DUCTILITY AND PREVENTION

OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE

TOPICS
Types of Loading
Structural Distress under Various
Loading Conditions
Ductility Provisions and
Structural Repair/Retrofit
Relevant Research at UAP
Conclusions

Types of Loading

Structural Distress under Various

Loading Conditions
Quasi-Static Loads
Machine Vibration
Impact Loads
Blast Loading
Cyclonic Storm Loading

Quasi-Static Loads
Vertical Loads
Overload from service requirement and careless
use
Poor construction practices and material quality

Cracks in Beams and

Columns

Ultimate Collapse of Structure

Support Settlement
Overloaded super-structure and sub-structure
Filling up lands, ponds, with soft infill
No/inaccurate soil test and no soil improvement

(a) Building before support settlement, (b) Uniform settlement,

(c) Differential settlement

Cracks indicating Differential Support Settlement

Extreme Temperature (Fire)

Steel melts as in September 11, 2001
Dehydration of paste in the concrete matrix

Fig. 7(a): The effect of fire flame on the compressive strength at 1-hour
of exposure

Effect of temperature on
(a) Steel yield strength, (b) Concrete compressive strength

Impact Loads
Progressive Failure of Slabs
Sudden drop of top slab causes a large impact load
Creates a series of slab failures heaped like a pack
of cards (called a pancake failure)

Progressive Failure of slabs in (a) USA, (b) Bangladesh

Vehicular Impact on Bridge Railings

Railing crash involving (a) smaller vehicle, (b) larger vehicle

Vehicular Impact on Bridge Railings

Arrangements for vehicular-impact test of RC railings

Machine Vibration
Machines and Power Generators
Careless Placement and Design
May cause Resonance and Fatigue

Fig. 11: Dynamic amplification of machine vibration

Dynamic Amplification of Machine Vibration

Blast Loading
Nature of Blast Loading
One blast can change history
Extremist views and access to explosives
Very sudden and very high pressure

10

20

30

Distance R
(m)
40
50

10000 kg
500 kg

1000 kg

10 kg

100 kg

1 kg

September 11, 2001

Distance R
(m)
Fig. 14: Variation of blast pressure with distance, for explosives of different weights

Variation of Blast Pressure with

Controlled Demolition
Ever-changing urban infrastructure in this country
Predicament in the demolition of a single building

Controlled Demolition

Hydraulic Loading
Cyclones in Bangladesh
Date
09 Oct
30 Oct
09 May
28 May
11 May
12 Nov
25 May
29 April
15 Nov
25 May

Year
1960
1960
1961
1963
1965
1970
1985
1991
2007
2009

Max. Wind Speed(Kmph))

162
210
146
203
162
223
154
225
240
120

Storm Surge Ht. (m)

3
4.5~6
2.5~3
4~5
4
6~10
3~5
6~8
5~6
2~3

Deaths
3,000
5,149
11,466
11,520
19,279
5,00,000
11,069
1,38,000
3,406
330

Loads due to Surge (BNBC, 1993)

Coastal Region

Surge Height at Sea Coast, hT (m)

T = 50-year

T = 100-year

Teknaf to Cox's Bazar

4.5

5.8

Chakaria to Anwara, Maheshkhali-Kutubdia Islands

7.1

8.6

Chittagong to Noakhali

7.9

9.6

Sandwip, Hatiya and all islands in this region

7.9

9.6

Bhola to Barguna

6.2

7.7

Sarankhola to Shyamnagar

5.3

6.4

Ductility Provisions and

Structural Repair/Retrofit

Ductility Provisions in Structural

Design

Methods of Structural Retrofitting

Ductility Provisions in Structural Design

Provisions for Quasi-Static Load
Steel yielding preferred to Concrete crushing
Balanced Steel Ratio ( ), Maximum (
)
b
max
and Minimum Steel Ratio (min)
Column Ties and Spirals, latter is more ductile

Behavior of tied and spirally reinforced

columns (Nilson)

Provisions for Impact Load

Arrangements of free fall tests on concrete slabs

Provisions for Machine Vibration

Fig. 19: Machines supported on shock-absorbing springs

Provisions for Cyclone Load

Coastal forest and vegetation (a) diminished tsunami wave height,

(b) prevented destruction of houses at West Java

Blast Resistant Design

Blast Resistant Planning

Pair of Links

Pair of Links

(a) Beam-Column connection details (b) CFRP wrapped Column

Methods of Structural Retrofitting

Jacketing and Confinement

Steel jacketed columns

(a) circular, (b) rectangular with elliptical jacket

FRP jacketed (a) Circular Columns,

(b) Square Columns
Jacketing and Confinement with
transverse ties

Seismic Retrofitting
Global Strategies
- Adding shear wall, infill wall, wing wall
Makes
- Adding bracing
stiffer
- Wall thickening
- Mass reduction (using lighter
materials)
- Supplemental damping (TMD, TLD)
- Base Isolation (shock absorber)
Local Strategies
- Jacketing of Beams, Columns, Joints
- Strengthening of individual footings

Makes
stronger

Retrofitting Beam-Column Frames

Jacketing of Columns

Relevant Research at UAP

Numerical Study on Design of Blast

Resistant Buildings
Dynamic Response of Coastal Structures
to Ocean Wave Loading
Dynamic Response of RC Railing to
Vehicular Impact
Transverse/Compression Reinforcement
in RC Beams

Numerical Study on Design of Blast

Resistant Buildings
y(t), F(t)

k
ym

ye

F(t)
Fm

td

Response to Blast Load for Ru/Fm = 0.10~2.0

and Damping Ratio (a) 0%, (b) 5%

(a) Damped SDOF system with elastic fullyplastic k, (b) Blast Loading

Ductility Ratio (yu/ye) for 6-Storied Building

Column

k (k/ft)

ye (ft)

yu (ft)

Ru (k)

m (k-s2/ft)

Tn (s)

yu/ye

6-00N

1.44E+03

1.06E-02

0.43

15.2

29.35

0.90

40.3

6-00M

1.27E+03

9.45E-03

3.83

12.0

29.35

0.96

406

6-100

1.33E+03

1.30E-02

6.14

17.3

29.35

0.93

472

6-1000

1.11E+03

1.69E-02

6.14

18.7

29.35

1.02

364

Ductility Demand (ym/ye) for Different Loading Conditions

W (kg)
100

1000

10000

td/Tn

0.0125
0.0250
0.0500
0.0125
0.0250
0.0500
0.0125
0.0250
0.0500

R = 3m
356
847
1859
5242
11423
23818
55190
118559
245327

6-Storied
R = 10m
0.68
1.55
4.57
51
142
347
1246
2802
5943

R = 30m
0.016
0.033
0.069
0.194
0.416
0.857
6.91
22.97
65.90

Dynamic Response of Coastal Structures

to Ocean Wave Loading

WC

WCW

(a) Moment-Curvature Relationship, (b) Curvature vs. Time

for GF column of 6-Storied Building for 50-Year Storm

Dynamic Response of RC Railing to

Vehicular Impact
190mm

150mm

2-19mm

2-19mm

290mm

200mm

3-19mm

2-19mm

Cross-sections of
Railing and Rail Post

Moment-curvature relationship of Railing

and Rail Post for different strain rates

Dynamic Response showing effect of

(a) Vehicular Weight, (b) Velocity and Angle
Maximum Deflections (mm) from Parametric Studies
ult

250

Ref of various Posts

Damping Ratio

Weight (ton)

Velocity (kmph), Angle()

Top

Middle

Side

4%

2%

100, 90

50, 30

330

168

187

377

390

413

244

517

193

Experimental Work on Column Retrofit

Conclusions
Careful assessment of structural loads, and
better construction practice necessary
Member jacketing and confinement
Proper assessment of soil properties
necessary from accurate soil testing
Soil strengthening measures

Member detailing measures and shockabsorbing devices can be used to improve

structural performance to Impact loads

Machine Vibrations should either be

transferred to rigid sub-structure or
supported on flexible spring/damper
Large stand-off distance, shock
absorbers and member ductility
necessary for Blast Resistant Design
Measures to resist cyclonic storms
(combination of wave, current and
wind forces) include protective
vegetation and member ductility

THANK YOU