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Present Perfect

Form of Present Perfect Simple


P: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
Q: Has he spoken?

Use of Present Perfect Simple


Present Perfect Simple is used for actions that started in the past and stopped recently or are still
going on. The focus is on the result.
Action that is still going on
Situation that is still the same as it was in the past. We want to emphasise that the situation
has not changed.
Examples:
Your advice has always been extremely helpful.
We have not yet received a remittance for the goods supplied to you.
Action that stopped recently
Action that has just been completed. We want to emphasise the result.
Examples:
I have typed five letters.
I have just received your mail.
Action in the past that has an influence on the present
Action that was completed in the past, but has an influence on a present situation. Note that
you must not give a certain time for the action in the past (if you want to use a time
expression, you must use Simple Past.
Examples:
I have lost Misses Wildes phone number.
We have agreed on the following points:
Action that so far has taken place never, once or several times
Action that happened / did not happen in the past. We want to emphasise how often the
action has taken place so far.
Examples:
I have never been to our New York subsidiary.
Misses Newton has already phoned three times to inquire about the delivery of her goods.

Signal Words of Present Perfect Simple


already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

Form of Present Perfect


Positive
Negative
Question
I / you / we / they I have spoken. I have not spoken. Have I spoken?
He has not
he / she / it
He has spoken.
Has he spoken?
spoken.
For irregular verbs, use the participle form. For regular verbs, just add ed.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed


Exceptions in spelling when adding ed
after a final e only add d
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel
or l as final consonant after a vowel is
doubled
final y after a consonant becomes i

Example
love loved
admit admitted
travel travelled
hurry hurried

Use of Present Perfect


puts emphasis on the result
Example: She has written five letters.
action that is still going on
Example: School has not started yet.
action that stopped recently
Example: She has cooked dinner.
finished action that has an influence on the present
Example: I have lost my key.
action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking
Example: I have never been to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfect


already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now

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