An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical

element.[1] Every solid,liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms are very
small; typical sizes are around 100 pm (a ten-billionth of a meter, in the short scale).[2] However,
atoms do not have well defined boundaries, and there are different ways to define their size which
give different but close values.
Atoms are small enough that classical physics give noticeably incorrect results. Through the
development of physics, atomic models have incorporated quantum principles to better explain and
predict the behavior.
Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus
is made of one or moreprotons and typically a similar number of neutrons (none in hydrogen-1).
Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Over 99.94% of the atom's mass is in the nucleus. The
protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and the
neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal, that atom is
electrically neutral. If an atom has more or less electrons than protons, then it has an overall
negative or positive charge, respectively, and it is called an ion.
Electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by this electromagnetic force.
The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each other by a different force, the nuclear
force, which is usually stronger than the electromagnetic force repelling the positively charged
protons from one another. Under certain circumstances the repelling electromagnetic force becomes
stronger than the nuclear force, and nucleons can be ejected from the nucleus, leaving behind a
different element: nuclear decay resulting in nuclear transmutation.
The number of protons in the nucleus defines to what chemical element the atom belongs: for
example, all copper atoms contain 29 protons. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the
element.[3] The number of electrons influences themagnetic properties of an atom. Atoms can attach
to one or more other atoms by chemical bonds to form chemical compounds such as molecules. The
ability of atoms to associate and dissociate is responsible for most of the physical changes observed
in nature, and is the subject of the discipline of chemistry.
Not all the matter of the universe is composed of atoms. Dark matter comprises more of the
Universe than matter, and is composed not of atoms, but of particles of a currently unknown type.