Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
COMPOSITE CROSSTIES
Richard Lampo
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
P.O. Box 9005
Champaign, IL 61826-9005
(217) 373-6765
(217) 373-6732 (fax)
r-lampo@cecer.army.mil
Thomas Nosker
Rutgers University
Building 3529, Busch Campus
Piscataway, NJ 08855
(732) 445-3631
(732) 335-0777 (fax)
tjnosker@rci.rutgers.edu
Barry Gillespie
Norfolk Southern Corporation
Research & Tests Laboratory
110 Franklin Road, Box 77
Roanoke, VA 24042
(540) 981-4678
(540) 981-5628 (fax)
blgilles@nscorp.com
Raymond Schriks
Chicago Transit Authority
120 North Racine
Chicago, IL 60607
(312) 733-7000, Ext. 7007
(312) 432-7104 (fax)
rschriks@transitchicago.com
Number of Words
Title Page: 95
Abstract: 210
Text: 6446
Plus: 3 Figures
ABSTRACT
While wood has long been the standard material for crossties, several factors have in recent years
increased interest by the railroad community in possible alternative materials. These factors
include increased wear due to higher loads, and environmental concerns associated with
preservative chemical treatments. Several manufacturers have entered the market with a variety
of plastic composite material designs. Some of these plastic composite ties have to various
degrees been subjected to laboratory and field tests including the FAST in Pueblo, CO. Several
thousands of plastic composite ties have been installed in track, ranging from mass transit to
Class 1 revenue service applications. While these products have some performance attributes
that make them attractive alternatives to wood, they also have some properties that are somewhat
different than traditional wood materials and are not fully understood. Performance and safety
issues arising from these properties include: fracture, low tie-ballast interaction, spike-holding
power, tie plate cutting, creep (increased gage), stress-relaxation (spike loosening), and effects of
environmental exposures. This paper briefly describes the development of this new technology
and then addresses the most critical performance issues relative to the safe application of plastic
composite ties. Research needs are listed relative to the further understanding of the long-term
INTRODUCTION
Background
Since the early days of building railroads in the United States, wood has been the traditional
material used for crossties. In recent years, however, several factors related to material wear and
environmental sustainment have led to the railroad industry interest in alternative crosstie
materials. Trains now carry up to 39 tons (35,400 kg) per axle, compared to 36 tons (32,650 kg)
just a few years ago. In many cases this increased loading has accelerated the wear of wood ties.
Also, the railroad industry is closely watching environmental regulations and how they may
restrict the future use of creosote, which is needed as a preservative treatment to provide
In the early 1990s, a new industry making plastic lumber materials from recycled waste plastics
emerged in the United States. Several of these early plastic lumber manufacturers had the idea to
produce and market plastic RR ties. However, it was quickly learned that it takes more than just
a crosstie-sized block of plastic to provide proper track performance. Using grant funds from a
State of Illinois economic development program, plastic lumber RR ties made from recycled
Chicago-area short line during this period. The installation was not completely successful due to
some mechanical property limitations of the unreinforced HDPE. However, some researchers
believed the mechanical property shortcomings could be overcome with relative ease by
incorporating reinforcement elements into the recycled-plastic matrix. By the mid-1990s, at least
two independent groups were developing engineered plastic composite RR ties using recycled
HDPE mixed with other materials for property enhancements (1). Apart from mechanical
property limitations, HDPE offers both performance and environmental advantages for use as
RR crossties. Wood can be particularly troublesome in warm, moist soils, where biological
organisms can attack wood ties and greatly shortening their service life. To fight rot and insect
attack, wood ties must be pressure-treated with creosote. HDPE needs no such treatment,
however, because it is inherently resistant to rot and insects. Also, given that several million
crossties are replaced each year by the railroads, and considering the volume of plastic needed to
make each tie, considerable amounts of waste plastics could be diverted from landfills and put to
beneficial use if plastic crossties were to achieve any significant market penetration.
One of the above-mentioned groups developing plastic composite RR ties included personnel
from Rutgers University, Norfolk Southern and the former Conrail railroads, the U.S. Army
1994, this team established a set of performance target goals for both physical and mechanical
properties of plastic RR ties to serve as a guide for developing plastic RR ties for Class 1 rail
Dimensions / Appearance
• Cross-section of 7 x 9 in. (17.8 x 22.9 cm) +/- 0.125 in. (0.318 cm)
• Surface flatness to within 0.0625 in. (0.0159 cm) peak-to-peak in the area of the tie plate.
Mechanical Properties
• Under the following conditions, the track will maintain gage within + 0.125 in. (0.318
cm)
Ø Static vertical load of 39,000 lbf (173.5 kN) and dynamic vertical load of 140,000 lbf
(622.7 kN)
• A modulus of elasticity of greater than 170,000 psi (1,172 MPa).
• Exposure to diesel fuel and grease will not affect the properties by more than 10%
• Electrically non-conductive
• Surface degradation due to ultraviolet light will not exceed 0.003 in. (0.0076 cm) per year
In a little more than a decade since the first plastic ties were installed in the Chicago-area short
line railroad, several manufacturers have entered the market with a variety of plastic composite
tie designs. Generically these new plastic composite ties include such compositions as:
possible in the future as new manufacturers start competing for a share of the tie replacement
market.
In October 2000, a new Subcommittee on Engineered Composite Ties was formed under the
on Crossties to develop recommended engineering standards and practice for the use of these
new materials by the railroads. The performance goals noted above form the basis for guidance
being developed by the Subcommittee. (Please also note: while not specifically covered in the
scope of this paper, the Engineered Composite Ties Subcommittee is also responsible for
developing guidance for laminated wood and related wood-polymer composite ties.)
TIE PERFORMANCE
Laboratory Testing
Bending
Flexural tests have been performed on full-sized plastic composite ties using a modified four-
point flexural test apparatus routinely used in the railroad industry (2). The support span is 60 in.
(152.4 cm) and the load span is 6 in. (15.2 cm). Some plastic composite ties tested in this
manner have shown ultimate strengths exceeding 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa) and elastic moduli
It was determined early through laboratory testing that screw spike holding power in plastic
composite ties was comparable to that in wooden crossties. However, the results with cut spikes
in plastic ties were not as promising. Laboratory tests performed with cut spikes revealed their
holding power in plastic ties to be significantly lower than in a new wood tie -- relative pull-out
forces of approximately 3,500 lbf (15.6 kN) versus 8,000 lbf (35.6 kN), respectively. With cut
spikes being the most commonly used fasteners by U.S. railroads, including the military, this
finding raised some economic issues if it were concluded that new tie plates and fasteners would
be required in order to safely use the plastic ties. This new hardware would raise the tie unit cost
However, it was recognized that these spike-holding results were on short-term tests using new
materials not subjected to weathering and service loads. It is known that cut spikes will loosen
considerably in wood over time (3). What is not currently known is how much spike-holding
ability is actually required for different service loads, and whether (and how rapidly) cut spike
holding ability in wood and plastic ties will converge with time. Researchers continue to explore
these issues. Meanwhile, several field installations using cut spikes in plastic ties have been
In April 1996, two plastic crossties were installed in a 5-degree curve in the Facility for
Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) in Pueblo, CO. After 130 million gross tons
(MGT) (117.9 billion gross kg) of traffic at 40 mph (64.4 km/hr), one of the ties was removed for
laboratory testing. This removed tie was subjected to a rail seat abrasion test to determine the
sensitivity of the tie material to tie plate cutting. The testing machine broke down after 900,000
cycles with no evidence of tie plate cutting up to that point. Based on satisfactory performance
of the originally installed ties, 24 additional plastic composite ties were installed in March 1997.
Another performance consideration is lateral track stability. TTCI performed lateral tie push-out
tests on some of the plastic composite ties when newly installed. The maximum force needed to
push out the plastic tie was approximately 1,000 lbf (4.45 kN). This is in the range of a newly
installed wood crosstie of equivalent size. After 15 – 20 MGT (13.6 – 18.1 billion gross kg) of
traffic, a wood tie will begin to “lock” into the ballast and the lateral push-out forces will
increase to around 2,500 – 3,000 lbf (11.1 – 13.3 kN). The push-out tests performed on the
plastic ties after approximately 15 MGT (13.6 billion gross kg) showed the plastic ties to retain a
value similar to when they were first installed. Apparently the plastic composite tie is too hard
and friction resistant to achieve any appreciable mechanical locking into the ballast.
To increase the tie-to-ballast interaction and consequently increase the lateral tie push-out forces,
a checkerboard pattern was heat-embossed into the sides and bottom of ties (Figure 1). Norfolk
Southern conducted field tests using some of these embossed ties during November 1997. The
ties were installed, tamped, and ballast placed around the ties as in a conventional wood tie
installation. Up to 4,500 lbf (20 kN) force was needed to push out the ties with the embossed
pattern. This result is consistent with additional tests performed by TTCI on plastic ties in the
FAST. These results indicate that checkerboard-embossed plastic ties could have a performance
advantage over wood ties. Where new wood ties are installed, train speeds are typically reduced
until sufficient traffic has accumulated to seat the new ties into the ballast. Plastic ties with a
FAST. Some of the oldest plastic ties still in track have accumulated over 350 MGT of traffic.
A 100-tie section of plastic composite ties was recently installed in a 6-degree curve using all cut
spike fasteners. With well over 100 MGT (90.7 billion gross kg) of accumulated traffic, TTCI
Field Installations
Plastic composite ties are not only accumulating traffic at the Pueblo test center, but in revenue
and mass transit applications as well. Union Pacific has the largest number of plastic composite
ties installed of a Class 1 railroad. Most of these ties were installed using cut spikes. To date,
the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) has installed the largest number of plastic composite ties of
any railroad. Over the years, the dripping of creosote onto people and property from elevated
track has been a constant problem for the CTA. The organization was initially interested in the
plastic composite ties as a replacement for creosote-treated ties in elevated track. The CTA also
looked to the plastic ties as a way to reduce the problem of stray-current electrical corrosion of
track fasteners (and the safety hazard such corroded fasteners present). After a successful trial of
a small group of plastic ties in one of its elevated stations, the CTA decided to install plastic
composite ties not only in their elevated (open) track but in ballasted track as well. Performance
has been successful enough that procurement of tens of thousands of additional plastic ties is
currently in process. Continued growth in the use of plastic ties by all classes of railroads is
recycled-plastic composite ties in a #10 turnout (1). This installation was undertaken to
demonstrate that plastic ties could perform well in a turnout under service conditions on a
military base. This is the first known installation of plastic ties in a turnout. A variety of
fasteners was used, including Pandrol™ plates and screw spikes as well as a hybrid of 5/8 in. lag
Since being placed back into service, the turnout has been subjected to its regular traffic loadings
– some 30 moves a day in both directions by light engines alone and engines and loaded cars.
Track maintenance personnel are closely monitoring the performance of the turnout. To date, no
component failures or major problems have occurred. Two additional turnouts using plastic ties
from two other manufacturers are planned for installation at the Navy center before the end of
2001. Reportedly, TTCI is planning in the near future to install a plastic tie turnout in the Heavy
SAFETY ISSUES
Background
As established by their successful performance in track to date, plastic composite RR ties have
demonstrated that they can be used as a replacement for wood ties in many applications. Of
course, the performance history of these new materials is relatively short compared to wood ties.
The failure modes of these products in track service are not yet well known, nor are the
implications for track safety. In the fall of 1998, the U.S. Army Engineer Research and
Development Center started working with the Federal Railroad Administration to help address
safety issues that may arise with the use of plastic composite RR ties.
Based on more than 32 years of cumulative experience studying the mechanical properties of
plastic lumber and the substitution of plastic lumber for treated wood applications (including six
years specifically related to railroad ties), Lampo and Nosker have determined that the failure
modes most likely to occur with plastic-based railroad ties are as follows:
2. Fracture
4. Fire
These potential failure modes are ranked on the basis of criticality and operational safety, with
number 1 considered to be the most critical and number 8 considered to be the least critical.
Some of the failure modes listed above could be catastrophic, with essentially no early warning,
while others would be more gradual in nature. A breakout of the failure modes into these two
• Fracture
• Fire.
Gradual Failures
• Creep
• Stress-relaxation
The most undesirable failures would be the unexpected, sudden types of failures that would most
likely occur from the first item on the list: Failure to Meet Recommended Minimum
Performance Requirements. Each of the above-listed failure modes is discussed in greater detail
below in terms of safety, prospective performance issues, and future research requirements.
The previously listed minimum performance requirements were based on Class 1 freight
guidance as to what the research targets would be in terms of product performance. The
philosophy taken by the development team at that time was to develop a plastic composite tie
that could withstand the most demanding situation a tie could be expected to endure. For
example, that situation might be defined as track on a mountain curve carrying heavily loaded
coal cars. An alternative approach would have been to develop multiple specifications for
different loading conditions, but that approach was not taken because tracking different grades of
Not specifically addressed by these performance requirements were the fastener pullout
requirements for cut and screw spikes. Apparently, not much information has been collected by
the railroads to date on the required value for cut-spike fastener pullout forces for ties in service.
However, it is known that the holding power of a cut spike will decrease from the time when first
installed until some future time in service. The average value of that force, or what it should be
based on some time in-service for a given type of tie material, is not currently known. In the
interim, the performance of a screw spike is considered acceptable if the pullout force in plastic
The inability of a recycled-plastic composite tie to meet the minimum performance requirements
as described above is considered the most likely reason for sudden catastrophic failure of the
track system (resulting from excessive deflections) that may lead to a derailment. Conversely, if
the minimum performance requirements are met (while noting that they have not yet been fully
developed for cut spikes), the probability of a catastrophic failure in service is considered quite
low.
Fracture
Some plastic composite ties have been observed to form small cracks or fracture during or after
fastener installation. This effect has been most often observed to be related to the fastener
installation method (e.g., continuous ram-driven versus hand- or impact-driven methods) and
preparation of the tie (i.e., size and depth of a pre-drill). An instance of complete fracture failure
occurred in a plastic composite tie while it was being installed using standard hydraulically
operated equipment and too great a bending force was applied to the tie as it was levered under
the track.
The fracture failures described above occurred during initial tie installation. It is also possible
that plastic ties could fracture in the field under severe operational conditions, particularly in the
case of a center-bound tie and heavy dynamic loading. Derailment, with the combination of
shear and stress concentrations of the wheel flanges acting on the ties, is another possible cause
Ties are expected to interact with the ballast and provide resistance to lateral rail movement.
While a lack of sufficient interaction may not fit under the classification of a tie failure, this
factor can lead to a system failure. Tie-ballast interaction can be enhanced, as needed, by
varying the surface roughness of the bottom and sides of the plastic composite ties. As noted
previously, it has been found is that recycled-plastic ties with low surface roughness and low
mechanical interaction with the ballast do not "lock into" the ballast over the same loading
plastic ties, but it can be corrected with relative ease by fabricating plastic ties with engineered
surface patterns to increase the interaction with ballast. When this is done, single tie push-out
values, at initial installation, have gone from as low as 700 lbf (3.1 kN) for a smooth-sided
plastic tie up to 6,000 lbf (26.7 kN) for a modified surface plastic tie. In fact, the ability to easily
modify the surface pattern of plastic ties may now represent a big performance advantage
because it can eliminate the “break-in” period otherwise required for wood ties to achieve an
Fire
Plastic composite ties are combustible as are wood ties. The burn energy associated with HDPE
is approximately 19,500 BTU/lb (45,600 kJ/kg). Composite materials made with HDPE are
somewhat less dense in burn energy than the pure material. The question of whether plastic
composite ties catch fire more easily than creosote-treated wood ties has not yet been formally
studied. However, it is known is that the ignition temperature of wood ranges from 536 to 932
o o
F (280 to 500 C), according to the Wood Handbook (4). Creosote-treated ties are likely to
ignite easier than untreated wood ties. Even in their most susceptible powder form, HDPE,
polypropylene, rubber, and polystyrene materials have ignition temperatures of 770, 788, 608,
and 932 o F (410, 420, 320, and 500 o C), respectively, according to Mark’s Standard Handbook
of standards development for plastic lumber indicate that plastic lumber decking made from
HDPE does not represent a greater fire hazard than wooden decks. These experiments were
conducted with Class C burning brands placed on the deck specimens with air flowing over the
The use of rubber as a component in plastic composite ties has raised fire-related concerns
among some observers. The primary concern has been the possible release of toxic gases upon
ignition which could prove to be fatal to individuals in a confined space such as in a tunnel.
HDPE is the only insulating plastic allowed as a wire insulator in New York City subways due to
unfortunate incidents in the past related to the combustion of PVC wire coverings, one
combustion by-product of which is hydrochloric acid. It should be noted, however, that any
track fire in a confined space, involving either creosote-treated ties or plastic ties, with or without
a rubber component, would likely create a highly noxious or toxic environment. Therefore, the
verdict is still out relative to the increased hazard, if any, arising from the use of ties containing
Over long periods of time, tie plates can be observed to cut into wooden ties. In addition to
compromising the useful mechanical properties of the tie, this phenomenon changes the normal
rail cant and the associated wheel-rail interface. Heavy wheel loads and heavy traffic density can
accelerate this action by breaking the wood under the plate into small fibers. Tie plate cutting
may also occur with some of the plastic composite ties, but the toughness of HDPE is considered
It is well established that polymers are viscoelastic in terms of their mechanical properties. That
is to say, there is an immediate response by the material when stress is applied to it, followed by
mechanical interaction of covalently bonded long main chain molecules, and the time required
The long-term creep performance of any plastic composite railroad tie will obviously play a
major role in whether the rails will stay in gage over the long term. The creep in this case would
be deformation due to stresses acting to separate the rails, acting in some fashion over a long
A lateral load of up to 24,000 lbf (106.8 kN) (with train speed, track geometry, and truck
performance all playing a part in the actual service loads) will occur during the period of time
that a train is moving over the ties. This loading, coupled with the viscoelastic nature of plastics
and composites, will lead to an eventual “stretching” of the ties between the rails, increasing the
gage. Creep is not expected to be a problem in vertical loading situations, due to the low stresses
imparted by these loads (thanks to the tie plates). All of the plastic composite ties tested to date
have equal or higher compressive strengths and modulus values than oak in the vertical load
orientation, but the same is not true of the lateral load modulus orientation.
In plastics, when a fixed strain is imparted on the material, the stress decreases with time. This is
called stress-relaxation. When a spike is inserted into a tie, the tie material is displaced a fixed
amount from its original location under (mostly) compressive stress. The compressive stress
acting on the spike-tie interface, together with the coefficient of friction between these two
materials, acts to prevent removal of the spike. Over time, however, stress-relaxation will occur.
The effect is to allow easier removal of all types of spikes over time from a plastic composite tie.
This situation is undesirable because (1) the geometry of track structures can place stresses on
spikes that can act to remove the spikes and (2) spike hole elongation can lead to gage widening
material utilized in these products is HDPE, which is moisture-proof, but which does slowly
degrade under the influence of ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun at rates up to 0.003 in. (0.0076
cm) per year. Two of the composite tie formulations contain at least 60% HDPE by weight, and
have been shown to not lose any mechanical properties when exposed to cyclic moisture,
temperature, and UV radiation at levels equivalent to 15 years of exposure for wooden ties.
Durability of plastic composite ties is a key issue. If these ties are not able to provide significant
increases in durability over traditional materials, their market will likely be quite limited.
Mechanical property screening can determine if the short-term performance requirements can be
met. The experiments must include full-size flexure experiments to determine product stiffness
and strength, thermal expansion measurements, and fastener pullout experiments to compare
with wood. Unfortunately, critical fastener pullout performance numbers are not currently
available or easy to derive. Therefore, a comparison of initial performance with wood for
fastener pullout is the best that can be done at this point. Fastener performance with plastic
composite ties may be a major safety issue, so this subject calls for specific investigation and
testing.
Fracture
Tie fracture during installation cannot be simply modeled by any single material property. As
seen in the above discussion on creep and stress relaxation, plastics have rate-dependent
properties. For example, some ties have had cut spikes driven in easily with no pilot hole by a
ram over a period of a minute or so, but these same ties will fracture when a cut spike is driven in
(with no pilot hole) with a spike driver. A properly sized pilot hole will allow the spike to be
hammer driven. Since the compressive stress generated by the driven spike relaxes in plastic
with time, fracture after installation is not likely unless the tie is subjected to another rapid stress.
This is consistent with observations to date. However, if large pilot holes must be utilized in
order to minimize the probability of tie cracking during spike driving, the pullout force required
The study of fracture is complex, especially when large impacts are imparted to materials. In
these cases, fracture can occur at what seems like very low stresses as compared to a material’s
strength (as in the observed cracking of these composite ties in the field during spike
installation). This is because impact blows on an object involve traveling stress waves within an
object, and these can become multiples of the original applied stress at interfaces. It is possible
that ties could be reformulated by the manufacturers, if necessary, to reduce the sensitivity to
impact situations. A study is necessary to better assess this and other impact-related phenomena.
This property can be easily measured with the single tie push test, which yields rapid results.
This property should be measured whenever plastic composite ties are placed in field trials. Due
to the variability of the test conditions and procedures, hundreds of trials will be required to
Fire
The issue of whether plastic composite ties will catch fire more easily than creosote-treated ties
has not been systematically investigated. Experiments should be conducted to determine the
susceptibility of the ties to ignition when an open flame passes near the ties. Open flames are
sometimes used to clear overgrowth of weeds onto the tracks, and comparative experiments with
creosoted ties need to be conducted to properly assess these risks. Thermite welding and rail
heaters used during track installation and maintenance activities, as well as the use of switch
heaters, are other heat sources near ties that require consideration.
A standard experiment has been devised to determine the susceptibility of wooden ties to tie
plate cutting. This experiment can also be used to determine the susceptibility of a variety of
plastic composite ties to tie plate cutting. One problem with this test with plastic ties, however,
is that plastic material under the plate can melt or soften during the cyclic loading. This material
response is due to the thermoplastic nature of the plastic materials used in the tie, and their
highly insulative properties. Friction produced during cyclic loading creates heat, but because
the plastic cannot dissipate the heat fast enough, the material softens. When this is a problem,
the test should be modified to lower the frequency of the loading, thus giving the material a
chance to dissipate the heat before it softens. The challenge is to make such modifications that
still allow an accelerated determination of the property while avoiding a setup that is too lax to
represent the material response in actual track service. It may be possible to model the materials
and predict the performance of different formulations based on the hysteresis of the load and
a. Whether track gage will change with time, especially at track curves (from creep)
b. When spikes will become easy to pull out (from stress relaxation).
Methods to predict long-term performance (e.g., creep, stress relaxation, etc.) of virgin plastic
materials quickly in a laboratory using easily produced stress-strain data have been developed
over the past 15 years. Most of this effort has been applied to high-priced engineering resins.
Unfortunately, these results are not directly applicable to recycled-plastic composite railroad ties
because these materials are not made with traditional engineering resins and because of the
predicting long-term performance using short-term measurements for these composite members
made with commodity-grade plastics (e.g., HDPE). Such methods would enable the timely use
of much smaller safety factors in construction design than would otherwise be possible, thus
allowing the efficient use of these materials with a high degree of confidence. Improving design
efficiency without sacrificing safety will improve the cost competitiveness of these materials and
Common stress-strain experiments conducted at different strain rates (Figure 2) readily reveal the
viscoelastic properties of plastics. Plastic materials typically have a stiffness or modulus that is
different for each strain rate, with higher modulus values observed when plastics are strained
more rapidly. Also, higher stresses for a given strain (or higher strength) occur when plastics are
experiment, a constant stress is applied to a sample of material and the strain is measured as a
function of time. There is an immediate strain induced on the plastic sample at time, t = 0, and
then a delayed response that occurs with the passage of time. Figure 3a shows a typical response
for one loading stress. Higher levels of stress lead to more rapid rates of creep.
properties. In this experiment, a fixed strain is applied to a sample of material, and the stress is
measured as a function of time. As in the creep test, there is an immediate response in the plastic
material that generates an initial stress, which is followed by a time-dependent relaxation of the
material that produces lower states of stress over time (Figure 3b). Higher initial strain levels on
a given plastic lead to higher initial stress levels, and a similar family of curves can be generated
A number of problems, however, make the direct application of these types of data useless
without additional information and a significant analytical effort. The most obvious problems
• The tie materials of interest are not a pure plastic, but a polymer-based composite.
• The loading of a tie is not constant, but follows a cyclic pattern of loading and unloading.
• Stress levels in loaded ties can vary according to many variables.
• Reliable predictable methods that do not yet exist are needed since 20-year controlled
A systematic approach for dealing with these problems could include the following:
• Perform stress-strain tests at different strain rates to make sure the material behaves
• Find and validate a method to use this family of curves as a basis for predicting creep and
stress-relaxation.
• Develop a rule to account for the relaxation of the tie that occurs between loadings.
• Develop a method to predict when a tie will go out of gage based on any given loading
specifications.
Researchers at Rutgers University are working on models to develop some of these predictive
methods.
Additionally, issues of spike hole plugging and the potential applicability to plastic ties must be
studied. Different materials and techniques for plugging would also need to be investigated.
An experiment has been developed by Dr. Poo Chow of the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign to accelerate the effects of aging on wooden ties under controlled laboratory
conditions (7). This form of testing involves exposing railroad tie materials to moisture and
temperature cycles, then performing destructive mechanical property testing. A correlation has
been established with wood ties of known species that were in the field for known lengths of
time. This type of test methodology also could be used on plastic composite ties for accelerated
testing in a qualitative way, but the correlation between the laboratory and field specimens is not
likely to be the same for wood ties as for plastic ties. Three composite tie types have been tested
using this method, with two of the types showing no deterioration of properties. The other tie
result of the test. In this latter case, some component of the tie composition is evidently heat or
moisture-sensitive under the test conditions. However, how this result correlates to long-term
performance of the tie in actual service is as yet unknown. Even with this shortcoming, this type
of testing can provide important performance information on plastic composite ties and it would
be beneficial to apply this test protocol to other types of plastic tie materials. However, there is a
need to develop a similar test method that is specifically designed for plastic composite crossties.
CONCLUSIONS
The technology of plastic composite RR ties has advanced significantly over the past decade.
Successful performance of plastic ties in actual rail service demonstrates that the technology
works in various applications. Nevertheless, much is yet to be learned about the long-term
performance of these products. The most important performance issues affecting safety have
been identified. Further studies are needed to help fill gaps in knowledge and expand the
performance history database for these products. Working toward that end will help to assure the
safe, benefical application of these technologies and continued growth in their use.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following action items and investigations are recommended to promote better understanding
of safety issues related to the use of plastic composite RR crossties. These recommendations are
Arlington Heights, IL. The workshop goals were to: (a) introduce the concepts of engineered
composites, (b) introduce the different manufacturers’ composite tie products, and (c)
generate user feedback to help establish minimum requirements for use of engineered
composite RR ties in Class I, regional/short line, and mass transit applications. Given the
success of this first workshop, additional workshops are recommended to also address plastic
tie installation and maintenance procedures as well as the safety issues described in this
paper.
2. Conduct screening tests for all available plastic composite ties against the minimum
performance requirements being developed under the AREMA Engineered Composite Ties
Subcommittee. The various railroad laboratories, Rutgers University and the Construction
The results of these tests should then be made readily available to all parties considering the
including:
• Short-term performance
4. Continue to assess lateral stability performance issues with the plastic composite ties,
including a determination of how best to conduct testing, discovering features (e.g., surface
patterns)that provide the best tie performance, and studying how variations in ballast
conditions impact the results and the means of comparing such results.
6. Assess tie plate cutting and tie plate deformation (both short-term and permanent
7. Investigate fracture-in-service issues, especially for uneven ballast situations and the more
Acknowledgment is given to Mr. Mahmood Fateh, in the Office of Research at the Federal
Railroad Administration, for his support enabling the further study of the safety issues relative to
REFERENCES
Plastic/Composite Crosstie,” American Railway Engineering Bulletin, No. 760, May 1997,
Volume 98.
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Figure 1. Plastic tie with surface pattern for increased lateral stability.
.
Figure 2. Typical polymer material response to different rates of strain, (e).
Figures 3a and 3b. Graphical illustrations of material creep and stress-relaxation.
LISTING OF FIGURE CAPTIONS
Figure 1. Plastic tie with surface pattern for increased lateral stability.