Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
on
ti
olu
Actions
ces
rvi
Jay Haskell
Caracas, Venezuela
Geoff Spalding
Amoco (UK) Exploration Co.
Aberdeen, Scotland
Se
Steve Bartz
Joe M. Mach
Jawaid Saeedi
Houston, Texas, USA
Production
Enhancement
Jeff Spath
Jakarta, Indonesia
Jorge Manrique
Englewood, Colorado, USA
Hemanta Mukherjee
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Tom Olsen
Aberdeen, Scotland
Steve Opsal
Texaco Exploration and Production Inc.
New Orleans, Louisiana
Eduardo Proano
Lafayette, Louisiana
Mark Semmelbeck
Midland, Texas
Oilfield Review
Field support
Field Support
Interpretation,
ID Groupsdevelopment
Area
engineers
Staff
Engineers
Custom-solutions teams
g
d rin
an inee
n
tio ng
uc ir e
od vo
Pr ser
re
Pr
re odu
se c
rv tio
oir n
en and
gi
ne
er
ing
Production Enhancement
Proactiverecognition
Candidate
Candidate Recognition
PEG-PCR
PEGS
DESC-PE
DESC-PE
Winter 1997
PEG Locations
Anchorage
Calgary
Aberdeen
Moscow
Paris
Beijing
Denver
Oklahoma City
Algeria
Midland
Cairo Kazakhstan
New Orleans
Houston
Lafayette
Bangkok
Caracas
Dubai
La Salinas
Maracaibo
Maturin
Tia Juana
Jakarta
Adelaide
The PEG teams. At this time, there are PEG offices located in key markets around the
world and more are planned. Some of these areas, like Venezuela with six in place, have
multiple teams. Proactive integrated efforts by PEG specialists recommend actions to
improve client production without regard to specific company or individual service
considerations within the Schlumberger Oilfield Services group.
Oilfield Review
7500
2400
ft
1200
ft
600 ft
300 ft
5500
4500
of perforations, stimulations, wellhead or separator pressure and tubing or choke sizes. Future pro3500
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
NODAL analysis. The intersection of reservoir IPR and flow-conduit performance curves represents estimated
production rates under specific conditions and pressures. This plot models two surface pressure conditions and
various lateral reentry drilling options.
Flowline
economic models.
Flow conduit
voir pressure defines an IPR curve for fluids flownode facing the reservoir bottomhole pressure
declines as production rates increase.
Starting from the separator and adding pressure
losses encountered in surface pipes and wellbore
tubing gives the pressure for various rates at the
IPR reservoir node. This calculation results in a
Completion
tubing intake, or flow-conduit, curve with bottomhole pressure increasing as production rate
Reservoir
Node
Winter 1997
When operators allow a local PEG to diagnose production gaps and initiate design,
execution and evaluation of services, both
parties focus on production and results. This
unique interaction ensures optimal recommendations to close productivity gaps and
application of the right services. Focusing on
production generates more revenue for both
clients and the service company. In todays
new business relationships, operators are
agreeing to share some of this added value,
and service companies are accepting some
downside risk. Having a vested interest in the
outcome of remedial actions helps the service provider better understand and meet
customer needs and expectations.
Producing Wells
Reser
Potential
Current
PEG
Fl
pe owrfo co
rm nd
an uit
ce
Pressure
voir IP
Productivity gap
Add pay
Reperforate
Acidize
Fracture
Control sand
Rate
to wellbores. Pressure drawdown at the completion is a function of flow rate. Factors that influ-
Oilfield Review
Production Gap
Solutions
Reservoir
performance
Potential
Actual
Perforate
Acidize
Fracture
Drill drainholes
Squeeze cement
Control water and gas
Mitigate fines
Perforate
Reperforate
Acidize
Sand control
Squeeze cement
zone. Poor cement may also allow communicaTools used for evaluation include perforationanalysis programs, saturation logs, ultrasonic
imaging tools, production logs and economic
analysis. Services that improve completion performance include high-performance reperforating,
sand controlgravel or fracture-packing sandcontrol jobs, squeeze cementing and acidizing.
Completion
performance
Sandface drawdown
Flow-conduit performanceWellbore
2 spf
Actual
12 spf
Potential
Flow-conduit
performance
Bottomhole flowing pressure
Actual
Potential
Winter 1997
Artificial-lift
performance
Actual
Bottomhole flowing pressure
Rod pumps
Gas lift
Submersible pumps
Operating conditions
Potential
Flow Rate
The PE opportunity. One way to increase production is by looking where oil and gas have already been found. Existing wells with
gaps in performance are the target of a focused and aggressive initiative to enhance production. The prizemore stock tank barrels of
oil and greater volumes of natural gas.
Production Enhancement
Analyze production
history
Analyze current
performance
Study enhancement
options
Evaluate PE jobs
Oilfield Review
PE Prospecting Methodology
PEG Analysis Function
Field surveillance
Well files
Experience
Identify production
anomalies through
indexing and mapping.
Search through
well information and
production histories.
Identify intuitively
obvious production
performance gaps.
Recommend and
design well testing
or wireline logging.
No
Can
unknown well
parameters be
obtained from iterative
NODAL production
history
matching
?
No
Are
there
sufficient data
in the well
files
?
Yes
Yes
Current performance
Quantify well-performance gaps
Predict maximum production potential
using validated well parameters. Analyze adding pay
zones, reperforating, acidizing, fracturing, reentry drilling,
installing or changing artificial-lift method, and modifying
flow-conduit tubulars or surface facilities.
No
Yes
Does
NODAL
analysis match
existing well
production
?
No
Enhancement options
Is
the well
performance
gap significant
?
Yes
Yes
Is
solution
related solely
to flow-conduit
or artificial lift
?
No
Oilfield Services company or integrated
solutions group designs, implements and
follows up on specific solutions and services.
Post-job evaluation
Winter 1997
Analysis complete.
had been reduced over the life of the field and pro-
m3],
or 24%
10
Oilfield Review
scale dissolver treatments to address barium sulfate deposition in the rock matrix, diverted acid
stimulations to treat calcium-carbonate scale and
fines migration, tip screenout hydraulic fracturing
and short coiled tubing drilled laterals to bypass
skin damage.
Three of the four proposed well interventions to
remove or bypass skinscale inhibitor, acid and
fracturinghave been applied, resulting in significant improvement in well productivity. Prior to
fracturing, one candidate well produced at a rate
of 700 BOPD [111 m3/d]. Three weeks after the
stimulation treatment, the well was producing
about 3200 BOPD [510 m3/d]. Scale dissolver and
acid treatments have also been successful. More
than 500 BOPD [80 m3/d] of additional oil production were realized from one well. The criterion to
begin phase three, a goal of 6000 BOPD incremental production, was achieved and surpassed.
The Amoco and GeoQuest Reservoir Technologies team is revising N.W. Hutton reservoir
descriptions and evaluating development scenarios that will increase the value of this field by
improving productivity. The proposed redevelopment includes production enhancement, well
construction and project management efforts
aimed at improving production and increasing
reserves through application of leading-edge technologies. It will be managed and coordinated by
IPM working in conjunction with the Schlumberger
Oilfield Services companies.
The organization and process were developed
jointly by Amoco and Schlumberger to create an
alliance structure and contractual provisions that
are equitable and beneficial to all parties. The
alliance approves budgets and proposals consistent
with the strategies of both the operator and the service company. Sharing financial risks and rewards
through value-pricing results in a high degree of
alignment between companies and refocuses
efforts and resources on achieving common goals.
1. Comrie P and Olsen T: A Risk Sharing Alliance Breathes
New Life into a Mature North Sea Field, paper SPE 38822,
presented at the 65th SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, October 5-8, 1997.
Winter 1997
11
to compare actual results to predicted outcomes and carefully analyze the details of
this feedback. Resultssuccesses and failuresare evaluated, reviewed with the
client and then used as additional input in
another cycle of the PEG analysis process.
Out of 100 wells, for example, a PEG
evaluation might find as many as 10 potential candidates. Successful interventions
on these wells may then generate additional
PE opportunities.
The PEG process, which is always applied
one well at a time, is used for individual single-well evaluations, but is perhaps most
successful when employed to analyze
groups of wells or a field. This allows engineers to look at a statistically significant
number of wells, which can compensate for
some unsuccessful jobs and help ensure
overall project success. Wellbore mechanical modifications on some of the wells being
evaluated may also improve production and
contribute to overall production enhancement success.
Integrated Services
Geco-Prakla
Schlumberger
Wireline &
Testing
Dowell
PEG
and client
Anadrill
GeoQuest
Cooperation and
integrated services.
Production enhancement involves a
partnership, or team,
made up of the
client and a local
PEG organization
plus applicable
Oilfield Services
companies. When
coupled with integrated service company advanced
technologies, joint
actions taken by
these groups can
significantly improve
production from
existing wells.
Sedco Forex
Why Proactive?
Candidate recognition performed proactively is the antithesis of chance occurrencewaiting until wells go off line or
drop below economic limits before initiating action. Another reason to take advantage
of PCR is synergy, those actions taken jointly
to increase overall effectiveness beyond the
sum of their individual effects. Production
enhancement efforts create a partnership, or
team, often based on a handshake agreement, consisting of the client and a local
PEG organization working together with
Schlumberger Oilfield Services companies
(above right). Cooperation between these
groups, in concert with advanced technologies and well servicing methods, can be
effectively employed to improve production
from existing wells.
With the exception of tubulars, downhole
equipment and other stock warehouse parts,
Schlumberger provides services from discovery to depletion, including seismic surveying,
data processing and interpretation, drilling,
well logging, perforating, well testing,
cementing, acidizing, fracturing, and coiled
tubing or abandonment services. And many
of these applicationscleaning out fill, perforating or reperforating, logging, interpreting
and evaluating data to find more pay, acidizing to remove damage, fracturing to create
conductive flow paths, water and gas control,
and infill, directional, horizontal or lateral
drillingare directly related to moving IPR
curves and increasing productivity.
12
Oilfield Review
21
Zone
Limited
drainage
area
Lack of
waterflood
Inadequate
stimulation
Injecting
above
fracture
pressure
Poor
artificial-lift
performance
Lower and
Fill across
pay zone
Fractured in
the direction
of another well
Possible
Yes
Comments and PE
recommendations
middle
25
Upper
Yes
36
Upper
Yes
50
Upper
Yes
Replace, resize
rod pump
Yes
Yes
104
Upper
106
Upper
148
Lower
201
Lower
Yes
Yes
Yes
or fracture stimulation
Yes
No additional potential
Possible
Possible
Evaluate stimulation
and middle
204
Lower
Possible
Yes
and middle
evaluate stimulaton
Current production
PEG prediction
NODAL
Wellhead
analysis pressure,
maximum
psig
oil rate, B/D
Target
oil rate,
B/D
Skin
1844
60
250
70
30
20
150
300
120
10
1640
180
250
62
198
25
550
400
10
11
1844
60
250
50
26
44
35
175
300
110
10
21
35
121
175
31
1844
60
250
70
25
Unkown
300
120
10
32
1160
170
375
60
15
30
130
460
110
10
33
1715
226
550
200
194
121
40
310
700
350
15
34
40
117
120
Incremental
oil
production,
B/D
Comments
and
recommendations
700
Action plans. The final product of a PEG analysis is often a simple, one-page list of wells, sometimes in spreadsheet format, with specific
solutions and recommendations about actions, services or integrated applications that need to be performed to enhance production.
Winter 1997
13
14
8%
2%
25%
65%
Reservoir
Completion
Flow conduit
Artificial lift
Typical well candidates. The majority of PE well
interventions in North America fall into the reservoir
and completion performance gap categories.
Oilfield Review
Reservoir surveillance.
Methods like porosity mapping and hydrocarbon
indexing help locate
behind-pipe production
potential in existing fields.
60
50
Unperforated
hydrocarbon
index, ft
40
40+
35 to 40
31 to 35
30
26 to 31
22 to 26
17 to 22
20
13 to 17
8 to 13
10
4 to 8
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
No gas show
5000
5000
New zone
770 Mscf/D
5100
5100
GR
0 API 150 60
SIGM
Finding new pay zones. New formation evaluation techniqueslogs and processing softwarealso locate bypassed
oil and gas. A previously undetected zone produced 770
Mscf/D [22Mscm/d] and paid out in eight days.
Winter 1997
0 API 50 60
SW
PHIC
p.u.
100
75 p.u. 100
PHIT
p.u.
Fluid
Analysis
15
Pressure, psig
3000
Offshore
Louisiana
2000
1000
Productivity gap
0
100
200
300
400
500
Market price
Estimated payout
Market price
plus 30%
Market price
less 20%
Payout time
16
Oilfield Review
NODAL Production
System Analysis Model
10000
7500
2500
Flow conduit
Productivity
gap
0
0
250
500
750
1000
NODAL Production
System Analysis Model
10000
2250
Flow conduit
750
Productivity gap
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Winter 1997
17
NODAL Production
System Analysis Model
WELL: Wilcox
LOCATION: Texas
5000
3750
1250
Productivity gap
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Production, Mscf/D
2500
2000
Venezuela
1500
1000
500
Productivity gap
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Drilling lateral drainholes. A well in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, had not produced
since 1986 because of mechanical wellbore problemsjunk in the hole. NODAL analysis
predicted 275 BOPD from a 70-ft lateral sidetrack. The well actually produced 250 BOPD
and paid out in 13 months.
18
Oilfield Review
Winter 1997
In most PEG evaluations, the overall reservoir development plan is fixed, but production enhancement may be an integral part of
more extensive reservoir management projects that are directed at optimizing field,
production and reservoir performance. Data
and results from the PE process also provide
insights and input for further detailed reservoir studies and simulation. On larger, complex projects, like the Amoco N.W. Hutton
field, production enhancement during early
stages can jump-start oil and gas production
and boost income to help generate funds for
initial remedial efforts. Efforts to improve
productivity should not be directed solely at
marginal wells, completions on the structural flanks of fields or areas with limited pay
or potential. Like fracture stimulation well
candidates, the best producers often make
the best PE prospects. Each well should be
evaluated to determine if it is producing at its
full potential.
13. Brady B, Elbel J, Mack M, Morales H, Nolte K and
Poe B: Cracking Rock: Progress in Fracture
Treatment Design, Oilfield Review 4, no. 4
(October 1992): 4-17.
Hanna B, Ayoub J and Cooper B: Rewriting the
Rules for High-Permeability Stimulation, Oilfield
Review 4, no. 4 (October 1992): 18-23.
Economides MJ, Hill AD and Ehlig-Economides C:
Petroleum Production Systems. Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, USA: PTR Prentice Hall (1994): 421456, 457-494, 495-521.
Armstrong K, Card R, Navarrete R, Nelson E,
Nimerick K, Samuelson M, Collins J, Dumont G,
Priaro M, Wasylycia N and Slusher G: Advanced
Fracturing Fluids Improve Well Economics, Oilfield
Review 7, no. 3 (Autumn 1995): 34-51.
Chase B, Chmilowski W, Marcinew R, Mitchell C,
Dang Y, Krauss K, Nelson E, Lantz T, Parham C and
Plummer J: Clear Fracturing Fluids for Increased
Well Productivity, Oilfield Review 9, no. 3 (Autumn
1997): 20-33.
14. Hill D, Neme E, Ehlig-Economides C and Mollinedo
M: Reentry Drilling Gives New Life to Aging Fields,
Oilfield Review 8, no. 3 (Autumn 1996): 4-17.
15. Ackers M, Doremus D and Newman K: An Early
Look at Coiled-Tubing Drilling, Oilfield Review 4,
no. 3 (July 1992): 45-51.
Bigio D, Rike A, Christensen A, Collins J, Hardman
D, Doremus D, Tracy P, Glass G, Joergensen NB and
Stephens D: Coiled Tubing Takes Center Stage,
Oilfield Review 6, no. 4 (October 1994): 9-23.
16. Baker A, Gaskell J, Jeffery J, Thomas A, Veneruso T
and Unneland T: Permanent MonitoringLooking
at Lifetime Reservoir Dynamics, Oilfield Review 7,
no. 4 (Winter 1995): 32-46.
Beham R, Brown A, Mottershead C, Whitgift J, Cross
J, Desroches L, Espeland J, Greenberg M, Haines P,
Landgren K, Layrisse I, Lugo J, Morean O, Ochoa E,
ONeill D and Sledz J: Changing the Shape of E&P
Data Management, Oilfield Review 9, no. 2
(Summer 1997): 21-33.
Arango G, Colley N, Connelly C, Greenes K, Pearse
K, Denis J, Highnam P, Durbec C, Gutman L, Sims
D, Jardine S, Jervis T, Smith R and Miles R: Whats
in IT for Us? Oilfield Review 9, no. 3 (Autumn 1997):
2-19.
19
Schlumberger
Products
and
services
Cost
Price
Sales
Customers
Value pricing
Schlumberger
Clients
Production
enhancement
opportunities
Customized
products
and
integrated
solutions
Costs versus solutions. Value pricing moves customers and solutions forward in the service
process. Customized solutions emphasize production not low-bid jobs and can generate
greater value for both operators and an integrated service provider like Schlumberger.
Estimated production
enhancement target
Service revenue
Risk risk-share
cap
Reward
cap
Baseline or
minimum production
Production revenue
Added value
Compensation for services
Sharing risk and value. In value-pricing arrangements, operators share the rewards,
up to a cap, from projects that enhance production, add reserves, improve efficiency or
increase service quality. For risking some service revenue, down to a limit, Schlumberger
gets a fair share of this value. Value pricing makes sense if customized solutions, differentiated from other products and services, deliver measurable savings or increased revenue.
20
Oilfield Review
Incremental production
0 to 10
MR x 0.25
11 to 20
MR
21 to 50
MR x 1.25
51 to 80
MR x 1.5
Field support
81 to 100
MR x 1.75
101 to 150
MR x 2.0
MR x [Qs/Qi]
Field
Well
Individual services
Value-based pricing and contingent payment philosophies help buyers and service
providers think, act and make decisions in
terms of value rather than price, and therefore concentrate on optimum solutions and
results instead of the lowest price tools and
services. When Schlumberger as an integrated service company is given the task of
helping operators achieve a target incremental production, NPV or return-on-investment
(ROI) in exchange for a fair share of incremental production, costs are more effectively
turned into revenue. The result is a new focus
on the outcome, production to be generated
and value that is provided instead of the cost,
or expense, of services. Focusing on production generates more revenue and, as a result,
additional value for both the client and the
integrated service company.
The service sector, now more than ever, is
able to assume more responsibility for production operations. A complete range of
Schlumberger service capabilities is available to deliver customized solutions, and
manage well construction, production
enhancement interventions, field operations,
major projects and reservoir performance
(above right). But the blurring of traditional
boundaries between clients and service
providers can be complicated. Schlumberger
believes that service companies should be
independent, maintaining consistent relationships with all clients. Actions that might
result in overlap, confusion and potential
conflicts of interest are avoided even when
sharing risks and rewards.
Winter 1997
Candidate recognition
PEGPCR
DESCPE
Reservoir studies
Well studies
Reservoir studies
Field studies
Reservoir management
Integrated project management
Integrated reservoir optimization
Integrated
solutions
21