SeiSee (2.

22)
Users Manual[1]

Contents
Contents
Introduction
Starting the program
Using the program
Open SEG-Y (SU) or CST file
Open Directory Browser panel
Open file in Recovery mode (SEG-Y only)
Selection of traces to be displayed
Trace selection by trace number or header item value
Trace selection by expression
Trace Sorting
Saving data to SEG-Y or CWP/SU file
Save trace(s) sample and header values to text file
Export trace headers values to the text file
Import trace header values from text file
Toggling Apply Delay Recording Time mode
Display mode selection.
Display mode and Wiggle Fill panels
Colors panel
Color mode palette setup
Scaling and gain setup
Scale panel
Direction panel
Change scale and gain by mouse wheel
Direction panel
Zoom buttons.
Default Seismic View Parameters
Seismic window
Axes labeling setup
Scrolling the seismic image
Trace selection
Display, edit headers and data
Trace Headers window
Header Items browsing
Custom header items creation
race Searching

Trace header editing

Single trace header item modification
Trace headers changing by expression
Hardcopy window

Windows Bitmap (.bmp)
Processing
Processing parameters setup
Processing panel
Band pass filter
Automatic gain control (AGC)
Inversion
Power Spectrum window
Appendices
Expressions
Special variables and header item value function
Expression Syntax
ExprEval Internal Functions (by Brian A. Vanderburg II)
ExprEval Internal Constants
Application Internal Functions
Application Internal Constants
Application Internal Variables
Trace value, gain and view on screen
Simplified SEG-Y file structure
SU/CWP files

Introduction
SeiSee program shows seismic data in SEG-Y, CWP/SU, CGG CST formats
on screen of your personal computer (Windows-2000, XP, Vista Windows-7,
8, Linux+Wine).
Program features:

standard integer (2,4 bytes) and IBM float (4 bytes) sample formats
support

nonstandard integer(1 byte), float IEEE (4 bytes) sample formats [2]

CGG Geovecteur disk SEG-Y format (.dat)

various seismic display modes (wiggle, variable area, variable

density, color)

import-export color palettes to text file

scaling seismic image, gain control, axes labeling setup

plot seismic to printer (plotter)

image export in Windows Bitmap (.bmp) and PostScript formats.

SEG-Y trace headers display (formats Integer*1,*2,*4, IEEE

Float*4,*8, IBM Float*4 are supported)

search trace by header item value

data samples browsing

text header and binary editor

band pass filter, automatic gain control (AGC)

headers consistency check

write whole SEG-Y file or part of it to disk in SEG-Y (IBM32/IEEE) or CWP/SU format with ability to select data on base of
trace index or trace header value or trace header expression and given
time interval; reversal trace order is also supported. Processing
parameters can be applied to recorded data (filter, AGC etc).

export trace(s) sample and header values to text file

import trace headers values from text file

trace shift according with Delay Recording Time trace header

value

selection of traces to be displayed by trace index or header value and

by expression

trace headers change by means expressions

trace sorting

open and fix files containing wrong data in binary header (Recovery
Mode)

single trace header item editing

disc directory browsing

power spectrum calculation and display

Starting the program

Double click program icon by mouse:
Main window will be shown

Use
button to toggle controls panel visibility, and
browser.

for directory

Command line startup mode is also supported. Use first parameter to specify
a SEG-Y file name.

Using the program

Open SEG-Y (SU) or CST file
Select menu File Open, or press button:

Standard Open dialog appears. Use it for to select file that you want to
browse

Select menu File Reopen to open one of previously opened files.

Open Directory Browser panel

Select File Open Directory menu. Standard Open dialog appears.
Use it for directory selection, then select any file in it and press Open
button.
The Browser panel will be shown:
(Only valid SEG-Y, CWP/SU and CST files will be listed)

To display SEG-Y file just select it in the list by mouse.

The panel buttons:
- Return to the previous directory
- Refresh directory list
- Open directory selection dialog

Open file in Recovery mode (SEG-Y only)

If file has wrong values in Sample Interval, Number samples per data
trace for reel Data Sample Code items of the binary header, the
program opens file in Recovery Mode. Only text and binary header will be
read. It is necessary to fix the values and reopen the file again.

Selection of traces to be displayed

To change the parameters choose File Trace Selection menu, or
press

button.

Trace selection by trace number or header item value

Choose By Number tab, then fill in selection parameters form and press
Select button, after this the program will start trace selection. When it is
done, press OK button to display selected data or Cancel button to
discard the selection.

Trace selection by expression

Select By Expression tab, then enter expression text, and press Select
button, after this the program will start trace selection. Expression syntax is
described in the Expressions appendix. When it is done, press OK
button to display selected data or Cancel button to discard the selection.

Trace Sorting
To setup sorting select menu File Trace Sort, or press

button.

The dialog has two lists. Selected Headers list contains trace header item
names that will be used for sorting, and Available Headers list holds all
trace headers.
Header order in the Selected Headers list corresponds precedence of using
them in sorting.

 :
Control

Description
Add selected header item from "Available Headers" to "Selected
Headers" list
Remove selected header item from "Selected Headers" list
Clear "Selected Headers" list
Move selected header item in "Selected Headers" Up
Move selected header item in "Selected Headers" Down

To select sort mode check suitable item in Sort Mode panel

Control
No
Ascending
Descending

Description
No sorting
Ascending sorting
Descending sorting

To apply selected mode, press Sort button, and then press OK

When sorting is active the Sort mark is shown in status bar:

Saving data to SEG-Y or CWP/SU file

To save file select File Save As menu item or press

button.

It is possible to save all trace or part of them. Fill selection parameters in the
dialog. Selection parameters are the same as described in Selection of
traces to be displayed chapter.

Check Reversal order checkbox to save traces in reversal order. Check

Apply Processing to save data with processing applied.
Then press Save button. When standard File Save dialog appears, use it
to specify output file. Close button discards dialog.

Then press Save button. When standard File Save dialog appears, use it
to specify type and name of output file. Close button discards dialog.

The following data formats are supported

SEG-Y IBM-FLOAT-32 samples
SEG-Y IEEE-FLOAT-32 samples
CWP/SU

Save trace(s) sample and header values to text file

Procedure is same as for Saving SEG-Y file, except you need to set
Samples Text File file type.
To save trace header values together with trace data check Include Headers
(txt) checkbox.

Export trace headers values to the text file

To export select the following menu items:
File Export Trace Headers to ASCII file

Check Write Column info if column information is needed.

Press Save to start export. Header values that are selected in the Trace
Headers window will be exported to output file.
Here is structure of the output file:
P 0 F 0 Trace index in file
P 9 F 4 * FFID - Original field record number
P 17 F 4
SP - Energy source point number
P 21 F 4
CDP ensemble number
P237 F14 New Item 1
EXPR
SP from CDP =
+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+---------1
858
1100
1519
0.25
860
2
858
1100
1520
0.5
860.5
3
858
1100
1521
0.75
861
4
858
1100
1522
1
861.5
5
858
1100
1523
1.25
862
6
858
1100
1524
1.5
862.5

At the beginning of the file column information will be recorded

(if Write Column Info is checked):
Position
1-4

Contents
Pnnn
or
EXPR

5
6-8

space
Fnn

9
10 -

or
three spaces
space
text

Description
nnn number that shows byte position of header item
if value is expression

nn number for the appropriate format

if value is expression

header item description

The next line is column info terminator line that starts with + character.
Header item values will be placed after this line
First column contains ordinal number of the trace (as it is in file, starting
from 1). The following columns contain header values.

Import trace header values from text file

File to be imported should be in the same format as exported file.
To import header values from file select the following menu:
File Import Trace Headers from ASCII file

Press Load to start import.

Select input file and press Open

Toggling Apply Delay Recording Time mode

Sometimes time of first trace sample is defined by Delay Recording Time

trace header value. It is necessary to switch-on Apply Recording Delay
Header to display seismic line with such traces properly. While working in
this mode you can note some file opening delay, especially if file size if big.
If you are sure that traces in current file are not shifted than you can toggle
this mode off.
To toggle the mode select File Apply Recording Delay Header menu
item or set check to
.

Display mode selection.

Display mode and Wiggle Fill panels

The modes and corresponding controls positions are shown in the following
table
Mode
1 Wiggle

Controls position

2 Wiggle + Positive
(Variable area)

Fill

3 Wiggle + Negative Fill

4 Variable
levels)

density

5 Color

6 Color + Wiggle

(Gray

Seismic sample

Display Mode panel controls

Wiggle
Gray
Color

Description
Wiggle mode
Variable density mode
Color mode

Wiggle Fill panel controls

None
Positive
Negative

Description
No wiggle fill
Positive fill
Negative fill

Colors panel

Use this panel to select colors:

Colors panel controls

Wiggle
Fill
Selected

Description
Wiggle color
Fill color
Selected trace color

Color mode palette setup

Press button

to popup Palette dialog.

The following buttons use to control the palette list:

Button Description
Create new palette
Duplicate current palette
Remove current palette
Check all palettes for export
Uncheck all
Export selected palettes to file
Import palettes from file

Before export to file check required palettes in the list:

When palette is selected in the list, it is applied to the seismic window.

Before editing select needed palette in the list.
The palette consists of color markers; space between two markers is filled
by linear interpolation of color.
Originally the palette is made of three markers:
#
1
2
3

Marker
-100%
0%
+100%

Description
Maximal negative amplitude value
Zero amplitude level
Maximal positive amplitude value

To select a marker pick it by mouse in the Markers/Levels panel.

To choose new color for a marker, use panel of colors in the right part of the
dialog. Selected color will be shown Selected Color field. To assign the
color to the selected marker, press Assign Color button.

To add a new marker, press Add Marker button. New marker will be
added between selected and previous markers.

To remove selected marker, press Delete Marker button.

Marker position can be changed by moving marker position control
mouse.

by

To save current changes, press Update button, and to cancel the changes
press Reset.

Scaling and gain setup

Scale panel

Scale panel controls

Traces
Time
Gain-w

Gain-
=

Description
Set trace number per centimeter
Fit seismic section to window horizontally
Set time scale (cm/sec)
Fit seismic section to window vertically
Wiggle Gain control
Automatically adjust current wiggle gain, using
maximal amplitude values of selected trace (see
Trace Selection article)
Color Gain control
Automatically adjust color mode gain
Check this if you need same gain value for both
modes

To adjust a value by mouse, move mouse cursor to the corresponding slider (

), then press left mouse button, and (keeping it pressed) move
the slider. Current value of the parameter will be shown in edit control that
is on the right of the slider, and seismic image will be repainted to reflect the
changes.

Direction panel
Direction panel control
Normal
Reversed

Description
From left to right
From right to left

Change scale and gain by mouse wheel

Mouse Position during Wheel

rotating
In the Traces input filed,
In the Time Axis
In the Time input field,
In the Headers Axis
In the Seismic Section window
It the Gain-w input field
In the Gain- input field

Action
Change horizontal scale
Change vertical scale
Zoom-In/Zoom-out in both directions
Change Wiggle mode gain
Change Color mode gain

Direction panel

.
Control
Normal
Reversed

Description
From left to right
From right to left

Zoom buttons.
Button Description
Fit all the image to seismic window size
Zoom by window. Press this button then draw a rectangle on the seismic
window (move mouse cursor to first corner of the rectangle, press left mouse
button, and keeping it pressed, move mouse to set desired size). Selected
region will be zoomed to size of the seismic window.
Return to previous zoom
Zoom in (1.5 times)
Zoom out (1.5 times)

Direction of scale changing caused by

following radio-buttons selection:

buttons depends on the

Button Description
Scale changes in both directions
Scale changes in horizontal direction
Scale changes in vertical direction

Default Seismic View Parameters

Select menu View Set Seismic View Defaults to set defaults for
seismic section
Select View Set Velocity View Defaults to set defaults for velocity
section (in SEG-Y format)

Seismic window
To show this window select Seismic tab.

When you move mouse pointer in the seismic window, values corresponding
current position will be shown in status bar at the bottom of the main
window and in Mouse Position Header Box
Trc
Time
Smp

Trace number in the file

Time (ms)
Sample value (processing is applied!)

Axes labeling setup

Press

button, to popup Axes dialog.

The dialog has two tabs. To select headers that should be shown on the top
of seismic, click Trace Axis (Headers) tab.
There are two lists on this tab: "Selected Headers" list contains descriptions
of trace header items that will be shown above seismic section, and
"Available Headers" list contains all the SEG-Y trace header items.
Item order in "Selected Headers" corresponds to its position on axis (higher
or lower)

Controls on "Trace Axis" tab:

Control

Description
Add selected header item from "Available Headers" to "Selected
Headers" list
Remove selected header item from "Selected Headers" list
Clear "Selected Headers" list
Move selected header item in "Selected Headers" Up
Move selected header item in "Selected Headers" Down

For each item in "Selected Headers" you can specify start value and step.
For example: Select "CDP ensemble number item, assign start value=10
and step=10 to it. In this case traces with CDP numbers = 10, 110, 210, etc
will be labeled.

To setup time axis labeling step click Time Axis tab.

Enter the step value. If time lines are needed set mark in the Timelines
checkbox.
To accept the changes press Apply or OK button. OK also closes the
dialog. Close button discards any changes and closes the dialog.

Scrolling the seismic image

There are two ways to scroll the image:

using scroll bars

dragging by mouse

Move mouse cursor to start point, then press RIGHT mouse button and
keeping it pressed, move the image into desired direction.

Trace selection

To switch into selection mode press

button. It is the same button that is
used to switch into Pan mode. Image on button, depict mode that will be
selected after the button press.
While selection mode is chosen, move mouse cursor to desired trace and
press left mouse button. As result, this trace becomes selected.
Trace header values of the selected trace will be shown in Bin header
panel (see Display headers article).
This trace is also used for automatic gain control.
To move trace selection some number traces forward or backward use the
following controls:

Fill edit control with move step value

Press

button to move forward, and

to move backward

Display, edit headers and data

After
button is pressed, Info/Headers panel will be shown in the left
part of the seismic window:

Contents of the panel depend on which radio-button is checked.

Button
General
Trace header
Bin header
Text header
Trace data
Spectrum

Contents
General file information
Header of the selected trace
Binary header of SEG-Y file
Text header of SEG-Y file
Trace data sample values
Power spectrum graph

To change the panel size, move mouse cursor to the right boundary. And
when the mouse cursor is changed into
, press left mouse button, and
holding it pressed move panel boundary into desired direction.

Trace header items browsing

Select Trace Header tab to show contents of the selected trace header:

Besides browsing of known header items (Items tab), it is also possible to

display trace header as dump of integer values array for nonstandard data
analysis (Dump tab).

SEG-Y file text header editing[3]

Select Text Header tab to show contents of the text header.

Select appropriate line of the header by mouse then enter changes from
keyboard.
To save the changes press Update button, or press Reset button to undo
all the changes[4].
It is also possible to load text header data from text (ASCII) file. To do this
press From file button or select menu File Load Text Header from

File. To load the data from the previous file, press small button that is on
the right of the From file button.
To save the header into text (ASCII) file select File Save Text Header
to File menu item.
It is also possible to load text header data from text (ASCII) file. To do this
press From file button or select menu File Load Text Header from
File. To load the data from the previous file, press small button that is on
the right of the From file button.
To save the header into text (ASCII) file select File Save Text Header
to File menu item.

SEG-Y file binary header editing[5]

Select Bin Header tab to show contents of the text header.

Select appropriate line of the header by mouse then enter changes from
keyboard. Sample Interval, Number samples per data trace for reel and
Data Sample Code items cannot be changed because they affect to file
integrity. If you need nevertheless to edit these items, then check Allow to
edit all items box.
Modified lines are highlighted by blue color. Bad values are marked by red.

Program will not update file till all the bad values are corrected.
To save the changes press Update button, or press Reset button to undo
all the changes[6].

Trace Headers window

Header Items browsing

To show this window select Trace Headers and View tabs.

Check items in Selection panel that you want to display. Values of selected
header items will be shown in Data panel.
Pressing to

button selects all the items, and

clears all selection.

The program checks for trace headers consistence. If current trace header
value difference with previous trace header is not equal difference with next
trace, this value is highlighted by red color.

Custom header items creation

The program allows create custom header item description. Use control
panel buttons for this.

The button creates a new header and shows editing dialog window
The button shows editing dialog window for current header item

The button removes the current item

Note: you can edit only custom header items.

There are two types of items:

positional: 16 or 32-bit integer, from arbitrary header position

computable: its value is calculated by mathematical expression

In case of positional item we have the following dialog:

Fields:
Name
Description
Position
Format

Item name: it should be unique, it will be used for header axis

labeling in seismic window and for table column labeling in the trace
header window
Header item description
Byte position (from 1) for this item in trace header
Select needed format from combo box: Integer*1,*2,*4,
IEEE Float*4,*8, IBM Float*4

You can copy position and format from existing item to

Position Format fields. To do this, select item in Available Headers
list and press

button.

To create a computable item select Expression tab

Enter an expression that consists from numbers, parenthesizes, operators

(+-/*) and special variables
Examples:
Expression
N
N*2
2
H(21,4)*2

Description
- current trace number in the file
- same multiplied by 2
- just value 2
- integer*4 from position 21 of trace header (CDP) multiplied by2

race Searching
Go to end or beginning of the file

- go to the first trace

- go to the last trace

Go to the trace with given index

To activate this mode click left mouse button over Trace # table header

Fill in search number (N)

Select search condition from the list:

= go to trace index of which is equal of the search number

+ go N traces forward
- go N trace backward

Trace search by header item value

To activate this mode click left mouse button over needed header item name

(like CDP)

Fill in search number (N)

Select search condition from the list:

= find trace where selected header item value is equal N

+ find trace where selected header item value is equal current value + N
- find trace where selected header item value is equal current value - N
find trace where selected header item value is not equal N

Press one of the following buttons:

- sequential search forward

- sequential search backward

- fast binary search[7], it works only on ordered sequence of values

(ascended or descended) ( is not supported)

If file size is big, then search may take sufficient amount of time.
Press

button to terminate current search.

Trace header editing

Single trace header item modification

Move mouse pointer to table cell with header item value that you are going
to change and press left mouse button.

Name and value of selected item will be shown on screen

Fill in edit field by new item value

and press Update

button

Trace headers changing by expression

Headers of selected traces (See: Selection of traces to be displayed article)

can be changed by means mathematical expressions.
To activate modification window select Trace Headers and Change tabs.

Check header to be changed in the selection panel, then in data panel click
table header corresponding to it in the data panel:

Then fill in Expression field with expression text.

The following variables have a special meaning:
Variable
N
L

Description
Ordinal trace number in SEG-Y file
Last trace number in SEG-Y file

Function that returns arbitrary trace header item value is also defined:
(p,f), where p item position in the header, f format (2-integer*2, 4integer*4)
For example: H(21,4) returns CDP number.
Toolbar buttons:

Inserts value of item currently selected in the selection panel

Inserts current trace number in the expression

Insert last trace number

Clears expression field

Update file with new values

Undo the latest file modification

Repeat all above for each item you want to change and then press
button.
The following dialog will be shown:

Press Update to change file or Close to cancel changes.

Hardcopy window
To show this window select Hardcopy tab.

To print seismic image select Print tab.

Press Setup button to choose printer and page size. Standard Print setup
dialog will be shown. Use it to setup your parameters. Information about
selected printer will be shown in Printer Info panel.
To select orientation of plot use Horizontal and Vertical radio-buttons.

It is possible only part of seismic section, for that you need to fill in Print
Region form:
Tmin
Tmax
From tr.
tr.

Minimal Time (ms)

Maximal Time (ms)
Start from this trace
Stop at this trace

Use min and max buttons to set minimal or maximal possible values.
Press All button to print (export) whole section, and View button to
print Seismic View image.
To place text label (one string) from Label edit control to printout set
mark into
checkbox. File name button puts current file name into
edit control, and Clear button empties the control.
If image size is bigger then page size then it will be spitted into several
parts.
Print preview panel shows as image is divided into pages. If you changed
display mode, scaling, etc, then current changes also will be reflected in the
preview panel.
To print the image, press Print button. The button label changes to Abort
Print. Printing progress will be shown in progress bar at the bottom of the
window..

To cancel printing, press Abort Print button.

While printing other work with the program is not allowed.


Windows Bitmap (.bmp)

Select Export tab in Hardcopy window

Fill Bitmap Dpi field with "dot per inch" value for your bitmap image
In Color Mode select image type: 256-color (color 8-bit) or black and
white (b/w -1 bit).
Then press Export button. When standard File Save dialog appears, use
it to specify output file. Close button discards dialog.

Processing
Processing is applied to trace before it will be shown on screen. Here is the
processing modules list:

band pass filter

automatic gain control (AGC)
data inversion (negation)

Processing parameters setup

To set the processing parameters press

button or select
Processing Parameters menu item, after that Processing dialog
appears. Enter parameters needed. To accept the parameters press Apply
or OK button. OK also closes the dialog. Close button discards any
changes and closes the dialog.

Processing panel

.
Use the panel to toggle corresponding processing.
Processing panel item
Inversion
Filter
Agc or Norm
Weight

Description
Data inversion (Negation)
Band pass filter
Automatic gain control or Normalization
Use Trace Weighting Factor trace header item
Open Processing dialog

Band pass filter

Enter filter cut frequencies as it is shown in the picture and check Use
filter, if you want to use the filter.
Original data

Filtered data

Automatic gain control (AGC)

In Use Normalization mode maximum amplitude value is calculated for

trace and each sample is divided to its value.
In Use AGC mode Window length parameter sets AGC window length.
AGC module moves the window down the trace sample-by-sample and
calculates a scale factor at each location. The scale factor is equal to the
RMS amplitude in the window.

Enter Window length and check Use AGC, if you want to use the AGC.
Original data

AGC applied

Inversion

This module replaces each sample in trace to inversed value (multiply by

minus one).
Check Use Inversion to apply the inversion.

Power Spectrum window

To show the Spectrum window press
View Spectrum.

button or select menu:

(amplitude - %, frequency - Hz)

Use the following check boxes to control spectrum charts curves:
Check Box
Whole Section
Range
Current Trace

Description
Whole section summary spectrum
Spectrum of selected region (see Selection table)
Spectrum of current reace

To calculate rectangular region spectrum fill Selection table from

keyboard

When it is done press

Press

button.

button to fill the table with current seismic section boundaries.

Also you can select the region by mouse in seismic window

button

Appendices
Expressions

Special variables and header item value function

The following variables have a special meaning:

Variable
N
L

Description
Ordinal trace number in SEG-Y file
Last trace number in SEG-Y file

Function that returns arbitrary trace header item value is also defined:
(p,f), where p item position in the header, f format (2-integer*2, 4integer*4)
For example: H(21,4) returns CDP number.

Expression Syntax

Expressions have pretty much the same syntax as they would have on paper,
with the following exceptions:

Each expression must end with a semicolon. This is because the expression
string can actually contain multiple expressions. The semicolon is used to
mark the end of the expression. In our case semicolon at the end of the
expression can be omitted.

Examples:
4*x+5;
y=5+2;g=4+6;
y=r*sin(a);x=r*cos(a);
The asterisk '*' must be used to multiply.
Examples:
o y=5*6; Valid
o g=(x+1)*(x-1); Valid
o g=(x+1)(x-1); Invalid
o
o
o

More than one expression may be contained within an expression string. As

shown above, each expression must end with a semicolon, even if only one
expression is in the string. The value of an expression string is the value of
the last expression in the string.
Examlples:

g=7; Value: 7
k=z+1; Value: z+1
r=4;k=6;o=9+r-k; Value: 9+r-k

Some functions may take reference parameters. These parameters are

references to other variables. You can mix reference parameters with normal
parameters. The order of the normal parameters must remain the same and
the order of the reference parameters must remain the same.
Examples:

min(1,2,3,4,&mval); &mval is a reference to a variable mval

min(1,2,&mval,3,4); You may mix them inside like this.
min(1,2,(&mval),3,4); You may not nest reference parameters in any way

Expressions may also be nested with parenthesis.

Examples:

y=sin(x-cos(5+max(4,5,6*x)));
6+(5-2*(x+y));

Expressions may also have whitespace characters and comments.

Whitespace characters such as newlines, linefeeds, carriage returns, spaces,
and tabs are ignored. Comments begin with the less than-sign '<' and end
with the greater than-sign '>'. Comments may be nested as well.

Example:
<Set the x value>
x = d * cos(r);
<Set the y value>
y = d * sin(r);
<Comment out this for now
<Flip the values>
t = x;
x = y;
y = x;
Stop commenting out>

If a variable is used in an expression, but that variable does not exist, it is

considered zero. If it does exist then its value is used instead.
ExprEval Internal Functions (by Brian A. Vanderburg II)

The following functions are provided with ExprEval:

Function

Min.
Min. Max
Max
Ref
Arg .
. Ref
Arg
s Args
Args
s

Result/Comment

abs(v)

Absolute value of v.
abs(-4.3) returns 4.3

mod(v,d)

Remainder of v/d.
mod(5.2,2.5) return 0.2

ipart(v)

The integer part of v.

ipart(3.2) returns 3

fpart(v)

The fractional part of v.

fpart(3.2) returns 0.2

min(v,...)

Non
0
e

The minimum number passed.

min(3,2,-5,-2,7) returns -5

max(v,...)

Non
0
e

The maximum number passed.

max(3,2,-5,-2,7) returns 7

pow(a,b)

The value a raised to the power b.

pow(3.2,1.7) returns 3.21.7

sqrt(a)

The square root of a. sqrt(16) returns 4

sin(a)

The sine of a radians.

sin(1.5) returns around 0.997

sinh(a)

The hyperbolic sine of a.

sinh(1.5) returns around 2.129

asin(a)

The arc-sine of a in radians.

asin(0.5) returns around 0.524

cos(a)

The cosine of a radians.

cos(1.5) returns around 0.0707

cosh(a)

The hyperbolic cosine of a. cosh(1.5) returns

around 2.352

acos(a)

The arc-cosine of a in radians.

acos(0.5) returns around 1.047

tan(a)

The tangent of a radians.

tan(1.5) returns around 14.101

tanh(a)

The hyperbolic tangent of a. tanh(1.5) returns

around 0.905

atan(a)

The arc-tangent of a in radians.

atan(0.3) returns about 0.291

atan2(y,x)

The arc-tangent of y/x, with quadrant correction.

atan2(4,3) returns about 0.927

log(a)

The base 10 logarithm of a.

log(100) returns 2

pow10(a)

10 raised to the power of a.

pow10(2) returns 100

ln(a)

The base e logarithm of a.

ln(2.8) returns around 1.030

exp(a)

e raised to the power of a.

exp(2) returns around 7.389

logn(a,b)

The base b logarithm of a.

logn(16,2) returns 4

ceil(a)

Rounds a up to the nearest integer.

ceil(3.2) returns 4

floor(a)

Rounds a down to the nearest integer.

floor(3.2) returns 3

rand()

Returns a number between 0 up to but not

including 1.

random(a,b)

Returns a number between a up to and including

b.

srand(a)

Seeds the random number generator with a

value.
Return value is unknown

randomize()

Seed the random number generator with a value

based on the current time.
Return value is unknown

deg(a)

Returns a radians converted to degrees.

deg(3.14) returns around 179.909

rad(a)

Returns a degrees converted to radians.

rad(180) returns around 3.142

recttopolr(x,y)

Returns the polar radius of the rectangular coordinates.

recttopolr(2,3) returns around 3.606

recttopola(x,y)

Returns the polar angle (0...2PI) in radians of

the rectangular co-ordinates.
recttopola(2,3) returns around 0.588

poltorectx(r,a)

Returns the x rectangular co-ordinate of the

polar co-ordinates.
poltorectx(3,1.5) returns around 0.212

poltorecty(r,a)

Returns the y rectangular co-ordinate of the

polar co-ordinates.
poltorecty(3,1.5) returns around 2.992

if(c,t,f)

Evaluates and returns t if c is not 0.0. Else

evaluates and returns f.
if(0.1,2.1,3.9) returns 2.1

select(c,n,z[,p]) 3

Returns n if c is less than 0.0. Returns z if c is

0.0. If c is greater than 0.0 and only three
arguments were passed, returns z. If c is greater
than 0.0 and four arguments were passed, return
p.
select(3,1,4,5) returns 5

equal(a,b)

Returns 1.0 if a is equal to b. Else returns 0.0

equal(3,2) returns 0.0

above(a,b)

Returns 1.0 if a is above b. Else returns 0.0

above(3,2) returns 1.0

below(a,b)

Returns 1.0 if a is below b. Else returns 0.0

below(3,2) returns 0.0

avg(a,...)

Non
0
e

Returns the average of the values passed.

avg(3,3,6) returns 4

clip(v,min,max) 3

Clips v to the range from min to max. If v is less

than min, it returns min. If v is greater than max
it returns max. Otherwise it returns v.
clip(3,1,2) returns 2

clamp(v,min,max
3
)

Clamps v to the range from min to max, looping

if needed.
clamp(8.2,1.3,4.7) returns 1.4

This is used to translate points from different

scale. It works no matter the orientation as long
as the sides are lined up correctly.
pntchange(-1,1,0,480,-0.5) returns 120 (x
example)
pntchange(-1,1,480,0,-0.5) returns 360 (y
example)

pntchange(side1o
ld, side2old,
5
side1new,
side2new, oldpnt)

poly(x,c1,...)

Non
0
e

This function calculates the polynomial. x is the

value to use in the polynomial. c1 and on are the
coefficients.
poly(4,6,9,3,1,4) returns 2168
same as 6*44 + 9*43 + 3*42 + 1*41 + 4*40

and(a,b)

Returns 0.0 if either a or b are 0.0 Else returns

1.0
and(2.1,0.0) returns 0.0

or(a,b)

Returns 0.0 if both a and b are 0.0 Else returns

1.0
or(2.1,0.0) returns 1.0

not(a)

Returns 1.0 if a is 0.0 Else returns 0.0

not(0.3) returns 0.0

Non 0

This function acts like a for loop in C. First init

for(init,test,inc,a14

,...)

many(expr,...)

is evaluated. Then test is evaluated. As long as

the test is not 0.0, the action statements (a1 to
an) are evaluated, the inc statement is evaluated,
and the test is evaluated again. The result is the
result of the final action statement.
for(x=0,below(x,11),x=x+1,y=y+x) returns 55.0
(if y was initially 0.0)

Non
0
e

This function treats many subexpressions as a

single object (function). It is mainly for the 'for'
function.
for(many(j=5,k=1),above(j*k,0.001),many(j=j+
5,k=k/2),0)