FactorstoConsiderWhenDesigningControlCharts

SPCandHypothesisTesting
Type I and II Error
Calculating Sample Size
Confidence Interval and Level

ControlLimit
SampleSize
Frequency(howoften)

Laboratory Quality Systems

Dr. Susie Dai & Dr. Tim Herrman

SPC&TestingaHypothesis

Testingthehypothesisthattheprocessisunder
statisticalcontrol
Plottingpointsoutsidethecontrollimitistoreject
Ho andacceptHa

TypeI processoutofcontrolwhenitisincontrol
TypeII concludingtheprocessisincontrolwhenitis
reallyoutofcontrol

Movingthecontrollimitsfurtherfromthecenter
linewilldecreaseTypeIerror

SamplingStatistics:
HowManySamplesMustICollect?
SampleMean
x =x1 +x2 +x3 xn /n

FiveStepsofaHypothesisTest
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

Decideonasignificancelevel
Formulatethenullhypothesisandalternativehypothesis
Chooseanappropriateteststatistic
KnowthedistributionoftheteststatisticunderHo
Computethevalueoftheteststatisticfromyourdata
Computeapvalueforyourtestandcomparewith

p-value <
Formulateaconclusionsentencethatyoucanreport

Example:400bagsoffishmealevaluated
forproteincontent
65.1
64.8
65.7

64.1
65.1
65.4

65.5
65.0
64.9

66.0
67.0
66.9

x =x1 +x2 +x3 xn /n=785.5/12=65.5

SampleVariance
s2 =[xi2 (xi)2 /n]/n1

s2 =[ xi2 ( xi)2 /n]/n1=51,425 (617,010/12)/11=0.7

CalculatingSampleNumber
n

=Nxs2

/(N1)D+s2

CalculatingTheSampleNumberforEstimating
ProteinContentinBulkShipmentofFishMeal

Where:
N=totalnumberofbags=400
D=B2 4
B=0.5%boundontheerrorestimateofthemeanandthe
divisor4represents2standarddeviationsaboveandbelow
themeanwhichprovides95%confidence.
D=0.52 4=0.0625

z/2 s2/n=0.5
1.960.7/n=0.5
3.84x22 x0.7=n
n=10.7

n=400x0.7/(4001)x0.0625+0.7=10.9

CalculatingTheSampleNumberforSPC
RepeatedMeasures

VarianceEstimatesforFeedIngredients
ProteinSource

z/2 s2/n=0.1

Assumptions:
Bagweightvariancewas0.009kg

1.96 0.009/n=0.1

Rangebetweenbagswas0.3kg

3.84x102 x0.009=n

Boundonerrorestimatewas0.1kg

n=3.5

Confidencelevelwas95%

ConfidenceInterval

Populationversusasample
=populationmean = population standard deviation
x = sample mean
s = sample standard deviation

Duetodifferentsamplechoices,thevalueofthestatistic
calculatedfromdatamayvary
Howfarfromthetruepopulationparameterarethesample
statistics

SoybeanMeal
RapeseedMeal
Corn
FishMeal
WheatMidds
CornGluten
BakeryMeal
MeatandBone
Cottonseed

VarianceEstimate
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.7
0.7
1.1
1.3
2.8
4.0

SampleNumber
2
5
5
11
11
17
20
43
62

PrecisionandConfidenceInterval
Thereareanumberoffactorsthatinfluencethewidthofa
confidenceinterval.Theirvaluesareusuallychosentoachievea
tradeoffbetweenconfidenceandprecision
Theconfidencelevel:Making1 largermeansmakingthe
confidenceintervalwidersincebothz /2 andt /2,n1 increasea
decreases
Thesamplesize:Alargersamplesizendecreasesthe
standarderror(/ n)andmaketheconfidenceintervalmore
narrow.
MeasurementswithhighvariabilityhavewiderCI

WhatisaPopulation

ConfidenceIntervalsforLargeSampleMean
ConfidenceInterval:A1 confidenceintervalforthe
populationmeanis

CI =[x - z /2 (s/n), x + z /2 (s/n),

Wherex isthesamplemean,sisthesamplestandarddeviation,
nisthesamplesizeandz /2istheappropriatecriticalvaluefor
thenormaldistribution.

Sometimeswewanttomeasuretheentire
population
Referredtoasacensus
Createasampleframewhichincludestheentire
population
Performthecensus,however,youwilllikelystilltake
samples.

CI =[0.63 + 1.96 (0.4/52) = [0.521, 0.739]

ContinuousImprovementManagementStrategy
StatisticalTechniquestoMonitorPerformance

Resources

BremerandDoerge.2010.StatisticsattheBenchAStepby
StepHandbookforBiologists.Chapter6.ColdSpringHarbor
LaboratoryPress,ColdSpringHarbor,NY

You can not improve what

you do not control

You can not measure

what you do not
define

You can not control

what you do not
measure