General Physics (PHY 2130)

Lecture 24
Solids and fluids
Fluids in motion
Oscillations
Simple harmonic motion

http://www.physics.wayne.edu/~apetrov/PHY2130/

Lightning Review
Last lecture:
1. Solids and fluids
different states of matter; fluids
density, pressure, etc.
Review Problem: A piece of metal is released under water. The volume of the
metal is 50.0 cm3 and its specific gravity is 5.0. What is its initial acceleration?
(Note: when v = 0, there is no drag force.)

Example: A piece of metal is released under water. The volume of the metal is
50.0 cm3 and its specific gravity is 5.0. What is its initial acceleration? (Note:
when v = 0, there is no drag force.)

Idea: apply Newtons 2nd Law

to the piece of metal:

FBD for
the metal

FB

F = F

x
w

w = ma

The magnitude of the buoyant force equals the

weight of the fluid displaced by the metal.

FB = waterVg
Solve for a:

waterV

waterVg
FB
a=
g =
g = g
1
V

m
objectVobject
object object

Example continued:
Since the object is completely submerged V=Vobject.

specific gravity =

water

where water = 1000 kg/m3 is the density of

water at 4 C.

Given

object
specific gravity =
= 5.0
water

waterV

a=g
1 = g
1 = g
1 = 7.8 m/s2
V

S .G.
5.0
object
object

Fluid Flow
A moving fluid will exert forces parallel to the surface over which it
moves, unlike a static fluid. This gives rise to a viscous force that
impedes the forward motion of the fluid.
A steady flow is one where the velocity at a given point in a fluid is
constant. Steady flow is laminar; the fluid flows in layers.
An ideal fluid is incompressible, undergoes laminar flow, and has no viscosity.

V1 =
constant

V2 =
constant
v1v2

Fluids in Motion: Streamline Flow

Streamline flow
every particle that passes a particular point moves exactly
along the smooth path followed by particles that passed the
point earlier
also called laminar flow
Streamline is the path
different streamlines cannot cross each other
the streamline at any point coincides with the direction of fluid
velocity at that point

Fluids in Motion: Turbulent Flow

The flow becomes irregular
exceeds a certain velocity
any condition that causes abrupt changes in velocity

Equation of Continuity

The amount of mass that flows though the cross-sectional area A1 is the
same as the mass that flows through cross-sectional area A2.

V
= Av
t

is called the volume flow rate (units m3/s)

m
= Av
t

is the mass flow rate (units kg/s)

The continuity equation is

1 A1v1 = 2 A2v2

If the fluid is incompressible, then 1= 2.

Example: A garden hose of inner radius 1.0 cm carries water at 2.0 m/s. The
nozzle at the end has radius 0.20 cm. How fast does the water move through
the constriction?

A1v1 = A2v2
A1
r12
v2 = v1 = 2 v1
A2
r2
2

1.0 cm
=
(2.0 m/s) = 50 m/s
0.20 cm

Oscillations
Simple Harmonic Motion

Recall: Hookes Law

Fs = - k x
Fs is the spring force
k is the spring constant
It is a measure of the stiffness of the spring
A large k indicates a stiff spring and a small k indicates a soft spring

x is the displacement of the object from its equilibrium

position
The negative sign indicates that the force is always directed
opposite to the displacement
The force always acts toward the equilibrium position
It is called the restoring force

Hookes Law Applied to a

Spring Mass System
When x is positive (to the

right), F is negative (to the left)

When x = 0 (at equilibrium), F

is 0
When x is negative (to the left),

F is positive (to the right)

Example: two springs

The springs 1 and 2 in Figure have spring
constants of 40.0 N/cm and 25.0 N/cm,
respectively. The object A remains at
rest, and both springs are stretched
equally. Determine the stretch.

Motion of the Spring-Mass System

Assume the object is initially pulled to x = A and

released from rest

As the object moves toward the equilibrium
position, F and a decrease, but v increases
At x = 0, F and a are zero, but v is a maximum
The objects momentum causes it to overshoot
the equilibrium position
The force and acceleration start to increase in the
opposite direction and velocity decreases
The motion continues indefinitely

Simple Harmonic Motion

Motion that occurs when the net force along the

direction of motion is a Hookes Law type of force

The force is proportional to the displacement and in the

opposite direction
The motion of a spring mass system is an example

of Simple Harmonic Motion

Not all periodic motion over the same path can be
considered Simple Harmonic motion
To be Simple Harmonic motion, the force needs to
obey Hookes Law

Amplitude, Period and Frequency

Amplitude, A
The amplitude is the maximum position of the object relative to the
equilibrium position
In the absence of friction, an object in simple harmonic motion will
oscillate between A on each side of the equilibrium position

The period, T, is the time that it takes for the object to

complete one complete cycle of motion

From x = A to x = - A and back to x = A

The frequency, , is the number of complete cycles or

vibrations per unit time

Acceleration of an Object in Simple

Harmonic Motion
Newtons second law will relate force and

acceleration
The force is given by Hookes Law
F=-kx=ma
or

a = -kx / m

The acceleration is a function of position

Acceleration is not constant and therefore the uniformly
accelerated motion equation cannot be applied

Elastic Potential Energy

The energy stored in a stretched or compressed

spring or other elastic material is called elastic

potential energy

PEs = kx2
The energy is stored only when the spring is

stretched or compressed
Elastic potential energy can be added to the
statements of Conservation of Energy and WorkEnergy

Energy in a Spring Mass System

Consider a situation:

1. A block sliding on a

frictionless system
collides with a light
spring
2. The block attaches
to the spring

Energy Transformations

The block is moving on a frictionless surface

The total mechanical energy of the system is the

kinetic energy of the block

Energy Transformations, 2

The spring is partially compressed

The energy is shared between kinetic energy and elastic

potential energy
The total mechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic energy
and the elastic potential energy

Energy Transformations, 3

The spring is now fully compressed

The block momentarily stops
The total mechanical energy is stored as elastic

potential energy of the spring

Energy Transformations, 4

When the block leaves the spring, the total mechanical

energy is in the kinetic energy of the block

The spring force is conservative and the total energy of the
system remains constant

Velocity as a Function of Position

Conservation of Energy allows a calculation of the

velocity of the object at any position in its motion

k 2
v=
A x2
m

Speed is a maximum at x = 0
Speed is zero at x = A
The indicates the object can be traveling in either

direction

A Vertical Mass and Spring

When a mass-spring system is oriented vertically, it will exhibit SHM with
the same period and frequency as a horizontally placed system.
At equilibrium position (b)

= +kd mg = 0

At (c), displaced the equilibrium by y

Fspring , y = k (d y )

= k (d y) mg = kd ky mg = ky

= ky
25

Example: oscillator
A block of mass 1.00 kg is attached to a spring with a spring constant of
30.0 N/m, which is stretched 0.200 m from its equilibrium position. How
much work must be done to stretch it an additional 0.100 m? What
maximum speed will the block attain if the system is then let go?

Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform

Circular Motion
A ball is attached to the rim of

a turntable of radius A
The focus is on the shadow
that the ball casts on the
screen
When the turntable rotates
with a constant angular speed,
the shadow moves in simple
harmonic motion

Period and Frequency from Circular Motion

Period

m
T = 2
k

This gives the time required for an object of mass m

attached to a spring of constant k to complete one cycle of

its motion
Frequency

1 1 k
= =
T 2 m

Units are cycles/second or Hertz, Hz

The angular frequency is related to the frequency

k
= 2 =
m

Motion as a Function of Time

Use of a reference circle

allows a description of
the motion
x = A cos (2t)
x is the position at time t
x varies between

+A and -A

Graphical Representation of Motion

When x is a maximum

or minimum, velocity is
zero
When x is zero, the
velocity is a maximum
When x is a maximum in
the positive direction, a
is a maximum in the
negative direction

Verification of Sinusoidal Nature

This experiment

shows the sinusoidal

nature of simple
harmonic motion
The spring mass
system oscillates in
simple harmonic
motion
The attached pen
traces out the
sinusoidal motion

32

Example: The period of oscillation of an object in an ideal mass-spring

system is 0.50 sec and the amplitude is 5.0 cm. What is the speed at the
equilibrium point?
Idea: lets use energy conservation: at equilibrium x = 0:

1
1
1
E = K + U = mv 2 + kx 2 = mv 2
2
2
2
Since E=constant, at equilibrium (x = 0) the KE must be a maximum.
Thus, v = vmax = A.

2
2
=
= 12.6 rads/sec
T
0.50 s

and v = A = (5.0 cm )(12.6 rads/sec ) = 62.8 cm/sec