Chapter Four Week 10

4/9/2014
Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Material)
JF 302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1

www.pis.edu.my
CLO 3 : Show various principles of materials testing

and material defects.
Week 10
peneraju ilmu sejagat
materials testing mechanical properties
destructive tests
non destructive tests
HARDNESS
Describe materials testing
Define mechanical properties
Hardness is the ability to withstand dents or scratches.
Describe destructive tests

Describe non destructive tests
destructive tests
Why are the top 10 strongest

materials on Earth?
Think critically 4.8
destructive tests
Why are the top 10 strongest

materials on Earth?
Wurtzite Boron Nitride

from valcanic residue
Lonsdaleite from
meteoroids
Diamond
Borazon (boron +
nitrogen)
Synthetic Rhenium
Diboride
Titanium Carbide
(ceramic materials)
Titanium Diboride
Zirconium Carbide
Boron Carbide
Alumina/ Aluminium
Oxide
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destructive tests
HARDNESS TESTING
MACHINE
Knoop
Brinell
Vickers
Rockwell
destructive tests
Match the following indenters:-
The indenter is pressed into the

metal
Softer materials leave a deeper
indentation
Hardness Test methods :
Brinell Test
Vickers Test
Rockwell Test
Knoop Test
Shore Test
destructive tests
destructive tests
BRINELL HARDNESS
TEST
Match the following indenters:Think critically 4.9
Knoop
Hardness is measured by pressing a hard steel ball into the surface of the test piece
using a known load.
Brinell
A steel ball indenter of (10, 5, 1mm) diameter, indent into the surface of a metal with
fixed load of 500kg (4.905kN), 1500kg (14.715kN) or 3000kg (29.43kN) and
remained for 10 to 15 seconds.
Vickers
Combination of load (P) and ball size (D) must be accurate to avoid distortion.
Rockwell
P = K where K is constant
D2
destructive tests
destructive tests
BRINELL HARDNESS
TEST
BRINELL HARDNESS
TEST
P = K where K is constant
D2
Surface area of indentation with diameter d (mm) indented by ball indenter D (mm)
is given by the following formula :
Typical K values are:-
Area = D [ D - (D2 d2)] mm2

2
Brinell Hardness Number (HB) given by :
HB
=
=
test load
surface area of indentation
2P
D [ D - (D2 d2) ]
4/9/2014
destructive tests
destructive tests
VICKERS HARDNESS
TEST
Diamond pyramid (6000 HB) test indentor with an angle of 136, gives an indentation
that appears as a square. Indented with static loads for 10 to 15 minutes.
Static loads applied for materials used :
Materials
Steel and cast iron
Cuprum alloys
Pure cuprum, aluminium alloys
Pure aluminium
Lead (PB), tin (St) and tin alloys
Loads (kgf)
30
10
5
2.5
1
VICKERS HARDNESS
TEST
The Vickers Hardness Number (HV) given by the formula below :

HV
=
Test loads
Surface area of the indentation
=
F (kgf)
d2 / [2 sin / 2]
where = 136
= 2 F sin 68
2
d
=
1.8544 F
d2
F = test load (kg)
d = average length of diagonals (mm)
destructive tests
Indicate the HV value for a steel with

d1= 183m and d2=209m.
destructive tests
d1= 183m and d2=209m.
d1 + d2
2
183 + 209
2
196m
196 x 10-3 mm
HV =
=
=
destructive tests
Unloaded
Minor load applied
Major load applied
Loads were released
1.8544 F
d2
1.8544 (30)
(196 x 10-3)2
1448HV/30
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
TEST
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Indicate the HV value for a steel with

d =
destructive tests
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
TEST
The indenters most commonly used are :

1. diamond cone with an apex angle of 120
2. hard steel ball by varies of diameter
Loads
d - the differentiate of indentation depth by P1 and P2
Scale
Indenter
First
Major
Total
B (ball)
Hard steel ball 1.6mm
10
90
100
C (cone)
Diamond cone with apex angle of 120
10
140
150
4/9/2014
destructive tests
ROCKWELL HARDNESS
TEST
destructive tests
KNOOP HARDNESS
TEST
Principle :
To determine the hardness over very small areas or the hardness of certain microconstituents for identification purposes.
Loads
Scale
Indenter
First
Major
Total
B (ball)
Hard steel ball 1.6mm
10
90
100
C (cone)
Diamond cone with apex angle of 120
10
140
150
Requires the use of extremely low loads, careful surface preparation of the specimen
and measurement of indentation at higher magnification.
destructive tests
KNOOP HARDNESS
TEST
Knoop indenter is a diamond ground to a pyramidal form that produces a diamondshaped indentation with the long and short diagonals by using 25g to 5kg of loads.
The indenter size is between 0.01 to 0.1mm, the length of the indent is seven times
longer than its width and almost 30 times bigger than its depth.
destructive tests
The Knoop Hardness Number (HK) given as the formula below :
The main disadvantages are the difficulty of using a

microscope to measure the indentation (with an
accuracy of 0.5 micrometre), and the time needed to
prepare the sample and apply the indenter.
=
=
Test load (kgf)

Area of spread indentation (mm2)
P
CPL2
L
= length of indentation along its long axis
Cp
= correction factor related to the shape of the
= indenter, ideally 0.070279
P
= load
KNOOP HARDNESS
TEST
The advantages of the test are that only a very

small sample of material is required, and that it is
valid for a wide range of test forces.
KNOOP HARDNESS
TEST
HK
It is suitable to test smaller and thinner specimen, brittle material such as gem stones,
carbide and glass, and to measure grain hardness in metal.
destructive tests
destructive tests
SHORE HARDNESS
TEST
Durometer is the hardness tester for shore hardness test of a material.

It measures the depth of an indentation in the material created by a given force on a
standardized presser foot.
This depth is dependent on the hardness of the material, its visco-elastic properties,
the shape of the presser foot, and the duration of the test.
4/9/2014
destructive tests
destructive tests
SHORE HARDNESS
TEST
IMPACT
Impact is the force or energy of a collision of two objects.
Toughness is a measurement of the amount of energy a
material can absorb before fracturing.
Method of measurement:
The basic test requires applying the force in a consistent manner, without shock, and
measuring the hardness (depth of the indentation).
If a timed hardness is desired, force is applied for the required time and then read.
The material under test should be a minimum of 6.4 mm (0.25 inches) thick.
destructive tests
destructive tests
IMPACT TEST
Match the correct type of impact test.

Principle :
Striking a specimen with a controlled
pendulum and measuring the energy
absorbed in bending or breaking the
specimen.
The energy value indicates the
toughness of the material.
destructive tests
Izod
Charpy
destructive tests
IZOD IMPACT TEST
Match the correct type of impact test.
1.
2.
Izod
3.
4.
Breaking by one blow from a

swinging hammer (with 162J of the
kinetic energy and 3.8m/s of
velocity).
A test piece gripped vertically at the
bottom.
The notch in the same plane as the
upper face of the grips.
The blow is struck at a fixed
position facing the notch.
Charpy
4/9/2014
destructive tests
CHARPY IMPACT TEST

1.
Breaking by one blow from a

swinging hammer (with 300J of the
kinetic energy and 5m/s of velocity).
The test piece is notched in the
middle.
The test piece is supported at each
end as a beam.
The test piece should be in
horizontal position, struck by the
hammer in the plane of symmetry of
the notch.
2.
3.
4.
destructive tests
Effect of temperature to
impact toughness
It can be seen that at low temperatures the material is more brittle and
impact toughness is low. At high temperatures the material is more ductile
and impact toughness is higher.
The transition temperature is the boundary between brittle and ductile
behaviour.
destructive tests
destructive tests
TENSILE
Tensile indicates how the material will react to forces being
applied in tension.
A tensile test is a fundamental mechanical test where a
carefully prepared specimen is loaded in a controlled manner
while measuring the applied load and the elongation of the
specimen over some distance.
What are the properties that a tensile

test can determine?
Modulus of elastic
Tensile strength
Hardness
Elastic limit
Yield strength
Reduction in area
Fracture
destructive tests
Elongation
What are the properties that a tensile

test can determine?
destructive tests
TENSILE TEST
SPECIMENS
Modulus of elastic
Tensile strength
Fracture
Hardness
Elastic limit
Yield strength
Reduction in area
Elongation
4/9/2014
destructive tests
STRESS-STRAIN
GRAPH
destructive tests
STRESS-STRAIN
GRAPH
Cup and Cone
Stress
The stress and strain initially increase with a linear

relationship (with no plastic deformation).
Gauge
length
Elastic
limit
In this region of the curve, when the stress is

reduced, the material will return to its original shape
(elastic deformation).
Necking
Limit of proportionality
Returns to original length

Gauge
length
The extension of a metal

is proportional to the
force up to the limit of
proportionality
The slope of the line in this region where stress is

proportional to strain and is called the modulus of
elasticity or Young's modulus.
Lower yield point
Load for force kN
Proportionality range
upper yield point
tensile strength
Gauge
length
Strain
destructive tests
STRESS-STRAIN
GRAPH
destructive tests
STRESS-STRAIN
GRAPH
Increasing of stress or load leads to some permanent

deformation in the specimen and the material is deformed
plastically.
The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) or

the tensile strength, is the maximum
engineering stress level reached in a
tension test.
The material will not return to its original condition when

the load is removed.
The strength of a material is its ability

to withstand external forces without
breaking in necking phenomena.
The yield strength is defined as the stress required to

produce a small, amount of plastic deformation.
Lower yield point is the minimum stress required to
produce plastic deformation.
destructive tests
STRESS-STRAIN
GRAPH
Fracture cup
material.
and
cone
of
destructive tests
Draw a stress-strain graph for this

tensile test.
The following data was obtained from a tensile test on a specimen of 10mm diameter and
gauge length 60mm.
4/9/2014
destructive tests
Draw a stress-strain graph for this

tensile test.
destructive tests
Describe creep and fatigue?

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Chapter Four Week 10

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4/9/2014

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Material)

JF 302 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY 1

CLO 3 : Show various principles of materials testing

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

materials testing mechanical properties

non destructive tests

Hardness is the ability to withstand dents or scratches.

Describe destructive tests

peneraju ilmu sejagat

materials testing mechanical properties

Why are the top 10 strongest

peneraju ilmu sejagat

peneraju ilmu sejagat

non destructive tests

Think critically 4.8

materials testing mechanical properties

Why are the top 10 strongest

non destructive tests

Think critically 4.8

Wurtzite Boron Nitride

peneraju ilmu sejagat

materials testing mechanical properties

non destructive tests

materials testing mechanical properties

Think critically 4.9

peneraju ilmu sejagat

non destructive tests

Match the following indenters:-

The indenter is pressed into the

materials testing mechanical properties

peneraju ilmu sejagat

non destructive tests

materials testing mechanical properties

non destructive tests

Match the following indenters:Think critically 4.9

materials testing mechanical properties

peneraju ilmu sejagat

non destructive tests

materials testing mechanical properties

non destructive tests

Typical K values are:-

Area = D [ D - (D2 d2)] mm2

peneraju ilmu sejagat

materials testing mechanical properties

non destructive tests

materials testing mechanical properties

The Vickers Hardness Number (HV) given by the formula below :

peneraju ilmu sejagat

materials testing mechanical properties

peneraju ilmu sejagat

non destructive tests

Indicate the HV value for a steel with

materials testing mechanical properties

Think critically 4.10

d1= 183m and d2=209m.

peneraju ilmu sejagat

Think critically 4.10

peneraju ilmu sejagat

non destructive tests

materials testing mechanical properties

non destructive tests

Indicate the HV value for a steel with