Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HT2012
July 8-12, 2012 Puerto Rico, USA
HT2012-58443
APPLICATION OF KOVALEV TYPE MODELING TO EVAPORATION IN BIPOROUS
MEDIA
Sean W. Reilly
University of California, Los Angeles Mechanical
and Aerospace Engineering Department
Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
Sintered copper porous media has found many uses in
the electronics cooling industry as it effectively transfers energy
while maintaining low heater side temperatures. Evaporator
wicks of this type transfer heat through sensible and latent heat
as the liquid evaporates. The evaporation process is a function
of the input heat flux and the capillary pressure available to
pump condensed liquid to the surface of the heater from the
condenser. As vapor is produced, it must be shed from the
wick. A biporous wick is particularly effective for this
application as there are two distinct size distributions of pores;
small pores to provide ample capillary pressure in order to
drive flow through the wick and large pores to provide high
permeability for escaping vapor. Modeling of this process
through the complex geometry of a biporous wick has been
attempted many different ways for boiling in the wick;
however, this work will focus strictly on evaporation. The
modeling proposed in this work is based on the work by
Kovalev (1987), which used a pore size distribution in order to
determine the most probably pore size at a given position. The
model distinguishes phases by choosing a cutoff pore size,
above which all pores were assumed to be filled with vapor and
below which filled with liquid. For a given thickness and
thermophysical properties of the liquid, this 1-D model predicts
a temperature difference across the wick for a given input heat
flux. This model is especially appropriate for Biporous wicks
where the size distribution of pores is fairly well known and the
large and small pores differ enough in size for the assumption
of fluid phases to be reasonably acceptable. The modeling
proposed in this work was compared to experimental data
collected on biporous evaporators at UCLA for validation. It is
hoped that this modeling is the starting point for more extensive
modeling and optimization of biporous evaporators for phase
change heat transfer devices.
Ivan Catton
University of California, Los Angeles Mechanical
and Aerospace Engineering Department
Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.
INTRODUCTION
Heat pipes are incredibly useful phase change heat transfer
devices for use in many applications, such as electronics
cooling and space based devices. A heat pipe functions by
adding heat at one end and removing it from the other. Where
the heat is added, liquid is evaporated, raising the pressure
inducing flow of vapor to the condenser. Once the liquid has
condensed it travels down the walls of the tube back to the
evaporator. The simplest version of a heat pipe, a thermosiphon or Perkins tube, the walls of the tube are smooth and the
device is oriented perpendicular to gravity with heat added at
the bottom. The fluid is inserted and is put under a vacuum of a
given strength in order to manipulate the saturation
temperature. The saturation temperature is generally chosen to
be application specific, so that operation occurs in a prescribed
range.
In order to expand the performance envelope of these type
of devices, the surface morphology of the three main regions of
the heat pipe (evaporator, condenser, and the adiabatic region
separating the latter and former) can be changed to enhance
performance. A common modification is to add structures to
the interior of the device in order to provide more surface area
for evaporation and provide capillary pressure to aid in liquid
supply to the evaporator. There are many examples of these
structures; grooves, screens, and sintered copper to name a few.
The added capillary pressure for liquid supply allows the device
to be operated in orientations opposing the force of gravity as
well as altered shapes.
This work will be limited to the investigation of sintered
copper wicks as liquid supply and evaporator. The particular
wick used for this investigation was a biporous wick, in
which there are two distinct pore size values within the wick.
The logic being that the small pores provide capillary pressure
and the larger pores provide the vapor permeability required to
effectively transfer heat to the condensation region.
NOMENCLATURE
List of symbols
keff effective thermal conductivity of a biporous
Figure 1: Boiling regime map for Biporous Media
medium (W/m/oK)
qchf critical wall heat flux at which dry out of larger
2
Biporous Layer
Monolayer
(oK)
Ts- Temperature measurement around sample collar
perimeter (oK)
WICK CHARACTERISTICS
The wick chosen for use in this investigation was selected
because of the large amounts of experimental data collected at
UCLA that could be used to compare against. This wick had a
particle size of 60 m, an 800 m thick biporous layer and 300
m thick clusters. The overall thickness of the wick was 800
m. The nomenclature I use to describe these parameters is
Biporous Layer dimensions. The wick mentioned above will
appear as 60_300_800.
From previous work by Seminic [3] we know that the
average porosities for the monoporous layer is approximately
0.277 and for the Biporous layer is 0.642. The pore size
distributions range from 3-9 m for the monoporous layer and
30-100 m for the biporous layer.
P =
(1)
r
v = 0
(2)
2 P = 0
(3)
k wick T = qs
Pc Pv Pl
22** *cos
* cos R*
=
=
x
x x
R*2 ( x)
x
(4)
P
=0
y
k wall
T
= qin
y
(6)
P = Psat
(7)
T = Tsat ( Psat )
(8)
2*
rmin
Pl r l r
= l g
Jl
x
Kl
(11)
Pl r l r
= l g
Jl
x
Kl
(12)
(5)
The above three equations are combined and
rearranged to form a single equation that relates the liquid and
vapor momentum to the cutoff radius R*. This equation is seen
below.
r l r
dR *
R *2 r v r
=
g
+ J l (13)
v
l
dz
cos( ) v
kv
kl
At y =
P =
(10)
(9)
Q
z + Qc = 0
z
(14)
2 ( z )
R * (z)
+
z
z
2hc R *( z ) = 0
(15)
keff
hc
Jv
=
dz h fg v z
G=
G 2 ( z )
2 R * ( z ) ( z )
=
=
2
z
z
R * ( z ) z
z
2hc
+
keff R *( z )
v J v
(16)
(17)
R *
Y =
G
Jv
(22)
R *
Y =
z G
Jv
(23)
dR *
R *2
=
*
dz
cos( )
r
r v r
r l v J v
J v l g +
v g
kv
kl l
(18)
=G
z
dR *
R *2
=
*
dz
cos( )
r
r v r
r l v J v
J v l g +
v g
kv
kl l
(21)
The equations used for the Euler solution are listed in order
below.
( z)
2 R * ( z ) ( z )
=
2
z
R *( z ) z
z
2hc
+
keff R *( z )
(20)
SOLUTION METHOD
A modified Euler method was used in order to solve
the above equations. The variables to be solved for in this
model are R*, Jv, G, and .
Jl =
(24)
(25)
(19)
G 2 ( z )
2
R *( z ) ( z )
=
=
+
2
z
z
keff R * ( z ) z
z
2hc
keff R *( z )
(26)
model to validate the model. The first wick shown is for a wick
that is 69_462_800, examined experimentally by Seminic. The
results of this comparison are seen below in Figure 4.
dT vs q
90
80
70
(27)
60
dT (T-Te)
hc
Jv
=
dz h fg v z
The boundary conditions used are seen below.
75e 6(m,@ z = 0)
0@ z =
Y (0) = q
( keff ,@ z = 0)
0(@ z = 0)
50
40
30
20
(28)
10
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
q (W/cm2)
The above figure shows that the model predicts fairly well
the performance of the wick, at least prior to dryout. However,
this is mainly because the model is not equipped to handle
multiple boiling regions of performance. Once the wick begins
to dryout and the liquid recedes into the pores of the clusters,
the proper cutoff radius cannot be properly estimated by the
model with constant thermophysical properties.
dT vs q
60
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Comparisons of model results and experimental data will
presented in this section. This work compares two wicks with
50
40
dT (T-Te)
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
This model makes use of approximations for the
thermophysical properties of the wick. A value of 18 W/(m*K)
was used to describe the dry thermal conductivity of the wick
as this was the experimental value collected by Seminic (2007).
Furthermore, values used for the vapor and liquid permeability
were relations pulled from work by Seminic. A constant
evaporation heat transfer coefficient of (he = 2e4 W/(m^2*K)),
which is taken from a similar work by Vadnjal.
The values for density and viscosity were taken for
liquid water at an assumed temperature of 40 degrees Celsius as
this is a typical saturation temperature observed in boiling
chamber testing. These were also taken from experimental
study. Due to the complexity of modeling flow and phase
change in porous media, these constant approximations were
used in place of more complex treatments of the parameters in
order to develop a stable solution. In the future, different
methods of determining these parameters will be used and this
will be discussed later in this work.
30
20
10
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
q (W/cm2)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to acknowledge the support for this work
under DARPA BAA07-36 Thermal Ground Plane (TGP). In
particular, we would like to acknowledge Dr. Tadej Seminic for
suggesting this research in his thesis (Seminic, 2007) and our
program manager, Dr. Avram Bar-Cohen. The views, opinions,
and/or findings contained in this article/presentation are those
of the author/presenter and should not be interpreted as
representing the official views or policies, either expressed or
implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or
the Department of Defense.
REFERENCES.
1.
ANNEX A
PUT ANNEX TITLE HERE