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PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GAS


Jn Steinar Gumundsson
TPG4140 Naturgass
September 16, 2008

Introduction
Equations and properties used in course
Real gas law, z-factor, density and FVF
Corresponding states
Viscosity of natural gas
Heat capacity and heat capacity ratio
Water vapour in natural gas
Summary

Properties Used in Equations

Density, need z-factor and molecular weight


Flow in wells, need z-factor and viscosity
Pressure drop in pipelines, need density and viscosity
Temperature in pipelines, need heat capacity
Compressor power and exhaust temperature, need
molecular weight and heat capacity ratio
Molecular weight, need relative density (gravity)
Reynolds number, need density and viscosity
Wobbe index, need calorific value and relative density
Hydrates and water, need water vapour in natural gas
(diagram or PVT package)

Real Gas Law


pV = znRT
pv = zRT
z sc 1
p Tsc 1

Vsc = V
psc T z
p Tsc 1

qsc = q
psc T z

Density and FVF


pV = znRT
V
M=
n
pM
=
zRT
V
B( FVF ) =
Vsc

m3
3
Sm

T psc
z
B =
Tsc p
q = qsc B

Finding real gas factor (z-factor)


Diagram based on corresponding states, reduced
pressure and temperature for single components and
pseudo-reduced pressure and temperature for natural
gas.
Empirical equations matched to z-factor diagram for
natural gas. Uses many constants and coefficients and in
some cases iteration.
Equation Of State (EOS) such as Peng-Robinson,
Redlich-Kwong and Benedict-Webb-Rubin. Implemented
in many different computer programs.
EOS implemented in many commercial computer
packages such as Hysys, Prosper and PVTsim.

Real gas factor with pressure at 25 C

Fletcher (1993)

Real gas factor with reduced p & T

Fletcher (1993)

Reduced p & T
p
pr (= p pr ) =
pc
T
Tr (= T pr ) =
Tc
pc = pci yi
i

Tc = Tci yi
i

Kays Rule

Corresponding States
When pressure and temperature are normalized using
critical pressure and temperature, then all properties
become the same/similar, irrespective of composition.
Normalized pressure or temperature are called reduced
pressure or temperature in one component systems.
Normalized pressure or temperature are called pseudoreduced pressure or temperature in multi-component
systems.
Commonly used when gas properties (natural gas and
other gases) are to be correlated and/or presented.

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GPA (1998)

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Rojey o.a. (1997)

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Equations and Gravity

p pc = 4,892 0,405 ( MPa)


Tpc = 94,72 170,75 ( K )
o

M gass
M luft

M gass = 28,964 (ved s.c.)


Thomas o.a. (1970), fra Rojey o.a. (1997)

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Physical Constants of Natural Gas

Campbell (1984)

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Example Calculation for Natural Gas

GPA (1998)

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Viscosity from Diagram


Diagram shows viscosity against temperature for gas
components (methane, ethane, propane etc.) at
atmospheric pressure.
Empirical equation (shown under) gives estimate of
viscosity to natural gas (mixture of methane, ethane,
propane etc.) at atmospheric pressure.
Diagram gives viscosity ratio to viscosity at atmospheric
pressure against reduced pressure and temperature

1/ 2
y
M

i i i
1/ 2
y
M
i i

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Katz o.a. (1959), fra Rojey o.a. (1997)

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Katz o.a. (1959), fra Rojey o.a. (1997)

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Viscosity from correlation


Several correlations in literature, for example Carr et al.
(1954), Lee et al. (1966) and Pedersen et al. (1987).
Lee et al. (1966) correlation has recently been
evaluated by Jeje and Mattar (2004) and has the form
shown below. K, X and y are given by empirical
equations.
The correlation is available as spreadsheet on home
page to course, link shown below.

= K exp(X

www.ipt.ntnu.no/~jsg/undervisning/naturgass/BeregningerDiverse.xls

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Campbell (1984)

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Beggs (1984)

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Heat Capacity
C p = + T + T 2
Cp
R

= A + BT + CT 2

Cp

= 1,702 + 9,081 10 3 T 2,164 10 6 T 2


R CH 4
R = 8,314 (kJ / kmol.K )

(C )

p CH
4

= 0,2047 + 1,092 10 3 0,2603 10 6 (kJ / kmol.K )

Nr per mol bruk molfraksjon for blanding


Nr per masse bruk massefraksjon for blanding

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Smith o.a. (1996)

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GPA (1998)

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Tools, Data & Hysys


BEREGNINGER DIVERSE (EXCEL) - Calculations Miscellaneous
(Excel)
GASS-SAMMENSETNING EKSEMPLER - Gas Composition
Examples
GASS-SAMMENSETNING I EKSPORTRRLEDNINGER - Gas
Composition in Export Pipelines
FLUIDEGENSKAPER - Fluid Properties
OM KOMME I GANG MED HYSYS (fra N. Nesse)
LREPROGRAM - Tutorial
INSTALLASJON AV PROGRAMPAKKE - Installation of Program
Package

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Summary
Several physical and thermodynamic properties of
natural gas are used in course.
Real gas law and reduced pressure and temperature
used in diagrams.
Empirical correlations used for transport properties, for
example for viscosity.
Heat capacity can be obtained from figures.
Equation Of State (EOS) used in computer programs for
pVT properties (also thermodynamic properties).
Hysys available at NTNU (see info. on home page).

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References

Beggs, H.D. (1984): Gas Production Operations, OGCI Publications, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Campbell, J.S. (1994): Gas Conditioning and Processing, Campbell Petroleum Series, Norman,
Oklahoma.
Fletcher, P. (1993): Chemical Thermodynamics, Longman, Harlow, Essex.
Gas Processors Association (1998): Engineering Data Book, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Jeje. O. & Mattar, L. (2004): Comparison of Correlations for Viscosity of Sour Natural Gas, 5th
Canadian International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, Alberta, June 8-10, Paper 2004-214.
Rojey, A. (1997): Natural Gas, ditions Technip, Paris.
Smith, J.M., Van Ness, H.C. & Abbott, M.M. (1996): Introduction to Chemical Engineeering
Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York.

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