Modulation with continuous wave

A. Theory
A radio system operates efficiently into a frequency range that is higher than 30 KHz,
on the other hand baseband signals are audio signals below 20 KHz (0-20KHz).
Frequency shifting is made using modulation:
Amplitude modulation, AM
Angle modulation,
frequency modulation (FM) or
phase modulation (PM), depending upon whether the instantaneous
frequency or instantaneous phase varies with the modulation
The modulating wave (message signal) is transmitted using the carrier sine wave.
Amplitude modulation: The amplitude of a carrier sine wave is modified according to a
message (modulating) signal
Angle modulation: The instantaneous frequency or instantaneous phase of the carrier
sine wave varies with the modulation, according to the message
Frequency modulation FM
Phase modulation PM

Carrier sine wave

Sine modulating
signal
Amplitudemodulated signal
Angle-modulated
signal

B. Problems

Problem 1: Consider the signal x(t) having the spectrum limited to M :

1, [ M , M ]
X ( ) =
0, [ M , M ]
X()
1

-M

The input signal is applied to the system sketched below:

r1(t)

r2(t)
. 2

x(t)

H1()

( )

y(t)

cos(ct + c)
Modulation system
a) Make a graphical representation of the spectra for the signals r1 ( t ) and r2 ( t )
b) The considered system is a product modulator (double sideband-suppressed
carrier DSB-SC amplitude modulation).
-What type of filter is H1 ( ) ?
-What are its parameters?
c) Find the constraints imposed on the frequencies c and M , so that y ( t ) is a
DSB-SC modulated wave?
d) What is the output signal?
e) The system below demodulates the signal y ( t ) :
u(t)

y(t)

H2()

cos(ct)
Demodulation system
What type of filter is H 2 ( ) ; find its parameters.

x(t)

Solution:
a)

r1 ( t ) = x ( t ) + cos (ct + c )

r2 ( t ) = r12 ( t ) = ( x ( t ) + cos (c t + c ) ) = x 2 ( t ) + cos 2 (c t + c ) + 2 x ( t ) cos (c t + c )

2

1 j (ct +c ) j (ct +c )
1
1
=x ( t ) + e jc e jct + e jc e jct
r1 ( t ) = x ( t ) + e
+e

2
2
2

The spectrum of the signal r1 ( t ) is:

1
1
R1 ( ) = X ( ) + e jc 2 ( c ) + e jc 2 ( + c )
2
2
R1 ( ) = X ( ) + e jc ( c ) + e jc ( + c )

= X ( ) + ( cos c + j sin c ) ( c ) + ( cos c j sin c ) ( + c )

= X ( ) + cos c ( c ) + cos c ( + c )
+ j ( sin c ( c ) sin c ( + c ) )

The spectrum of the signal r1 ( t ) is complex:

Re { R1 ( )} = X ( ) + cos c ( ( c ) + ( + c ) )
Im { R1 ( )} = sin c ( ( c ) ( + c ) )

Re{R1()}
cos(c)

-c

cos(c)

-M

Im{R1()}
sin(c)

-c

-M

- sin(c)
Obs :

We have considered both sin c and cos c positive.

3

The spectrum of the signal r2 ( t ) = r12 ( t ) is:

R2 ( ) = F { x 2 ( t )} ( ) + F { cos 2 (ct + c )} ( ) + 2F { x ( t ) cos (c t + c )} ( )
=

1 + cos ( 2c t + 2c )
1
1
X ( ) F { cos (ct + c )}
X ( ) X ( ) + F
+ 2

2
2
2

Y1 ( )

1
1
1
Y1 ( ) + 2 ( ) + F e j 2ct e j 2c + e j 2ct e j 2c +
2
2
4
1
1 j (ct +c ) j (ct +c )
+e
+ X ( ) F e

2
1
1
1
=
Y1 ( ) + ( ) + e j 2c 2 ( 2c ) + e j 2c 2 ( + 2c )
2
4
4
1
1
1

+ X ( ) F e jc e jct + e jc e jct
2

1
j 2
j 2c
Y1 ( ) + ( ) + e c ( 2c ) + e
( + 2c )
2
2
2
1
j
j
+
X ( ) e c 2 ( c ) + X ( ) e c 2 ( + c )

2
1

R2 ( ) =
Y1 ( ) + ( ) + cos 2c ( ( 2c ) + ( + 2c ) )
2
2

+ cos c ( X ( c ) + X ( + c ) ) + j sin 2c ( ( 2c ) + ( + 2c ) )
2
=

+ sin c ( X ( c ) X ( + c ) )

where: Y1 ( ) = X ( ) X ( )

The convolution between two rectangular signals is a triangle signal:

rect ( ) rect ( ) = tri ( ) ,
1, < 0.5
1 , < 1
and tri ( ) =
where rect ( ) =
in rest
0, otherwise
0,

In this case,

X ( ) = rect
so it results that
2M

2M 1
, < 2M
X ( ) X ( ) = 2M tri

2
=
M

2M
otherwise
0,

Observation:

( )d =

1 d = 2M

The spectrum R2 ( ) is also complex:

Re{R2()}

cos(2c)
2

()
M/

cos(c)X(+c)

-2c

-c

-2M

cos(c) X(-c)
2M c

cos(2c)
2

2c

Im{R2()}

sin(c) X(-c)

sin(2c)
2

-c
-2c

- sin(2c)
2

-M

2c

-sin(c)X(+c)

b) The DSB-SC signal has the expression :

y ( t ) = x ( t ) cos (ct + )
The filter H1 ( ) must reject all spectral components outside the bandwidth
c M , c + M from the signals spectrum r2 ( t ) . As a consequence, it is a
bandpass filter, with the frequency response given below:

H1()

-c- M

-c

-c+M

c-M c

The spectrum of the output signal is:

c+M

R2 ( ) H1 ( ) = cos c ( X ( c ) + X ( + c ) ) + j sin c ( X ( c ) + X ( + c ) )

= ( ( cos c + j sin c ) X ( c ) + ( cos c j sin c ) X ( + c ) )

= e jc X ( c ) + e jc X ( + c )

(1)
But :

e jct j
e jct j
Y ( ) = F x ( t )
e + x (t )
e ( )
2
2

e
X ( c ) +
X ( + c )
=
2
2

(2)

Identifying relations (1) and (2) we obtain:

1
1
e jc = e j = c and =
2
2
The amplification of the bandpass filter in the passband should be

1
.
2

c)
The carrier frequency is higher than the maximum frequency of the modulating
signals spectrum
c > M
d) The output signal is

e) demodulation.

y ( t ) = x ( t ) cos (ct + c )

u ( t ) = y ( t ) cos ct = x ( t ) cos (ct + c ) cos (ct )

1
= x ( t ) cos c + cos ( 2ct + c )
2
1
1
= x ( t ) cos c + x ( t ) cos ( 2ct + c )
2
2

The filter H 2 ( ) should be a lowpass filter with the frequency response given below:
H2()

-M

The output signal after this filter to the signal u ( t ) is:

x ( t ) cos c .

The amplification of the filter must be =

wave x ( t )

2
(we want to recover the modulating
cos c

Problem 3: The system presented below is the Weavers method to generate a single
side band modulated AM signal.

cos(ct)

cos(Mt)
x1(t)
x(t)
x2(t)

y11(t)

y1(t)

FTJ

y(t)
y2(t)

FTJ

y12(t)

sin(Mt)

sin(ct)

The lowpass filters are considered ideal, with the cutoff frequencies M 1 , with
+
M = 1 2
2
and the frequency response:
H()
1

M-1

1-M
The spectrum of the input signal is given below:
X()
1

-2

-1

Sketch the spectrum of the signal y ( t ) . Impose, if necessary, conditions on the

frequencies M and c (carrier) such that y ( t ) is a SSB-AM signal.
Solution: Consider:
1
x1 ( t ) = x ( t ) cos M t X1 ( ) = X ( M ) + X ( + M )
2
1
x2 ( t ) = x ( t ) sin M t X 2 ( ) = X ( M ) X ( + M )
2
y1 ( t ) and y2 ( t ) are the output signals from the lowpass filters.
1
Y ( c ) + Y1 ( + c )
2 1
1
Y ( c ) Y2 ( + c )
y12 ( t ) = y2 ( t ) sin c ( t ) Y12 ( ) =
2j 2
1
Y12 ( ) = jY2 ( c ) + jY2 ( + c )
2
The inferior sideband was selected:
y11 ( t ) = y1 ( t ) cos c ( t ) Y11 ( ) =

X1()
1/2

-M-2

-M-1 -M

M-2
= 1-M

M-1
= -M+2

M+1 M+2

Y1()
1/2

-M

M-2
= 1-M

M-1
= -M+2

Y11()
1/4

-c

-M

jX2()
1/2
-M-2

-M-1
-M

M-2
= 1-M

M-1
= -M+2

M+1 M+2

jY2()
1/2

-M

M-2
= 1-M

M-1
= -M+2

Y12()
1/4

-c

-M

1/2

Y()

-c

-M

Problem 4 : The modulating wave x ( t ) =

2U p
T

t U p sketched below is modulated

in amplitude using a continuous wave.

x(t)
Up
t

T
T/2

3T/2

-Up
The modulated signal is:

x AM ( t ) = U 0 + x ( t ) sin 0t

a) Find the bandwidth occupied by the spectral components of the AM signal,

whose power is greater than 1% of the power of the carrier,
b) Find the dissipated power in this bandwidth by the AM signal, across a
resistor R.
Solution:
a)

x AM ( t ) = U 0 sin 0t + x ( t ) sin 0t = xc ( t ) + x ( t ) sin 0t

The modulating wave is periodic:

x (t ) =

k =+

k =

ck e jk 0t

j0t
k =+
e j0t
jk 0t e
x ( t ) sin 0t = ck e

2j
k =

j ( k 0 +0 )t
j ( k 0 0 )t
1 k =+
1 k =+
ck e
ck e
=

2 j k =
2 j k =

The power from the required bandwidth is:

P = 2

k = K

k = K

1
2j

ck

j0t 2

The Fourier coefficients ck of the signal x ( t ) are:

10

= 2

1 k =+ K
c
4 k = K k

+T 2
+T 2
2U p

1
1
jk 0t
ck =
x (t ) e
t U p e jk 0t dt
dt =

T T 2
T T 2 T

2U p
T

+T

t e jk 0t dt

Up

T 2

I1

+T

T T 2

e jk 0t dt

+T 2
jk 2 t + T 2 +T 2 jk t
1
1
jk 0t
0
T
I1 =
t d e
t e
e
=

dt
T 2 T 2
jk 0 T 2
jk 0

1
=
jk 0
=

1
jk 0

T jk 0 T T jk 0 T2

2 + e
I2
e
2
2

T2
k
T jk T + jk

e
e
I
+

2 ( 1) I 2
2
2

2
4k j

+T 2

1
T
T
I2 =
d e jk 0t =
e jk e jk =

jk 0 T 2
2k j
2k j
jT 2 ( 1)
I1 =
2 k

(( 1k ) ( 1k )) = 0

for k 0

We have:

ck = j

Up
k

( 1)

for k 0; c0 = 0 (odd signal)

The power of the AM signal x ( t ) sin 0t is :

2
U 2p k = K 1
1 k =K U p
Px =
=

2 k = K k 2 2 2 2 k = K k 2
U 02
The power of the carrier is :
.
2
The spectral component with the power higher than 1% of the power of the carrier:
U 02
U 2p
U 02
2
2
ck >
2 2>
100
200
k
2
2 2
200U p
10 2 U p
U0
1
2 >
k2 <
k <
2
2 2
U 0
k
U0
200U p

10 2 U p
The required bandwidth is : 2

U 0

11

10 2 U p
b. Let : K =

U 0

x (t ) =

k =K

ck e jk 0t =

k = K
k =K U

k = K

Up
k

Up

k =1

( 1) e jk0t + j
k

( 1)

e jk 0t

K U

k
k
p
= j
( 1) e jk0t + p ( 1) e jk 0t
k =1 k
k =1 k

K U
K U
k
p
= j
( 1) 2 j sin k 0t = 2 p sin k 0t
k =1 k
k =1 k

Up K 1

sin k 0t sin 0t
x AM ( t ) = U 0 2

k =1 k

Up K 1
= U 0 sin 0t 2
cos ( k 0 0 ) t cos ( k 0 0 ) t
k =1 2k

P=

U 02
2R

U p
K U2
U p K k
1 2
p
U 0 + 2 2 2
+2
=

k =1 2 R
2R
k =1 k

Problem 5.
Consider the system below

e jct
x(t)

-M

r1(t)
X()

sin ( p t )

e jct
H()

r2(t)

r3(t)

Im{.}

r4(t)

y(t)

j 2
e , > 0
H ( ) =
e j 2 , < 0

a. Sketch the spectra of the signals r1(t), r2(t), r3(t), r4(t) and y(t).
b. At the output of the system a bandpass filter is connected. Find the parameters of
this filter such that its output is a AM VSB signal (vestigial sideband
modulation)?

12

Solution.
a)
r1 ( t ) = x ( t ) e jct R1 ( ) = X ( + c )

R 2 ( ) = R1 ( ) H ( ) = jX ( + c ) if c > M

r3 ( t ) = r2 ( t ) e jct R 3 ( ) = R 2 ( c ) = jX ( ) r3 ( t ) = jx ( t )
X ( ) is a real even function x ( t ) is also a real even function

r3 ( t ) ^ \

r4 ( t ) = x ( t ) y ( t ) = r4 ( t ) sin p t

1
R p R4 + p

2j 4
1
Y ( ) =
X p X +p

2j
Y ( ) =

X()
1

-M

R1()
1

-(c+M) -c

-(c-M) -M

jR2()
-(c+M) -c

-(c-M)

-M

M
-1

13

jR3()

-M

M
-1
R4()
1

-M

M
jY()
1/2

-(p+M) -p

-(p-M)

-M

p-M

p+M

-1/2
H()
1

-2

-1 -M
-p

b) We have:

-(p-M)

-1/2

M 1
p-M

2
p

1 < p-M and 2 > p

Problem 6. Consider the AM signal

x AM ( t ) = Ac 1 + m cos (0t + 0 ) cos c t

Suppose we have 0  c and m 100% . By suppressing the carrier and the inferior
sideband, we obtain a single side band modulated signal SSB, xAM-SSB(t).
a) Find the complex envelope of the modulated signal.
b) Find the magnitude and phase of the complex envelope, R(t) and (t).

14

Solution
a)

mA
mA
x AM ( t ) = Ac cos ct + c cos (c 0 ) t 0 + c cos (c + 0 ) t + 0
 

2
2
 

carrier
inferior sideband

x AM SSB ( t ) =

mAc
cos (c + 0 ) t + 0
2

superior sideband

The Hilbert transform of this signal is x AM SSB ( t ) :

j + t
j ( c +0 )t j0

mAc
X AM SSB ( ) =
F e
e + e ( c 0 ) e j0
4

mAc j0
j
e 2 ( c 0 ) + e 0 2 ( + c + 0 )

4

X AM SSB ( ) = j sgn X AM SSB ( )
=

mAc 2 j0
j
e ( c 0 ) + e 0 ( + c + 0 )

4j

But:

{ (

F sin ( c + 0 ) t + 0

)}

1
F
=
2j
=

j (c +0 )t +0 j ( c +0 )t +0

e
e

1
j
j
c 0 ) e 0 2 ( + c + 0 ) e 0
2

2j

Hence:

mAc
F sin ( ( c + 0 ) t + 0 )
X AM SSB ( ) =
2
and:
mAc
sin ( ( c + 0 ) t + 0 )
x AM SSB ( t ) =
2
The associated analytical signal is:

mAc j ( c +0 )t +0
x AM SSB ( t ) = x AM SSB ( t ) + jx AM SSB ( t ) =
e
a
2
The complex envelope of the AM SSB signal x AM SSB ( t ) is the product between the

associated analytical signal and e

j0t

e j0 :

j t

x AM SSB ( t ) = x AM SSB ( t ) e 0 e
a

mAc
R ( t ) = x AM SSB ( t ) =

2
( t ) = arg { x AM SSB ( t )} = 0t + 0

15

j0

Problem 7. Consider x(t) a bandlimited signal, with the spectrum below..

X()
1

-M

This is processed in such a manner to obtain a new signal x1(t) that fulfills the conditions:
x1 ( t ) < 1 and X 1 ( ) =0 = 0 . The normalized signal is modulated in frequency with
the modulation index  2 with a continuous wave:
t

yFM ( t ) = A0 cos c t + x1 ( ) d

a. Find the instantaneous frequency i of the signal yFM(t).

b. Using the approximations for the narrow band frequency modulation, sketch the
spectrum of the FM signal, knowing the spectrum of x1(t).
c. Suppose the modulating signal a sine wave, the modulated signal becomes
( t ) = A0 cos (ct + sin mt ) , = m .
yFM

Sketch the spectrum of the FM signal for wide band modulation, for
A0 = 1V and = 2 .
Solution
a)

i ( t ) =

d
t
x1 ( ) d = ct + x1 ( t )

+
c

dt

b)
t

x1 ( ) d = y ( t )
yFM ( t ) = A0 cos (ct + y ( t ) ) = A0 cos ct cos ( y ( t ) ) sin ct sin ( y ( t ) )

The approximations used in the narow band modulation are:

cos y ( t )  1 and
sin y ( t )  y ( t )
yFM ( t ) = A0 ( cos ct sin ct y ( t ) )
= A0 cos ct A0 y ( t ) sin ct

A
A
YFM ( ) = 0 ( ( c ) + ( + c ) ) 0 (Y ( c ) Y ( + c ) )
2
2j

16

1
Because: X1 ( 0 ) = 0 Y ( ) =
X ( )
j 1

A
A0 X1 ( c ) X1 ( + c )
YFM ( ) = 0 ( ( c ) + ( + c ) ) +

+ c
2
2 c
X1()
1

-M

A0/2

YFM()

A0/[2(c+M)]
-(c-M)
-M

-(c+M) -c

c)
Y 'FM ( t ) = A0

k =

c-M
c

J k ( ) cos (c + kM ) =

k =

c+M

J k ( 2 ) cos (c + kM )

YFM()

-c
-(c+M)

c-M

-(c-M)

17

c
c+M

Problem 8. A square wave (t) with duty cycle 50% modulates in phase a sine wave,
thus obtaining
yM ( t ) = 10 cos (ct + ( t ) )

The carrier frequency is 10MHz and the maximum frequency deviation is 450. The
modulating wave is symmetrical to the moment t=0 and has the period 1ms. Sketch the
spectrum of the phase modulated (PM) signal if the modulating wave is:
a) unipolar, respectively
b) bipolar.
yM ( t ) = 10 cos ct + ( t ) = 10 cos ct cos ( ( t ) ) 10sin ct sin ( ( t ) )
a)

45o

-0.25

(t)

0.25
T=1ms

0.75

cos[(t)]=x1(t)

2 2
t

sin[(t)]=x2(t)
2 2
t
2
, t [ 0, 25, + 0, 25 ]

x1 ( t ) = 2
r
1, t [ 0, 25, + 0, 75 ]

yM ( t ) = 10 x1 ( t ) cos ct 10 x2 sin ct

2
, t [ 0, 25, + 0, 25 ]

x2 ( t ) = 2
r
0, t [ 0, 25, + 0, 75 ]

1
1
YM ( ) = 10 X1 ( c ) X 2 ( c ) + X 2 ( + c )
j
j

18

(1)

ck

x1

+0,2510
3

3 x1r
103 0,2510

= 10

3
0,2510

jk 23 t
( t ) e 10 dt

3
0,7510

2 jk 2000 t
jk 2000 t
dt +
dt
e
3 1 e
2

0,2510

3
0,2510

3
0,2510
0,7510
3

1
1
jk 2000 t
jk 2000 t
3 2
= 10

3 d e
3 d e
2 2000 jk
2000

jk

0,2510

0,2510

103 2 jk 2000 t 0,2510

3
3
ck =
e
e jk 2000 t 0,2510

x1
2000 jk 2
3
3
e jk 2000 t0,7510
e jk 2000 t0,2510

jk 2
103 j 2
k jk jk 2
e
ck =

e

2 j sin
e
x1
2000 k 2
2

j
k
k
k
ck =
2 j sin
( 1) 2 j sin

x1
2 k
2
2

j
k
1
k
k
k
ck =
sin
sin
2 j 2 ( 1) j =
2 2 ( 1)
x1
2 k
2
2 k
2
k
sin
1
k
k
k
2
=
2 + 2 ( 1) =
2 + 2 ( 1) sinc

2 k
4
2

)
)

) (

X1 ( ) = 2 ck k 2 103
k

x1

(2)

0,2510

3
0,2510
3
1
2 jk 2000 t
ck = 3
e
dt = 500 2
e jk 2000 t dt

x2
2
10

3
3
0, 25 10
0, 25 10

jk 2000 t 0, 25 10 0, 25 10
1
= 500 2
e
0, 25 10
jk 2000
3

2

sin k =
2 j sin k 2000 0, 25 10 ) =
(
2 k
4 k j
2
2

X 2 ( ) = 2 ck k 2 103
k

x2

2

sinc k
4
2

(3)

Replacing (2) and (3) in (1) we obtain the spectrum of the frequency modulated signal.
b) homework

19

45o

-0.25

(t)

0.25
T=1ms
2 2

0.75

cos[(t)]=x1(t)
t

2 2 sin[(t)]=x2(t)
t

20