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DownToEarth
SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT FORTNIGHTLY
EC
RD
AY S P
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Why
must
people
die of
flu?
The swine flu outbreak
in India raises an
uncomfortable question
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PAGE
45 per cent higher than the global best and 14 per cent higher than
Chinas average. Clearly, a huge opportunity for India is to improve
efficiency and to replace its existing stock of plantsnot build new
oneswith best technology.
This is not the only challenge.The fact is that power plants pollute air, consume water and dump huge quantities of waste, namely fly ash. Indian plants have a long way to go to clean up this mess.
This is not a small matter. My colleagues have estimated that this
sector alone is responsible for 70 per cent of the total freshwater
withdrawal by all industries; over 60 per cent of the particulate matter emissions; 50 per cent of sulphur dioxide emissions and more
than 80 per cent of mercury emissions. So, if we
clean this sector, we make huge gains in cleaning pollution from Indias industrial sector.
Doing this requires first setting standards
that are stringent and usher in best technology
and management, and then ensuring that monitoring is rigorous and verifiable. cse has found
that most plants either contract out pollution
monitoring to third-party laboratories or have
set up online emission monitoring systems. But
in both cases data is poor and systems unaudited. This is particularly important because no
pollution board has the capacity (or authority)
to shut down a power plant for obvious reasons.
The biggest issue is gainful use of fly ash
since Indias coal is of poor quality. For every
tonne of coal burnt, 35-40 per cent is generated as waste. Just consider the scale of this problem: over 40 per cent land area of power
plants is used to dump ash. Over 1 billion tonnes of ash is lying unused today and to this over 160 million tonnes are added each year.
Everything we have done till date, including specifying the use of
ash in cement manufacturing and bricks, is not making a dent in
the gargantuan pile of muck.
So a clean-up is essential. But for this Indias power sector must
also come clean. The cse project requires companies to voluntarily
share data. It was Indias largest power generator, National Thermal
Power Corporation, which refused public scrutiny. This will not build
a cleaner future. Ultimately, this is the real agenda for reform.
TARIQUE / CSE
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D B N MURTHY
Employment Guarantee
Scheme (MGNREGS), the
rights-based, demanddriven and legally binding
employment guarantee
scheme. It was expected that
an increase in the economic
abilities and the consequent
improvement in the quality
of lives of the poor, as well as
the significant assets building
through the scheme would
eventually offset the effects
of this profligacy. But such an
expectation appears to be a
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contents
24
COVER STORY
11
THE FORTNIGHT
White paper on
rare disorders
17
Short on
data
Absence of reliable
data on water demand
and supply in the
country makes its
management difficult
20
14
Cattle go
hungry
Maharashtra shows no
urgency in dealing with
acute fodder shortage in
the state
8 DOWN TO EARTH
INTERVIEW
Battle
against
plagiarism
Kasturi Lal Chopra,
president of Society
for Scientific Values, is
fighting to rid scientific
institutions of academic
misconduct
44
WILDLIFE
Taming of
the rogues
56
50
OPINION
40
SCIENCE
Plastic threat
Limiting
drug access
58
43
34
ANALYSIS
48
52
FOOD
Multigrain
delight
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FORTNIGHT
CROSS HAIRS
THE
POINT
1.1 bln
people are at
risk of hearing loss
in the world
www.downtoearth.org.in 11
FORTNIGHT
AG R A R I A N C R I S I S
THE
THE
conducted by the
Indian Institute of Science (IISc),
Bengaluru, has said that largescale deforestation, particularly in
high latitude regions, could cause
monsoon rains to shift south, cutting
rainfall in India by nearly a fifth.
Researchers from the IISc used
a model simulating atmosphere
circulation, as well as photosynthesis,
transpiration, warming of the ocean
surface and ice melt. "Our study is
V E R B AT I M
FORTNIGHT
"Mahatma
Gandhi
National
Rural
Employment
Guarantee
Act is a living
monument to
the Congressled UPA
government's
failures"
Prime Minister
Narendra Modi
www.downtoearth.org.in 13
MAHARASHTRA
DROUGHT
Starved of fodder
APARNA PALLAVI
| nagpur
MAHARASHTRA
DROUGHT
Out of fodder
Maharashtra is facing a shortage of
both dry and green fodder
Cattle population in Maharashtra (cow,
bullock, buffalo, sheep, goat)
31,796,849
Dry fodder
Requirement
WAT E R
D AY
SPECIAL
the 12th Plan said it failed to locate any document explaining the basis for the estimate.
WAT E R
D AY
SPECIAL
1,816
1,800
1,545
1,600
1,200
1,210
1,000
800
1,640
1,394
1,340
1,140
1,029
2001
2011
2025
2050
Industrial consumption
62
46
31
42
2000
66
102
2025
2050
Water-thirsty sectors
Water demand (in billion cubic metre)
Irrigation
Domestic
900*
833
Total
680*
2000
Industrial
605
675
637
34
42
66
92
101
161
2025
2050
Various research reports agree that the demand for water by the industrial sector will
show a sustained increase. However, the
underlying assumptions vary, resulting in
widely different projections. For instance,
nciwrd estimates were based on water use
of a small sample of companies. While the
total water usage by industry and energy appeared reasonable, the split between energy
and industry seemed wrong. On the other
hand, mowr had projected inexplicably small
water consumption (totalling 17 bcm in
2010) by the industry and energy sectors and
then went on to project an extraordinary
growth over 40 years. Recently, there have
been attempts to refine these numbers.
The International Water Management
Institute (iwmi), Colombo, has projected industrial water need based on elasticity of demand with respect to gdp. Domestic water
has been estimated based on increased urbanisation and increase in coverage of households. iwmi estimates show that the share of
consumption by the industrial and household sectors will continue to rise, accounting
for a massive 54 and 85 per cent of the incremental water demand by 2025 and 2050.
One curious feature of the Indian industry is that development has occurred without
considering water availability. In fact, some
of the densest industrial clusters are in waterstressed states. A natural consequence of
concentrated industrial activity has been significant pollution levels in both groundwater
and rivers around the industrial clusters. n
Exclusive extract from State of
Indias Environment 2015, an
annual publication of Down To
Earth and Centre for Science
and Environment. Log on to
http://csestore.cse.org.in/
for a copy of the book
16-31 MARCH 2015
Advertisement
URBAN
LAKES
Left to dry
Encroachment of feeder channels and illegal excavation of lake bed are responsible for the decay of the Sarkhej Roza lake
Ahmedabad Municipal
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SUSHMITA SENGUPTA
ahmedabad
20 DOWN TO EARTH
opment around the lakes led to encroachin most cities in the country, is ment of the natural waterways, resulting in
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Ahmedabad Municipal
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were often seen there beunder threat by March end and then draw a tween December and February, says
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Bhavana
Ramrakhiani,
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Lost lakes
a non-profit working on environmental
Associate professor at Gujarat University, issues. She adds that the construction of
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Uphill task
When flu
turns fatal
In the past two months, as many as 1,198 people in
India have died of swine flu, a disease which is only as
threatening as seasonal flu. JYOTSNA SINGH travels to
the worst-affected state, Rajasthan, and talks to health
experts in Delhi to understand why flu viruses are
causing pandemics
UST AS spring was setting in and people were heaving a sigh of relief,
unseasonal rains lashed many parts of the country towards the end of
February, stirring a familiar fear. Most of the states, including Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Delhi and
Gujarat that received heavy rainfall, have reported a high number of swine flu
cases this winter; cases of deaths in these states have touched triple digits. Low
temperature means that H1N1, the virus that causes swine flu, is likely to
thrive in the air for some more time.
Going by the wisdom of public health experts, swine flu is as benign as any other
seasonal flu, but people are wary of it as they fail to distinguish between the two. And
by the time they do, it might be too late for some. Take the case of Kailash Chand,
a 40-year-old daily wager from Guja village in Rajasthans Jaipur district. Despite
cold, cough and mild fever, he avoided going to a doctor for a week and continued
to work at a construction site. We thought he would recover in some time. But his
condition kept worsening. He became weaker and could not walk properly, says
Ramavtar, Chands nephew. They consulted the village health worker, called the
local auxiliary nurse and midwife (anm), but she did not know about the flu or its
treatment. So Ramavtar took Chand to Kotputli town where doctors took three long
days to diagnose the ailment. They said no hospital in Kotputli had the expertise
to treat him and referred him to Sawai Man Singh (sms) hospital, Ramavtar says.
sms hospital in Jaipur is a super-specialty government hospital in the state. By
the time Chand travelled 117 km to reach the hospital, he had developed infection in
both the lungs and breathlessness.The doctors at sms hospital had to immediately admit him in the intensive care unit (icu). Till the time the magazine went to the press,,
COVER
STORY
Kailash Chand
received
treatment for
swine flu a
week after he
experienced
symptoms.
He should
have received
medication
within two
days
Deaths
2009
27,236
981
2010
1,763
20,604
2011
603
75
2012
5,044
405
2013
5,253
699
2014
902
216
2015*
1,198
Chands condition was critical and he was on lifesupport system (see A long road to treatment, p28).
Chand is one of the 5,782 people in Rajasthan
affected by swine flu; the state has recorded 286 deaths.
Rajasthan is one of the poorest states in India, lagging
behind other states not only in economic growth, but
also in education and public health. Public health
experts blame lack of awareness and poor healthcare
infrastructure for the maximum number of swine
flu cases in Rajasthan. Similar excuses are also cited for states like Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
that have equally bad health infrastructure; they have
witnessed 1,899 and 1,077 cases respectively.
But why are relatively developed states, which
have good infrastructure and literacy rates, witnessing such high number of swine flu cases?
22,240
26 DOWN TO EARTH
Water
Matters
Visit us at www.dnvba.com/in
Follow us on Facebook at DNV GL Business Assurance India
COVER
STORY
Poor awareness
Not all health workers, like anms and ashas (accredited social and health activists), are trained to identify swine flu patients and monitor them, says Rajib
Dasgupta, faculty, Centre for Social Medicine and
16-31 MARCH 2015
COVER
STORY
Worrying time
In 1918, H1N1 was first detected in Spain and it led to the worst pandemic in recent history, killing
50 million people worldwide. In the next century, there have been 11 pandemics of new strains of
H1N1. Out of these, seven have been reported in the decade 2005-15
40 Years
1918-1958
10 Years
1959-69
34 Years
1970-2004
Pandemics
triggered by
new strains
Pandemics
triggered by
new strains
new strains or
pandemic
No
10 Years
2005-2015
Pandemics
triggered by
new strains
Source: National Institutes of Health, US
Limited knowledge
Rafi
Ahmed,
director
of
Emory
Vaccine Centre in Atlanta, US, and advisor to the Indian governments department of
biotechnology, warns in the media that if there is a
different H1N1 virus being circulated in India, it
may have global implications. Researchers Kannan
Tharakaraman and Ram Sasisekharan at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US, compared proteins important for virulence and transmissibility in the 2009 and 2014 swine flu epidemics.
They found that the H1N1 flu virus that circulated in India in 2014 was distinct from the one that
caused the flu in 2009. The findings are published in
the March 11 issue of the journal Cell Host & Microbe.
Cashing in on panic
managed to avert a high death
toll caused by swine flu, but is grappling
with another problem. According to the
Government of India's clinical management
protocol of pandemic influenza H1N1, not
all patients need medical care. Those with
mild fever, cough, sore throat, body ache,
nausea and diarrhoea do not even require to
get themselves tested for the virus. But in a
blatant violation of the protocol, many private
hospitals recommend tests, medicines and
even hospitalisation, says Jasvinder Paintal,
doctor at Indraprastha Apollo. Physicians
charge at least `1,500 per visit. Visiting a
patient in ICU is costlier.
Private laboratories are also taking
advantage of the situation to make money. Till
the first week of February, Sequence Lab was
charging `3,500 for swine flu test, while Dr
Dang's Lab was charging `9,000. On February
18, Director General of Health Services Jagdish
Prasad wrote to the Delhi government, asking
it to ensure that government-authorised
DELHI HAS
COVER
STORY
Mutant menace
Unpredictable, prolific nature of flu virus is making it invincible
world hostage. Every year, as the temperatures dip and the air becomes dry, new strains
of flu viruses emerge.
The viruses that emerge with slight changes only
cause seasonal flu. Since they have been circulating in
the air for quite some time, most people are immune
to them and medicines are readily available to tackle
outbreaks they cause. There are others that emerge as
novel strainsand can have the ability to spread more
quickly. They do not encounter the firewall of
protection from pre-existing immunity in a person.
Since no medicine is available to tackle them, a large
section of the population is susceptible to it, resulting
in pandemics.
COVER
STORY
Advertisement
ENVIRONMENTAL
GOVERNANCE
Chaos in
reforms
The TSR
Subramanian
Committee report,
meant to suggest
environmental
governance reforms,
creates more
confusion
SRESTHA BANERJEE |
new delhi
TARIQUE / CSE
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NVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION in
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ENVIRONMENTAL
GOVERNANCE
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ENVIRONMENTAL
TARIQUE / CSE
GOVERNANCE
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SCIENCE
ECOLOGY
Plastic
peril
Waste management
is key to keeping the
oceans free of plastic
waste, new research
suggests
VIBHA VARSHNEY
40 DOWN TO EARTH
generated on land. Plastic pollution in the ocean was first reported in the scientific literature of the early 1970s. In just four
decades, it has become a pressing environmental problem and
has been found even in the most remote corners of the earth. The amount
of plastic entering the oceans is up to 2,000 times more than earlier
estimates.
A study published in the February 13, 2015 issue of the journal,
Science, estimated the amount of plastic that could enter the oceans based
on the amount of unmanaged waste.The researchers found that anything
between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes (mt) of plastic enters the oceans
each year (see More data collection needed on p42).
The researchers estimated the quantity of plastic entering the oceans
by using 2010 data on solid waste produced, population density and economic status of 192 countries that have a coastline. They found that 275
mt of plastic waste was generated in these countries. They then used a
model to estimate the amount of plastic that is likely to enter the oceans
every year, depending on the countrys ability to manage waste.The team
found that the top 20 countries accounted for 83 per cent of the mismanaged plastic waste entering the ocean. China tops the list and throws
16-31 MARCH 2015
`More data
collection needed'
COLUMN
H E D G E H O G TA L E S
RAKESH KALSHIAN
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INTERVIEW
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GOOD
MORNING
DELHI
CSE
ON
Beginning March 4
Every Wednesday, at 9 AM
A CSE and Radio One initiative to inform, involve and engage
Delhi on issues of environment, development and health
Tune in and
lets talk!
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please visit
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PAT E N T LY A B S U R D
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48 DOWN TO EARTH
to respond to disease burden, as a steadily larger percentage of those affected by the diseases live in middle-income
countries. A look at the gavi website shows that in 2015,
some 24 countries will lose its support as their national income rises beyond the eligibility threshold.
Middle-income countries are also affected by the new
tiered pricing and licensing policies followed by pharma companies to market their super expensive life-saving drugs. For instance, Gileads blockbuster Hepatitis C
drug, sofosbuvir, is licensed to be sold at a lower price in
a large number of developing countries but the terms exclude middle-income China which has the highest number of Hepatitis C cases.
THe developed world and the pharma industry prefer
the gni per capita yardstick because it
is simpler to use and widely accepted
despite concerns with World
Bank formulations. However, the
alternative metrics that are being
proposed, such as the available health
infrastructure, infection rates and
health outcomes could prove more
problematic.
But as eai gets down to its task
of ensuring more just access to drugs,
the least developed countries (ldcs)
are also pushing for related guarantees. Under wto rules, ldcs are exempt from the need to enforce iprs on pharma products
till 2016, a special waiver that took into account their dire
health indices and poor infrastructure. In addition, they
were also granted a general waiver in 2013 that freed them
from ipr obligations on all products.
In the last days of February, ldcs sought an indefinite
waiver at a wto meeting, stating that patent protection
contributes to high costs, placing many critical treatments
outside the reach of ldcs. Since ldcs are disproportionately exposed to the health risks associated with poverty,
they said the waiver should be indefinite for as long as a
member remains an ldc. Both developments underline
the huge concern over access to drugs.
SORIT / CSE
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information?
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WILDLIFE
Rogues
tamed
50 DOWN TO EARTH
A captured elephant in a
kraal or wooden enclosure.
All the three captured
elephants will be trained for
use in tourism
The hunt
FOOD
Traditionally
sumptuous
Multigrain food is not new. It
has been part of the Indian diet
since ancient times and comes in
multitude of combinations
CHITRA BALASUBRAMANIAM
Adai with
coconut
chutney
RECIPE
Adai
INGREDIENTS
Rice: 4 cups
Whole black gram (urad), split Bengal
gram (chana dal) and split pigeon pea
(arhar dal): 1 cup
Green chilli, red chilli, asafoetida and
curry leaves: for seasoning
Salt: to taste
METHOD
OPINION
THE ENERGY
DIVIDE
energy use in the country. The data shows that Indians use
firewood, crop residue, cow dung cake, kerosene, lpg and
coallignite, charcoal biogas as fuel sources.
Electricity, followed by kerosene, fulfils lighting needs of most
households in the country. Other sources, including solar light,
account for a very small fraction. The census data also categorises
households as No lighting. But this category is very small
numerically ideally, it should have been near zero.
Given the relatively straightforward distribution of lighting
sources, it will be convenient to take up this category first. The set of
maps shows states in terms of use of electricity and kerosene as a
source of lighting: high, medium and low. For example, the first map
(see Districts that lack electricity make up with kerosene on p56)
shows low electricity use in a contiguous patch in the northern and
the north-eastern India, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha,
West Bengal and Assam (shown in red in the first map in the set).
Kerosene use, concomitantly, is high in these areas (green in the
second map in the set). Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh occupy an intermediate position in terms of electricity
use (yellow in the first map) while most southern and western states
and the northern states of Punjab, Haryana Himachal and Jammu
and Kashmir show high electricity use (green in the first map). This
pattern persists for both rural and urban areas.
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Source of lighting:
Electricity
>71
<= 55
> 55 & <= 71
>55
<= 30
> 30 & <= 55
2001
>80
< 47
>= 47 & <= 80
>67
<= 25
>25 & <= 67
2001
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LAST WORD
CIVIL LINES
R I C H A R D M A H A PAT R A
58 DOWN TO EARTH
First-ever
environment impact
study of Indias coal
thermal power sector,
covering 47 plants
with 55% of the
countrys thermal
electricity capacity
DAY
O
T
Y
P
O
RC
GET YOU
/sustainability