Decoupling Control of d and q Current

Components in Three-Phase Voltage Source

Inverter
Mirjana Milosevic
Abstract
The current control is an important issue in power electronic circuits, particulary in dc to ac inverters which are used in ac motor drives and continuous ac
power supplies where the objective is to produce a sinusoidal ac output whose
magnitude and frequency can both be controlled.
In this paper, the current control of three-phase pulse width modulated
voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) has been implemented in the rotating d,q
reference frame.
Introduction
Three major classes of regulators have been developed over last few decades:
hysteresis regulators, linear PI regulators and predictive dead-beat regulators
[1]. Although high performance control strategies have been proposed, they
still exhibit coupling problems not providing the decoupling of the active and
reactive current components (not allowing the independent control of the active
and reactive power) [2]. These classes can be further divided into stationary
and synchronous d,q reference frame implementations by applying ac machine
rotating field theory [3]. The relationship between stationary and synchronous
frame controllers is given in [4]. A short review of the available current control
techniques for the three-phase systems is presented in [5]. The synchronous
frame controller has, also, become the standard solution for current control of
PWM rectifiers [6]. The real-time control strategy based on a non-linear state
variables feedback approach that decouples the active and reactive line current components allowing the independent control of active and reactive supply
power has been proposed in [7]. The decoupling control has been also applied
on high speed operation of induction motors where its depends on the accuracy
of the stator inductance and the leakage factor [8].
In this paper, the current control of PWM-VSI has been implemented in
the rotating (synchronous) d,q reference frame because the synchronous frame
controller can eliminate steady state error and has fast transient response by decoupling control. However, synchronous frame controller is more complex then
the stationary frame controller and requires transforming of measured stationary frame ac current to rotating frame dc components, and transforming the
result of control back to the stationary frame for implementation.
Two methods of decoupled current control are explained here: feedforward
1

and feedback decoupling control.

Mathematical Model of the Three-Phase VSI
The power circuit of three-phase VSI is shown in figure 1.
idc
Sa

ia

ib

ic

Vsa

R1
C

Vdc

Sb

Vsb

V
Sc

Vsc

Figure 1: VSI power topology

The dc and ac side equivalent circuits of the VSI are depicted in figure 2.

[i]abc
R1
V

vdc
-

[v]abc

idc

R
+

[vs]abc

Figure 2: Equivalent circuit of the VSI

Mathematical model of the equivalent circuit is given by:

V vdc
dvdc
+ idc =
dt
R1

(1)

d[i]abc
+ Ri = [v]abc
dt

(2)

ia + i b + i c = 0

where [v]abc = [v]abc [vs ]abc .

(3)

Applying the transformation method from three-phase system (abc) to rotating frame (dq):

xd
xq

cos w1 t
2
cos(w1 t 120 )
=
3
cos(w1 t + 120 )

T
xa
sin w1 t
sin(w1 t 120 ) xb
xc
sin(w1 t + 120 )

(4)

to the current [i]abc we have:

2
[ia cos w1 t + ib cos(w1 t 120 ) + ic cos(w1 t + 120 )]
3

(5)

2
iq = [ia sin w1 t + ib sin(w1 t 120 ) + ic sin(w1 t + 120 )]
3

(6)

id =

and similarly to the voltage [v]abc we have:

vd =

2
[va cos w1 t + vb cos(w1 t 120 ) + vc cos(w1 t + 120 )]
3

2
vq = [va sin w1 t + vb sin(w1 t 120 ) + vc sin(w1 t + 120 )]
3

(7)

(8)

If we apply the derivative to equation 5:

2 dia
dib
dic
did
= [
cos w1 t +
cos(w1 t 120 ) +
cos(w1 t + 120 )]
dt
3 dt
dt
dt

(9)

2
w1 [ia sin w1 t + ib sin(w1 t 120 ) + ic sin(w1 t + 120 )]
3

From equation 2 we have that:

dia
1
R
= va ia
dt
L
L
dib
1
R
= vb ib
dt
L
L
dic
1
R
= vc ic
dt
L
L
3

(10)

Using equations 5, 6, 7 and 10, equation 9 can be rewritten as :

did
R
1
= w1 iq id + vd
dt
L
L

(11)

Similarly, if we apply the derivative to equation 6 we have:

R
1
diq
= w1 id iq + vq
dt
L
L

(12)

Equations 11 and 12 can be transformed in the Laplace domain (s-domain)

as:

(sL + R)Id = Vd + w1 LIq

(13)

(sL + R)Iq = Vq w1 LId

(14)

Multiplying equation 14 with the complex number j and adding to equation

13 we have:

(sL + R)(Id + jIq ) = Vd + jVq + w1 L(Iq jId )

(15)

which can be rewritten as:

(sL + R + jw1 L) I = V

(16)

where I = Id + jIq and V = Vd + jVq .

The transfer function G(s) of the circuit is given with:

1
I
G(s) =
= sL + R + jw L
1
V

(17)

Id

Vd

sL+R

wL

wL

Iq

+
sL+R

Vq

Figure 3: Crosscoupling of the d and q components

It can be seen from equation 17 that there is a cross-coupling between the
d and q components (because of the jw1 L part) which is also depicted in the
figure 3.
However, crosscoupling can affect the dynamic performance of the regulator
[9]. Therefore, it is very important to decouple the coupling term for better
performance.
Decoupling Methods
In this paper we applied two decoupling methods: feedforward and feedback
decoupling method for current control of VSI in rotating d,q frame.
1) Feedforward method
Iref +

PI
-

Decoupling

dq

V+

abc

Switching
control

I
VSI
Vs

dq
abc

dq
abc

Figure 4: Current control of VSI (feedforward decoupling method)

The block diagram of the current control of VSI with feedforward decoupling
method is shown in figure 4.
The decoupling part from the same figure is given in figure 5 separately,

where V 0 is the controlled voltage (output of the PI controller employed in

active and reactive current control in VSI).
In order to have d and q components decoupled we want to define transfer
function G1 such that:

,
V

G1(s)

G(s)

Figure 5: Feedfoward decoupling

Gdc (s) =

1
I

0 = sL + R
V

(18)

From figure 5 we can calculate:

I = G(s) V

(19)

V = G1 (s)V 0

(20)

combining these two equations and equation 18 and knowing, also, that G dc (s) = G1 (s)G(s)
the transfer function G1 (s) is defined as:

G1 (s) = 1 + j

w1 L
sL + R

(21)

2) Feedback method

Iref +
-

PI

dq

V+
+

abc

Switching
control

I
VSI
Vs

dq
abc

Decoupling

dq
abc

Figure 6: Current control of VSI (feedback decoupling method)

The block diagram of the current control of VSI with feedback decoupling
method is shown in figure 6.
The decoupling part from the same figure is given in figure 7 separately,

where V 0 is the controlled voltage (like in the feedforward decoupling method).

,
V

G(s)

G2(s)
Figure 7: Feedback decoupling
Similarly as in the previous method we have to define the transfer function
G2 (s) such that the equation 18 is valid.
From figure 7 can be seen that:

V = G2 (s) I + V 0

(22)

Equation 19 is valid here, also.

From equation 19 and 22 we have:

(1 G(s)G2 (s)) I = G(s)V 0

(23)

Finally, we have that:

Gdc (s) =

G(s)
I

0 = 1 G(s)G (s)
2
V

(24)

Combining this equation with equations 18 and 17 it can be seen that decoupling transfer function G2 (s) in the case of feedback method is given with:
G2 (s) = jw1 L

(25)

Simulation Results
The VSI shown in figure 1 has been simulated using both Simulink and
PLECS. Simulation results for steady state are presented in figure 8 (feedforward method) and in figure 10 (feedback method). Also, simulation results
for the step change in reference current are given in figures 9 and 11 for both
methods. The circuit parameters are L=2mH, C =100F, f =50Hz, V=400V,
R1 = 1, Idref = 10A, Iqref = 0A (after 0.01 sec Idref = 15A).
Feedforward decoupling (id,iq)
20

15

id,iq

10

10

0.005

0.01

0.015
time [sec]

0.02

0.025

0.03

Figure 8: d and q current components using feedforward decoupling method

Feedforward decoupling method (id, iq)
25

20

15

id,iq

10

10

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025
time[sec]

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Figure 9: d and q current components using feedforward decoupling method

with step change in reference current

Feedback decoupling (id,iq)

14

12

10

id,iq

0.005

0.01

0.015
time [sec]

0.02

0.025

0.03

Figure 10: d and q current components using feedback decoupling method

Feedback decoupling method

20

15

id,iq

10

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025
time[sec]

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Figure 11: d and q current components using feedback decoupling method with
step change in reference current

Comments
From equation 21 it can be concluded that when R 0 the value of the
inductance is not necessary to be known and that could be an advantage of
the feedforward method, which is not the case with the feedback method where
we have to know value of inductance (equation 25). On the other hand, under
the same conditions (when R 0) we have an oscillatory behavior in the feedforward method due to the integration (we have the integrator part 1/s), and
we do not have oscillations in the feedback method. It can be seen, as well, in
figures 8 and 10.

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References
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