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Abstract In this article, recent papers on UWB antennas are studied; different geometries, design parameters and their
experimental results are discussed. Several types of UWB antennas in recent papers are described together while comparing their
measured dimension, gain and radiation patterns. The circuits have taken into consideration uses various substrate materials with
different dielectric constants. The performance of the various circuits has been observed by comparing various parameters.
INTRODUCTION
In this paper we have compared and analyzed four different UWB antenna circuits presented in different journals. The first circuit
we took into consideration was presented by Rezaul Azim and Mohammad Tariqul Islam. They discussed about a compact micro
strip line-fed ultra wideband (UWB) tapered-shape slot antenna in their paper named Compact Tapered-Shape Slot Antenna for
UWB Applications in 2011[1]. Further in the second circuit considered, Jian Yang and Ahmed Kishk novel compact low-profile
directional UWB antenna. The paper was published in march 2012, named as A novel compact low-profile directional UWB
antennathe self-grounded Bow-Tie antenna[2].The third circuit that we studied was presented by Anil Kr Gautam, Swati Yadav
and Binod Kr Kanaujia in 2013 .This paper was published under the name A CPW-Fed Compact UWB Micro strip Antenna[3].
In this paper, the authors have proposed a novel coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed compact ultra wideband (UWB) micro strip
antenna for ultra wideband applications. Finally the fourth paper we discussed was published by Thomas Peter, Tharek Abd
Rahman, S. W. Cheung, Rajagopal Nilavalan, Hattan F. Abutarboush and Antonio Vilches named A Novel Transparent UWB
Antenna for Photovoltaic Solar Panel Integration and RF Energy Harvesting [4]. The paper was published in the year 2014. In
this paper a transparent cone top tapered slot antenna covering the frequency range from 2.2 to 12.1 GHz has been designed.
The admiral benefits of a wireless lifestyle have resulted in a huge demand for advanced wireless communications. The quick
tempered growth of the wireless coomunication market is expected to continue in the future since the claim of all wireless services
is increasing.
Transparent antennas for communications have been researched on by only a dedicated few for the last two decades .An
antenna is a transducer that transforms guided electromagnetic energy in a transmission line to radiated electromagnetic energy in
free space. Antennas may also be viewed as an impedance transformer, coupling between an input or line impedance, and the
impedance of free space. [5]
In 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated the spectrum from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz [Fi g.1] for
unlicensed ultra wideband (UWB) measurements and communication applications with EIRP less than 41.3 dB/MHz. Since
then, UWB has been considered as one of the most promising wireless technologies to revolutionize high data transmission.
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This renewed interest in wideband antennas led to the discovery of different type of antenna by researchers which improves the
Lodges original designs and also led to high performances. Figure 4a and 4b shows the improved version of Lodges Antennas.
The most notable UWB antenna of that period was Lindenblads coaxial horn element shown in Figure 5. Lindenblad improved on
the idea of a sleeve dipole element, adding a gradual impedance transformation to make it broader banded. For several years
during the 1930s, a turnstile array of Lindenblads coaxial horn elements graced the top of the Empire State Building in New
York City where RCA located its experimental television transmitter.
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Figure 6: Schematic diagram of the proposed antenna. (a) Top view. (b) Back view.
Influence of the parameters on antenna performance:
Effect of Tuning Stub-In order to optimize the coupling between the micro strip line and the tapered slot, the rectangular
stub was taken which shows a good coupling with the tapered-shape slot, providing a wider impedance matching for UWB
applications.
Effect of Slot Shape- Introduction of the tapered slot instead of the rectangular slot changes the electric eld distribution
by reducing the longest current path and reducing the slot size. It is also observed that high-frequency performance can also be
improved by employing tapered slot structure.
Effect of Feeding Gap- The gap between the slot and the ground plane determines the matching between the feed line and
slot antenna. It is observed that a feed gap of 0.75 mm can give the widest operating band.
ANALYSIS AND RESULT:
The impedance characteristics of the proposed antenna were calculated using the full-wave electromagnetic simulator IE3D.
Figure 2 represents measured phase of input impedance.
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The stable radiation pattern with a maximum gain of 5.4 dBi makes the proposed antenna suitable for being used in UWB
communication applications.
II. Self-Grounded Bow-Tie Antenna
Jian Yang and Ahmed Kishk discussed novel compact low-profile directional UWB antennathe self-grounded Bow-Tie antenna.
The antenna has a simple geometry, ultra-wideband performance with about 10-dB reflection coefficient and stable radiation
beams for the frequency range of 215 GHz, and good time-domain impulse response.
Figure 10: Simulated reflection coefficients of the three self-grounded Bow-Tie antennas of different extended angles.
The infinite Bow-Tie dipole is a planar scaled structure and therefore is a frequency-independent antenna. In order to have a
directional radiation (radiating mainly in one direction), a seagull-over-sea configuration of infinite Bow-Tie antenna is a natural
choice, see Figure 10, which is also a scaled structure with the frequency-independent characteristics.
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Figure 12: Schematic configuration of the proposed compact UWB microstrip antenna.
The inclusion of the two inverted L-shaped strips in the proposed design will significantly improve the impedance-matching
conditions for the entire UWB and shows three resonant bands at 3.03, 6.11, and 11.78 GHz.
ANALYSIS AND RESULT:
The simulated group delay of the proposed antenna is shown in Figure 13. As it can be seen, the variation of the group delay
for the proposed antenna is almost constant (remains nearly 1 ns) for the entire UWB band. This confirms that the proposed
UWB antenna is suitable for UWB communication.
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The good impedance-matching characteristic, constant gain and omnidirectional radiation patterns over the entire operating
bandwidth of 2.613.04 GHz (10.44 GHz) make this antenna a good candidate for UWB applications and systems.
IV. A Novel Transparent UWB Antenna for
Photovoltaic Solar Panel Integration and RF
Energy Harvesting
Thomas Peter, Tharek Abd Rahman,S. W. Cheung,Rajagopal Nilavalan,Hattan F. Abutarboush and Antonio Vilches designed a
transparent cone top tapered slot antenna covering the frequency range from 2.2 to 12.1 GHz and fabricated to provide UWB
communications whilst integrated onto solar panels as well as harvest electromagnetic waves from free space and convert them into
electrical energy. The antenna when sandwiched between a-Si solar panel and glass is able to demonstrate a quasi-Omnidirectional pattern that is characteristic of a UWB.
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The antenna is first studied laminated on a 2-mm-thick glass, and later sand- wiched between the 2-mm-thick glass and an a-Si
solar panel. Measurement of solar energy- The measurements are done in the ambient light of fluorescence lighting as well as
outdoor in the sun. The solar panel has a conversion rate of more than 15% and is able to deliver a voltage of 5.5 V and a
current of 70 mA as per the manufacturers specification in free space.
Measurement of RF energy- A single-tone RF signal is generated using a signal generator and fed to a horn antenna. The
rectenna placed at a certain distance is used to collect the RF signal transmitted from the horn and convert it to dc power. The
amount of dc converted is used to measure the performance of the rectenna.
ANALYSIS AND RESULT:
The simulated and measured return losses of the CTSA in free space, laminated on the a-Si solar panel and sandwiched between
the solar panel and 2-mm glass superstrate are all shown in Figure 16 for comparison.
Figure 16. Simulated and measured return loss of CTSA in free space, on solar panel only, and sandwiched between solar panel and glass
The measured radiation patterns in the X-Y direction at two frequencies are depicted in figure 17 .The measured radiation patterns
for the sandwich configuration are seen to be quasi-omni directional for different frequencies tested at 3 and 5 GHz.
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Compact Tapered
Shape Slot
Antenna
Self-Grounded
Bow Tie Antenna
CPW fed
Compact UWB
Antenna
Novel transparent
UWB Antenna (for
solar panel)
BANDWIDTH
3-11.2 GHz
2-15 GHz
2.2-12.1 GHz
SHAPE
Noval coplanar
DIMENSION
22*24 mm2
Thickness-1.6mm
SUBSTRATE
FR4
r = 4.50
tan=0.0180
25*25*16mm3
Thickness=2mm
Overall size
17*33.5mm2
FR-4
r = 4.4
Tan=0.02
AgHT-4
In conclusion, the various circuits involving UWB antenna have been observed and their results have been analyzed. The analysis
is done by comparison between measured and simulated result of the circuits and by comparing various parameters such as
bandwidth, shape, dimension, substrate, radiation pattern etc. In conclusion, the various circuits involving UWB antenna have
been observed and their results have been analyzed. The analysis is done by comparison between measured and simulated result
of the circuits and by comparing various parameters such as bandwidth, shape, dimension, substrate, radiation pattern etc. On
observing various parameters, Self-Grounded Bow-Tie antenna has maximum bandwidth (2-15 GHz). The shape of this antenna
is compact and simple and the radiation pattern is also stable (-10db reflection coefficient).This antenna is used in UWB Indoor
geolocation system Radar and Tracking system. Hence, the Self Grounded Bow- Tie antenna is most suitable.
REFRENCES
[1] Azim, Rezaul, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, and Norbahiah Misran. "Compact tapered-shape slot antenna for UWB
applications." Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE 10 (2011): 1190-1193.
[2] Yang, Jian, and Ahmed Kishk. "A novel low-profile compact directional ultra-wideband antenna: the self-grounded Bow-Tie
antenna." Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on 60.3 (2012): 1214-1220.
[3] Gautam, Anil Kr, Swati Yadav, and Binod Kr Kanaujia. "A CPW-fed compact UWB microstrip antenna." IEEE antennas and
wireless propagation letters 12 (2013): 151-154.
[4] Peter, Thomas, et al. "A novel transparent UWB antenna for photovoltaic solar panel integration and RF energy
harvesting." Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on 62.4 (2014): 1844-1853.
[5] Schantz, Hans Gregory. "Introduction to ultra-wideband antennas." IEEE conference on ultra
wideband systems and
technologies. Vol. 2993. 2003.
[6] Balanis, Constantine A. Antenna theory: analysis and design. John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
[7] Schantz, Hans Gregory. "A brief history of UWB antennas." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 19.4 (2004):
22-26.
[8] Barrett, Terence W. "Technical features, history of ultra wideband communications and radar: part I, UWB
communications." Microw J 44.1 (2001): 22-56.
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