your own.
A person

A place
busy
lonely
healthy
noisy

independent

peaceful

Task 2. Write a word from excercise 1 in each gap to complete the

sentences. More then one answer may be possible.
1. She's a very ___________ person someone I can tell my troubles to.
2. The house is full of kids so it's quite __________ most of the time.
3. Although she's very old, she is a(n) ___________ person.
4. The place where my grandad lives is nice and quiet so he finds it quite
___________.
Task 3. Write a verb form the box in the correct form in each gap to

complete the sentences.

find get go meet need

respect

1. I
seem visit
think most young people __________ older generations, but the
government __________ to do more to help the elderly.
2. I often __________ my grandmother when she was in a nursing home,
but I __________ the place noisy and unpleasant.
3. I like it when everyone __________ out and I've got the house to
myself it __________ very noisy when the whole family's here.
4. I only __________ my dad's dad once or twice, so I don't remember
much
about him except that he __________ very serious!
Task 4. Listen to two students giving
to answer the questions.
Speaker 1
Who/What is she describing?
___________________________________
Who/What is he describing?
___________________________________
What descriptive language does she
use?
___________________________________

short descriptions and make notes

Speaker 2
Who/What is he describing?
___________________________________
Which tense(s) does he use?
___________________________________
What descriptive language does he
use?
___________________________________

Task 5. Answer the following questions about you. Give as much

information as possible
n Which family member do you usually go to with your problems? Why?
n What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a large family?
n How well do you get on with your cousins, aunts and uncles?
n What do you know about the lives of your grandparents?
n What can we learn from older family members?
n What do you think is the best kind of accommodation for old people?
IV. Pronunciation: Tonic stress
Task 1. We normally stress the important content words in a sentence.
Read these sentences and underline the syllables you think would
normally be stressed the most.
1. My family's quite large, and I've got relatives all over the country.
2. The elderly face a number of problems, and we need to be aware of
them.
3. My brother was always more understanding than my sister.
4. When my parents got divorced, I went to live with my dad.
Task 2. Listen and check. Practice saying the sentences.

Lesson 2

Part 1: Reading
Part 2: Writing

Part 1: Reading
I.

Get started

Look at the photo and answer the questions.

n How common are traditional cultural events in your country?
n Do you think it is important for them to be preserved? Why?/Why not?
n Do you ever attend such events? Why?/Why not?

II.

Develop your vocabulary

Task 1. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences .

1. Ours is a culture ______ in 4. It's not always easy to pin down
tradition.
what national ______ is.
a. soaked
b. steeped
a. personality
b. identity
2. My uncle uses a small sharp knife 5. While I was on holiday in India, I
to make ______ out of wood.
visited the Golden ______ in Amritsar
a. carvings
b. carpets
it is a centre of worship for people
of the Sikh religion.
3. Many ancient peoples participated
a. Temple
b. civilisation
in rituals designed to bring them a
good ______ , so that there would be
customs
die out rituals
roots values
plenty of food
to eat
throughout
the
year.
a. heritage
b. harvest
Culture
built a
onword
the (1)__________
andthe
traditions
that develop
over a
Task 2.isWrite
or phrase from
box in each
gap to complete
thelong
text.period of time within a particular country or society. The way of life
and social organisation of a group of people develop from a set of shared
(2)__________ and beliefs that influence how people think and behave.
Although different cultures have different (3)__________ or origins, many
share similar (4)__________ to celebrate major life events such as birth,
death or marriage. With the advent of the modern technology-based
society, many traditional cultures have started to (5)__________ because

III.

Develop your reading skills: Understanding attitudes and

opinion.

Task 3. Match the words with their definitions.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

heritage
community
cuisine
civilisation
ancestor

a. the local area where you live, including

the people
b. a person from whom you are descended
c. a society of a particular time and place
d. something passed down from previous
generations
e. the food of a particular country or region

III.Develop your reading skills: Understanding attitude and

opinion.
Task 1. Read the text. Which of the statements which follow express
opinions and which ones offer facts? Write '0' for opinion or 'F' for fact.

Civilisations around the world have produced art dating back to the
earliest period of their history. To my mind, there can be no argument
that this is proof that art is an essential part of being human. Even
before the invention of writing, ancient peoples were producing works of
art to express their feelings and to describe their everyday rituals and
pastimes. It is wrong to consider this art as primitive. The delicate lines
of cave drawings and intricately carved figures from pre-history should
be appreciated as products of artists every bit as sophisticated as the
ones of the modern world. It is a shame that most people seem to view
ancient traditional art forms as basic and simple. You only have to look
at the aboriginal art that is still created today to see the skill that is
1. Creating art has always been a feature of all societies.
_____
2. It is part of human nature to create art.
_____
3. Before the invention of writing, art was one way that people
could
express
_____
As a big
operathemselves.
fan, I often ask myself if this art form is actually a part
4.
Ancient
artists
were
as
skilful
as
the
artists
of
today.
of the culture and traditions of this country or just an old-fashioned_____
5.
Few
appreciate
_____
form
ofpeople
entertainment
for ancient
snobs. Iart.
suppose there is some truth in that
6.
There
isn'tnot
much
between
aboriginal
is an _____
idea
but it's
the difference
whole truth.
I wouldhow
suggest
that itart
is still
produced
now
the past.
integral part
ofand
our in
cultural
life. However, I'm not sure that it is a _____
medium
which
is text
accessible
to everyone.
Opera as an art form will
Task
2. Read
the
and answer
the questions.
become irrelevant in our modern society if the opera companies don't
do more to attract the interest of people from all backgrounds, in
particular the younger generation. As far as I'm concerned, there is a
lot we can do to encourage greater participation in the arts. Opera
should be for everyone, not just for an elite few. Education has a major
role to play but so do the artists themselves. It's my view that the
opera community has not done enough to encourage greater public
support and interest. It's high time that this changed.

1. What question does the writer consider in the beginning of the text?
________________________________________________________
2. How does the writer feel about the idea that opera is old-fashioned?
________________________________________________________
3. What negative opinion does the writer express about the
accessibility of opera?
________________________________________________________
4. Is the writer optimistic about the possibility of making opera more
accessible?
________________________________________________________
5. What criticism does the writer make about people in the world of
Task 3. Tick the phrases which can be used for introducing an opinion.
1
2
3
4
5

As far as I'm concerned ...

I'm not sure that ...
Personally, I think ...
I suppose / reckon / guess
that
I ... of being ...
In spite

6
7
8
9

In my experience ...
I wonder why ...
On the contrary ...
I would suggest that ...

Task 4. Using the phrases you ticked in exercise 3, write sentences of your
own to answer the questions.
1 . Can you learn a lot about the culture and
3 . Do you think
traditional cultures can
survive traditions of another country as a
tourist?
in the modern world?
2 . What aspects of your culture can express
4 . Should modern
societies make an effort to
your national identity?
preserve local traditions?
Task 5. Read the pairs of sentences and decide which ones express a
personal opinion and which ones express a general opinion. Write 'G' for
general or 'P' for personal.
1 a. Some people say that technology will destroy traditional customs.
b. Personally speaking, I think that other factors are more important in
destroying traditions.
2 a. I would suggest that culture and local customs give people a sense of
community.
b. It is thought that strong traditions reinforce national identity.
3 a. It is generally accepted that folk music still has strong roots in local
culture.
b. In my experience, music is one of the most distinctive aspects of

Task 6. Choose the correct answer

1. General opinion is used to show
a views that are held by most people.
b only what the writer thinks.
2. A writer may express a general opinion
a because he or she doesn't have a personal opinion.
b to contrast with or reinforce his or her own opinion
Task 7. Read the paragraph and circle the correct words.
This holiday was a welcome break from my (1) hugely / slightly stressful
life in the city. As soon as I arrived, I felt as if I had entered another world.
For one thing, the people of the island are so (2) lazy / relaxed that no-one
ever does anything in a hurry. It was quite refreshing to be able to take my
time about life for once. Another aspect of the island which I found
wonderful was the traditional local food. The restaurants use only homegrown produce which is cooked (3) perfectly / quite well. Perhaps I
enjoyed it a bit too much as I came home a little (4) overweight / obese.
But it was a small price to pay for such a (5) reasonable / pleasant stay
Task 8. Which of the sentences, a or b, has the same meaning as the
first sentence?
1. The women of the village wear extraordinarily beautiful jewellery.
a I thought the jewellery the women in the village wore was quite
pretty.
b The jewellery the women in the village wore was absolutely
gorgeous.
2. I couldn't begin to describe how deafening the tribal drums were.
a I don't want to describe how loud the tribal drums were.
b It's very difficult to describe how loud the tribal drums were.
3. It seems to me that some tourists think local traditions are simply a
form of entertainment.
a I agree that local traditions should be regarded as entertainment
for visitors.
b I don't think tourists should just see local traditions as something
a. One result of such a
to
entertaintraditional
them.
Protecting
cultures is by no means
strategy is that such areas
4.
destruction
of the
local
culture
hasfact
had a devastating effect on
anThe
easy
task. The task
isn't
helped
by the
become more like a theme
the
thatcommunity.
opinion is divided amongst the various
park for tourists than a real
a The
of theit.local
culture
a huge impact
on people
the
experts
ondestruction
how to go about
(1) __
These has
can hadcommunity
in which
people
include in
lack
theofcommunity.
employment in rural areas, the
live and work.
effects
of war
or drought
and local
the advancement
b The
destruction
of the
culture has hadb.aInlimited
effect
on the
my view,
we should
of
technology
in
traditional
societies.
Many
of
community.
examine the reasons why so
Task
9.
Choose
the
best
sentence
to
fill
each
gap.
There
oneregion.
extra
these
problems
can
be
very
difficult
to
control.
traditional
societies are
5. I guess
that
most
people
would
enjoy the folkmany
music
ofisthis
sentence
you
do
not
need
to
use
(2)__
Is it certain
possible,
or even
to sustain
close
tomusic
collapse.
a I'm
that
mostdesirable,
people would
enjoy the
folk
of this
traditional cultures artificially? For example, we
c. Then we can try to create
region.
cannot insist that remote settlements use their
conditions
that
b I suppose that most people would enjoy the
folk music
ofencourage
this
traditional forms of communication rather than
their
continued
existence.
region.
mobile phones. (3)__ This would not benefit
anyone, least of all the traditional cultures
themselves. It seems to me that the best

d. It is doubtful whether they

will ever agree.
e. But another question worth

Part 2: Writing
I.

Get started

In this unit, you will learn about process writing, the writing method ised
in most English-speaking university classes.

II.

The Writing Process

These words are important for understanding the writing process. Match
each word with the correct definition
a.step
b.topic
c.gather
d.organise
e.paragrap
h
f.essay
g.proofread
h.edit

1.to check a piece of writing for errors

2.a group of related sentences
3.one thing in a series of things you do
4.subject; what the piece of writing is about
5.to change or correct a piece of writing
6.a short piece of writing, at least three
paragraphs long
7.to arrange in a clear, logical way
8.to find and collect together

The six steps of the writing process

Read about the writing process. These are the steps you will practice
in this book.
Process writing: When we write, we do more than just put words
together to make sentences. Good writers go through several
steps to produce a piece of writing.
1. PRE-WRITING
STEP ONE: Choose a topic. Before you write, your teacher gives
you a specific assignment or some ideas of what to write about. If
not, choose your topic yourself.
STEP TWO: Gather ideas. When you have a topic, think about
what you will write about that topic.
STEP THREE: Organise. Decide which of the ideas you want to use
and where you want to use them. Choose which idea to talk about
first, which to talk about next, and which to talk about last.
2. DRAFTING
STEP FOUR: Write. Write your paragraph or essay from start to
finish. Use your notes about your ideas and organisation.
3. REVIEWING AND REVISING

STEP FIVE: Review structures and content. Check what you

have written. Read your writing silently to yourself or aloud, perhaps
to
a friend.
STEP
SIX: Look for places where you can add more information,
and
check
to see if and
you have
any unnecessary
information.
Revise
structure
content.
Use your ideas
from step Ask
five a
to
classmate to exchange texts with you. Your classmate reads your
rewrite
your
improvements
to the structure
text, and
youtext,
readmaking
his or hers.
Getting a reader's
opinion and
is a good
content.
You
might
need
to
explain
something
more
clearly,
add
way to know if your writing is clear and effective. Learning toorgive
more
details.
You
may
even
need
to
change
your
organisation
so
opinions about other people's writing helps you to improve your
your
text is
more
stepsand
fiverevise
and six
be
own.
You may
want
to logical.
go on toTogether,
step six now
thecan
structure
4.that
REWRITING
called editing.
Proofread. Read your text again. This time, check your spelling and
grammar and think about the words you have chosen to use.
Make final corrections. Check that you have corrected the errors
you discovered in steps five and six and make any other changes

 Steps five and six can be repeated many times.

REVIEW
Complete the chart, summarising the steps of the writing process
Pre-writing
STEP ONE: Choose a
_________________________________________
STEP TWO: Gather
___________________________________________

Drafting

STEP FOUR: Write

____________________________________________

Reviewing and revising

STEP FIVE: Check

____________________________________________

Rewriting
STEP SIX: May need to
- Explain
-

_________________________________________________
Add____________________________________________________
Change_________________________________________________

Steps ...... and.......may be..............................................many times.

Lesson 1: Pre-writing
Learn how to:
n Choose and narrow a topic
n Gather ideas
n Edit ideas

What is pre-writing?
Before you begin writing, you
decide what you are going to
write about. Then you plan what
you are going to write. This process is called pre-writing.
How to choose a topic for a paragraph
A paragraph is a group of five to ten sentences that give
information about a topic. Before you write, you must choose a
topic for your paragraph.
-

Choose a topic that isn't too narrow (limited, brief). A narrow topic
will not have enough ideas to write about. The ages of my
brothers and sisters is too narrow. You can't write very much
about it.

Choose a topic that isn't too broad (general). A broad topic will
have too many ideas for just one paragraph. Most paragraphs are
five to ten sentences long. Schools is too general. There are
thousands of things you could say about it.
A student could narrow this topic by choosing one aspect of schools
to discuss. Schools secondary schools in my country
popular school clubs
university entrance exams

Task 1. Choose three topics from this list. Narrow each of the three
down to a paragraph topic. Then compare with a partner.

a. Festivals
b. Friends
c. My country
d. Dancing
e. Cars

What is brainstorming?
Brainstorming is a way of gathering ideas
about a topic. Think of a storm: thousands
of drops of rain, all coming down together.
Now, imagine thousands of ideas 'raining'
down onto your paper! When you
brainstorm, write down every idea that
comes to you. Don't worry now about
whether the ideas are good or silly, useful
or not. You can decide that later. Right
now, you are gathering as many ideas as
you can.
You will learn three types of brainstorming
in this unit: making a list, freewriting, and
mapping.
Making a list
Write single words, phrases, or sentences that are connected to your
topic. Look at this list a student made when brainstorming ideas to
write about her topic, 'What should I study at university?'

Task 2. Work with a partner or small group. Choose one of these

topics. List as many ideas as you can in five minutes.
a. Teenage fashions
b. Thiings to do at the beach
c. Driving a motorbike
Task 3. Work alone. Choose a topic from exercise 1 on page 5, and
list as many ideas as you can in five minutes.

Freewriting
When you freewrite, you write whatever comes into your head about
your topic, without stopping. Most freewriting exercises are shortjust
five or ten minutes.
Freewriting helps you practice fluency (writing quickly and easily). When
you freewrite, you do not need to worry about accuracy (having correct
grammar and spelling). Don't check your dictionary when you freewrite.
Don't stop if you make a mistake. Just keep writing!
Here is an example of a student's freewriting:
There are too so many subjects to study at university, it is dificult to choose
one. I've always had good marks in maths, but / don't like it very much. I don't
like physical physics or any science very much. WritingI've always liked
writing. Would journalism be a good course to take? Newspapers have
pictures, too, so maybe photography would be good. I'm maybe definitey
looking forward to meeting new friends at university And what about reading?
Reading is a part of any course, but literature includes a lot of reading and it
probaby includes a lot of writing, too.

Notice how the writer's ideas jump around. When she makes a
mistake, she just crosses it out and continues writing. One thought
(writing) leads to another (journalism), and then to another
(photography). There are some details that are not exactly about her
topic (looking forward to meeting new friends), but that's OK in
freewriting. You want to get as many ideas on paper as you can. You
can take out unnecessary words and sentences later.
Task 4. Choose one of the narrowed down topics you thought of for
exercise 1 on page 5. Practise freewriting for five minutes.
Remember, do not stop, erase, or go back. Just write as much as you

can.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Mapping
To make a map, use a whole sheet of paper, and write your topic in the
middle, with a circle around it. Then put the next idea in a circle above or
below your topic, and connect the circles with lines. The lines show that
the two ideas are related.
The example below shows a map of 'What should I study at university?'
The writer connected favourite subjects to the main idea. Art and English
are connected to favourite subjects to show that they are related.

Task 5. Choose another narrowed down topic you thought of for

exercise 1 on page 5. Make a map in five minutes. Share your map with
a partner. Explain how the circles are related to each other.
What's the best way to brainstorm?
There is no best method of brainstorming. Some writers like to use lists
because they don't have to write complete sentences. Some writers like
freewriting because they can write quickly and ideas come easily. Some
writers prefer mapping because they can easily see the relationship
between ideas. Experiment with all three methods, and then choose the
one that works best for you.

Editing
How to edit: After you have gathered plenty of ideas, you will need to go
back and edit them. This is the time to choose which ideas are the most
interesting, and which are the most relevant to (important or necessary for)
your topic. Of course, you can still add new ideas if you think of something
else while you are re-reading your list. For example, the student writing
'What should I study in college?' edited her list like this:

To edit freewriting, cross out

sentences or parts of sentences that
aren't related. You can add more ideas
in the margin or add more sentences
at the bottom. To edit a map, cross out
circles that don't belong, and add new
ones if you get more ideas. You can
also change the lines you have drawn.

Task 6. Look at the list you made in exercise 3 on page 6, the freewriting
you did in exercise 4 on page 7, or the map you made in exercise 5 on page
8. Edit your brainstorming. Show your work to a partner. Explain how you
edited your brainstorming.

REVIEW
Task 7. Complete the crossword puzzle.

Each
paragraph
has only one topic. If the topic is too 1. n____, you will not be able to
write enough about it. On the other hand, if the topic is too 2. b____, you will
have too
many ideas for just one paragraph.
After you choose a topic, you will need to 3' b____some ideas to write about
in your
paragraph. One way to do this is to make a 4' l____. Another way of
brainstorming is
5' m____. After you have written down many ideas, you can go back and
decide which
ones are the most interesting and the most 6' r____ to your topic.
7'F____ is a useful way to help you write more easily and naturally. In this
kind of
writing, you are working on 8. f____, and not 9' a____.
Task 8. Look again at the note about brainstorming at the bottom of page
8. Brainstorm a list of pros (good things) and cons (bad things) about each
of the three methods of brainstorming.