COURSE

FACILITIES LAYOUT TRAINING

LAYOUT OF FACILITY
SEGREGATION AND ZONING
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LAYOUT OF FACILITY SEGREGATION AND ZONING

SUBJECTS

Safety Distance (SD) and Restricted Area Zone (RAZ)

Air gap
Fire zones and divisioning (rating of fire divisions)
Divisioning/segregation by fire/blast walls or by distance
Ignition sources ISO 13702
Equipment Categories as per API 14J
Hazardous Area Classifications
Level segregation between liquid and gas hydrocarbons

SEGREGATION AND ZONING

SAFETY DISTANCE & RESTRICTED AREA ZONE
Ref. Maersk Oil, MODES 01

SEGREGATION AND ZONING

SAFETY DISTANCE & RESTRICTED AREA ZONE
Ref. Maersk Oil, MODES 01

TOTAL, GS EP SAF 213, Impacted area, restricted area and fire

zones, has similar but a bit different criteria for Impacted Area and
Restricted area

SEGREGATION AND ZONING

SAFETY DISTANCE & RESTRICTED AREA ZONE
Thermal
Radiation
(kW/m)

Effect

1.2

The sun at noon in summer in northern Europe

Minimum to cause pain after 1 minute

<5

Pain in 15-20 seconds and injury after 30 seconds

>6

Pain within approx 10 seconds, rapid escape only is

possible

12.5

Significant risk of fatality for medium duration

exposure.
* Thin steel with insulation on side away from the fire
may reach thermal stress level high enough to cause
structural failure

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* Likely fatality for extended exposure and significant

risk of fatality instantly
* Spontaneous ignition of wood after long exposure
* Unprotected steel will reach thermal stress
temperature that can cause failure

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* Cellulosic material will pilot ignite within one minutes

exposure
* significant risk of fatality for people exposed
instantaneously

SEGREGATION AND ZONING

AIR GAP
Certain equipment may be installed in the air gap
Air gab is defined in the schematic below:

SEGREGATION AND ZONING

AIR GAP
In more general terms, the air gab is given below
Other provisions:

Tolerances for water depth

Initial penetration into seabed

Subsidence, etc.

SEGREGATION AND ZONING

FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING
INTRODUCTION
Main reference is ISO 13702
Basis for selecting active & passive fire protection is
Fire and explosion strategy (FES) and fire load analysis
Evacuation, escape and rescue strategy (EERS) and evacuation
analysis

Fire loads as part of Dimensioning Accidental Load (DAL as

defined in NORSOK S-001)

FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

REFERENCES
IMO SOLAS
IMO MODU Code
IMO FTP Code
MODES 01, Maersk Oil Design Standard, Part 01, Safety Design
ISO 13702, Control and mitigation of fires and explosions on
offshore production installations Requirements and guidelines
ISO 834-1 ISO 834-9, Part 1 to 9: Fire resistance tests
NORSOK S-001, Technical Safety
DNV OS-D301, Fire Protection

FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

DIVISION INTO FIRE ZONES - PRINCIPLES
To separate the different fire risk areas from each other
(escalation prevention) one risk level in one zone
To ensure a safe escape and evacuation in case of a fire
Firewater optimization
Division by distance or by fire wall/deck
Even a small wellhead platform will require to be divided into at
least 2 fire zones
First, the wellhead platform will have two different fire risk areas
secondly a person in one area of the platform will need a second place
to be in case of a fire

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

MAIN FIRE ZONING

Requirement for sub-division of a fire zone:

Size of the zone (m2), among others depending on evacuation
requirements
Firewater demand for the particular zone.
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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

MAIN FIRE ZONING - EXAMPLES

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

FIRE ZONING ESDVS
ESDV should be installed where two fire zones interconnect
The ESDV to be located in the fire zone feeding into the neighbour
zone

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

RATING OF DIVISIONS BETWEEN ZONES
The correct selection of fire class depends on two factors:
Type of fire (cellulosic, hydrocarbon or jet fire)
Time required with full integrity of the division/wall (depends on
escape and evacuation analysis).

In most cases a time of 60 minutes will be more than sufficient.

In the first approach, select firewalls for cellulosic fire, i.e. A
class divisions.
Therefore, standard will be A-60 (which in some cases/areas may
be reduced to A-30 or A-15).
Hydrocarbon fire, heat input > 100 kW/m2 , select H-class

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

RATING OF DIVISIONS BETWEEN ZONES
If dimensioning heat input > 150 kW, select J-rating
For J-rating, a H-60 wall can be conbined with J-15 or J-30 (jet
fire is only relevant for the period of time for blowing down)
Typically blowdown in 15 minutes

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

RATING OF DIVISIONS BETWEEN ZONES
Translation of the ISO 13702, table C.5 nomenclature:

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

RATING OF DIVISIONS BETWEEN ZONES

The table is not symmetrical!

To be read From first column areas towards areas in adjacent protected area.

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

RATING OF ACCOMODATION DIVISIONS
(ref. NORSOK S-001):
Outer surfaces of LQs shall minimum be A-60
Heat flux > 100 kW/m2 in a dimensioning fire, minimum class H60
No windows in H partitions or walls facing process area
Fire integrity of bulkheads and decks shall comply with chapter 9
of the MODU Code.
Where MODU Code specifies steel bulkheads internally this shall
be understood as A-0 divisions.

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

RATING OF ACCOMODATION DIVISIONS
(ref. MODU Code, Table 9):

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

SEPARATE ACCOMMODATION PLATFORM
Outer surfaces of LQs shall minimum be A-60
Barriers as stated in present section should be adhered to
Rooms containing machinery and flammable fluids such as
emergency generators and fire pumps shall be enclosed by
minimum A-60 walls
The need for H-60 rating of the walls should be evaluated

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

EMERGENCY SERVICES
(ref. NORSOK S-001, sec. 19.4 ):
CCR, FW pump systems, emergency power supply with related
distribution equipment and fuel tank shall be protected from the
surroundings by minimum Class A-60 fire divisions.
Generators (including prime mover), transformers, major
distribution panels, rooms for ventilation equipment and
equipment used for storage of flammable commodities or easily
ignitable material shall be separated from the surroundings of at
least Class A-0 fire divisions.

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

FIRE BARRIERS FIRE/BLAST WALLS OR SEPARATION BY DISTANCE

Fire barriers may be made by fire rated divisions, i.e. firewalls

with ratings such as A-60, H-60 or similar.
Division into fire zones may be done both with vertical barriers
(firewalls) and by horizontal barriers (fire rated decks)
Fire zone division may also be made by distance separation.
This principle is used when wellheads are located on a separate
platform or if a separate accommodation platform is made.
Typically this principle requires a bridge of a length of 80 m 100
m.
Detailed fire load calculations may be used to decide more exactly
on the required bridge length.

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

FIRE AND EXPLOSION LOADS
Fire loads large pools, large jet fires:

Blast loads:
Firewalls may need to be rated as blast walls
Rather open process modules, explosion loads will have a
maximum of 0.3 barg.
This is a value that may be applied in an initial design of modules
and blast walls in modules.
NORSOK S-001 requires design for 0.7 barg unless more detailed
explosion calculations have been carried out
The DAL (Design Accidental Loads), must state the loads
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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

EXAMPLE OF CONCEPTUAL DIVISIONING
H-60/J-15 or J-60
Flare

A16

A-60
Plated

Turbines

A7
Life rafts

A14

A15
A13
A12

Compressors
Roof /Weather Deck

A1
0

A6

A9

A5

A3
Main/Well Intervention Deck

A2

Muster area

A11

Lower Mezzanine Deck

A8

A4

A1
Cellar Deck

14 m 6 m
1
Accommodation Utility

27 m

Process/Utility

27 m
Wellhead

Sky chute/boarding
platform with life rafts
Division of platform into
fire zones:
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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

FIREWALL DESIGN
To ensure that flames from one fire zone shall not extend around
the edge of a fire barrier and impinge hydrocarbon containing
equipment in the adjacent fire zone, the firewall may need
additional wings.
The design may include wings to one side, wings to both sides
or extended wings as illustrated in the Figure below.
wing

wing
firewall

Firewallwith"wings"tooneside
(horizontalcutthroughwall)

firewall
Firewallwith"wings"totwosides
(horizontalcutthroughwall)

wings

firewall
extension

extension

Extendedfirewalltoensurethatflamesfromequipment
ononesideshallnotreachequipmentontheotherside
whenorifflamesfromonesideofthefirewallmaygo
aroundtheedgeofthefirewall.

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

FIRE INTEGRITY (FIRE CLASS) OF BARRIERS
The traditional and typical fire classes applied for firewalls are:
Standard fire (cellulosic fire), applicable to A, B and C-ratings
Hydrocarbon fire applicable to H-ratings when fire load > 100
kW/m2.

The H-rating may be a jet fire rating if this is the design fire case
(fire load > 150 kW/m2).

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FIRE ZONES AND DIVISIONING

THE FIRE TEST CURVES

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IGNITION SOURCES
ISO 13702
Chemical reactions
Oil soaked lagging on hot piping

Mechanical sparks
Lightning

Pyrophoric iron sulphide (H2S &

metal corrosion)

Electrical sparks and arcs

Electrical motors and generators
Switches, relays and other
arching components of electrical
circuits
Electrical wiring mal functioning
Electrical welding
Lighting fixtures

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IGNITION SOURCES
ISO 13702
Static electrical sparks
Fuelling operations
Filling containers, tanks and
pressure vessels
High fluid exit velocities (high
pressure water sprays, gas jets)
Drive belt operation
Shot blasting (velocity)
Friction

Flame
Flaring
Fired equipment
Gas welding and cutting

Hot surfaces
Fired vessels stacks
Engine exhaust

Heat of compression

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FACILITIES LAYOUT TRAINING COURSE

EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES API 14J

FACILITIES LAYOUT TRAINING COURSE

EQUIPMENT CATEGORIES API 14J

AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15
Aim of IP 15
Avoid ignition of those releases that may occur from time to time
Reduce to an acceptable minimum level the probability of coincidence
of flammable atmosphere and an electrical or other source of ignition
Risk Target is 10-5 year
IP 15 does not concern major releases (spread of flamables more
than 30 m). These shall be minimised by design and operation to an
acceptable residual risk.

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15
Zone 0: The part of a hazardous area in which a
flammable atmosphere is continuously present or present
for long periods
Zone 1: That part of a hazardous area in which a
flammable atmosphere is likely to occur in normal
operation
Zone 2: That part of a hazardous area in which a
flammable atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal
operation and, if it occurs, will only exist for a short
period.
Non-Hazardous: areas that do not fall into any of the
above. (IS NOT SAFE AREA)

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 GRADE OF RELEASE
Continuous grade release: A release that is continuous or nearly so, or
that occurs frequently and for short periods
If it is likely to be present for more than 1000 hours per year.

Primary grade release: a release that is likely to occur periodically or

occasionally in normal operations, i.e. a release which, in operating
procedures is anticipated to occur
If it is likely to be present for between 10 to 1000 hours per year.

Secondary grade release: A release that is unlikely to occur in

normal operation and, in any event, will do so only infrequently and
for short periods i.e. a release which in operating procedures is not
anticipated to occur. Such release may be of unknown size e.g.
fracture of a drain or unknown size e.g. corrosion hole.
If it is likely to be present for 1 to 10 hours per year.
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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15
Continuous grade release Typically Zone 0

Primary grade release

Typically Zone 1

Secondary grade release

Typically Zone 2

Typically refers that it is ventilation dependent

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 - BASIS
Natural ventilation and wind without stagnant zones.
Typically air velocities will not be less than 0.5 m/s and will
frequently be above 2 m/s.

Where a facility is classified as open area, the hazardous area

classification of previous slides applies without further ventilation
considerations.
NB: Risk of reduced natural ventilation shield/tarpaulins

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 POINT SOURCE METHOD

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 POINT SOURCE METHOD

Crude
Unstabilised

Natural Gas

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 POINT SOURCE METHOD FLUID
CATEGORY
Condensate and LPG fall under Category A
Unstabilized crude falls into Category B
Stabilized crude oil falls into Category C
Wet and dry gas fall under Category G(i)
Produced water fall under Category C
Injection sea water does not require to be classified

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 POINT SOURCE METHOD
Piping:
Fully welded
Designed according to ANSI/ASME B31.3

Does not require zoning.

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 POINT SOURCE METHOD
Flanges:
Secondary grade release source
Broken flanges Primary grade

Ten or more flanges are required within close proximity to create

sufficient likelihood of release to justify classification as a secondary
release.

Explains why Fuel gas flange connection to turbines often not

classified

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 POINT SOURCE METHOD
Valves:
Infrequently used
Well maintained

Frequently used

Secondary grade

Additional Primary grade of 0.3 m

(Control valves)

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 POINT SOURCE METHOD
Pig Receivers
Pig receivers are opened frequently and are considered as
primary grade release. The hazardous area should be classified as
zone 1.
When interlock systems are in place, the release when opening
the launcher/receiver will be minor and a hazard radius of 3 m is
suggested in IP 15.
If the operating procedures include purging or water washing
before opening the launcher/receiver the hazard radii can be
reduced to 1.5 m.

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 POINT SOURCE METHOD
Pumps
Secondary grade of release
Seal leakage rates from standard pumps are generally greater
than from those pumps fitted with throttle bushes or from high
integrity type pumps.
A nominal hole size of 2 mm diameter (IP A risk-based approach) can
be taken to represent the leak from a high integrity pump

Note: On multistage pumps, which

normally have a balance line, the seals
will only be subject to a pressure
corresponding to the suction pressure.
The seal pressure for the flushing liquid
is slightly above the pump discharge end
pressure, but this seal pressure will be
lost upon failure of the seal

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 POINT SOURCE METHOD

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AREA CLASSIFICATION
IP 15 PIG RECEIVERS ED PLATFORM

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AREA CLASSIFICATION - VENTILATION

VENTILATION (HVAC) - OBJECTIVES
Avoid ingress of gas/vapours into unclassified area (overpressure)
In enclosures with leak sources, to ensure sufficient ventilation to
reach zone 2 classification or unclassified area.
Provide sufficient air changes to remove fumes, etc.

Separate HVAC systems in hazardous and non-hazardous areas

must be provided.

Refer to sec. 7, Safety Safety

Systems for further about ventilation

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LEVEL SEGREGATION
NORSOK S-001
Fire and explosion evaluations shall be made along with the
development of the layout to minimize the built in escalation
potential. This shall be ensured through the following principles:
Equipment and piping containing HP gas should be located in the
upper decks above the module support frame or main hull.
Liquid vessels should be located lower than gas equipment
Low pressure equipment containing large liquid inventories should
be located and arranged so that exposure to jet fires is
minimised. (BLEVE)
Hydrocarbon containing equipment shall be protected from
external impact e.g. dropped objects and missiles.
Confined and congested modules shall be avoided.
Long narrow modules shall be avoided.
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LEVEL SEGREGATION
GUIDE LEVEL SEGREGATION

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THANK YOU

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