Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
IronEx II
SOFex
Bering Sea
Gulf of Alaska
Why
Study the
Ocean?
Covers ~70%
of the planet
About half of
the oxygen in
the atmosphere
is produced by
phytoplankton
Biospherical
Instruments
Our understanding of the worlds systems depends on observations of ocean color (waterleaving radiance); we infer ocean health, species composition, water quality, carbon cycling,
and trends in these variables by accurately measuring subtle changes in reflectance.
Biospherical
Instruments
Our understanding of the worlds systems depends on observations of ocean color (waterleaving radiance); we infer ocean health, species composition, water quality, carbon cycling,
and trends in these variables by accurately measuring subtle changes in reflectance.
And yet.
Legacy & current sensors, optimized for the open ocean, provide inadequate spatial/spectral resolution
90% (or more) of the satellite signal comes from the atmosphere, but existing sensors perform poorly at the
land-sea interface
We cannot currently answer fundamental questions such as:
- Is biomass increasing or decreasing in the coastal ocean?
- Are the organisms potentially harmful or toxic?
- Is the coastal ocean a sink or source for carbon dioxide?
- How are low and high latitude systems (coral reefs, the ice edge) responding to the
unprecedented changes in ocean temperature, pH, and water quality?
Biospherical
Instruments
Our understanding of the worlds systems depends on observations of ocean color (waterleaving radiance); we infer ocean health, species composition, water quality, carbon cycling,
and trends in these variables by accurately measuring subtle changes in reflectance.
And yet.
Legacy & current sensors, optimized for the open ocean, provide inadequate spatial/spectral resolution
90% (or more) of the satellite signal comes from the atmosphere, but existing sensors perform poorly at the
land-sea interface
We cannot currently answer fundamental questions such as:
- Is biomass increasing or decreasing in the coastal ocean?
- Are the organisms potentially harmful or toxic?
- Is the coastal ocean a sink or source for carbon dioxide?
- How are low and high latitude systems (coral reefs, the ice edge) responding to the
unprecedented changes in ocean temperature, pH, and water quality?
Biospherical
Instruments
Earthdata.nasa.gov/labs/worldview
Optics Primer
IOP- Inherent optical property
eg. absorption (a), scattering (b), attenuation (c)
AOP- Apparent optical property
eg. irradiance (E), radiance (L)
Ed()
remote sensing reflectance
Rrs = g
bb
a + bb
Lu
Lu()
aw
aCDOM
Ed
c=a+b
btot = bf + bb
aph
ad
bb
Fluor
Rrs()
Rrs = g
bb
a + bb
Lu
Ed
Lwn Lu + Lsky
SeaWiFS Chl a
10.0
1.0
0.1
0.1
1.0
10.0
Ocean Color is a + bb
http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEAWIFS.html
Coccolithophore
Emiliania huxleyi
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/imagelibrary/emilianiahuxleyi.html
bbw + bbp
Lu
Rrs ( )
= cons tan t
Ed
aw + a ph + adm + bbw + bbp
What were reasonably good at measuring: Chlorophyll
What we WANT TO measure:
-Water Quality
-Phytoplankton Species (such as Harmful Algal Blooms)
-Biogeochemistry
-Long-term trends
Spatial Resolution
0908
0938
1124
1204
1006
1238
Spectral Resolution
Spectral Resolution
Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
Northern Gulf of
Alaska (Copper
River area)
True Color
Chlorophyll
Metals
SST
Iron
Cobalt
Copper
Mercury
Methyl Mercury
Manganese
Nickel
Lead
Zinc
p<0.001
R2 from 0.52-0.91
Application
52
Platform
MODIS
HICO
Data Type
MASTER
Analysis Tool
spectra
Land-Sea Interface
How would you develop habitat maps for
complex coastal environments (kelp, eel
grass, estuarine waters, etc)
Team Oceans
Projects
Ship Tracking
Can we identify large vessel tracks
(could this be applied to whales?)
Hydrocarbons
There are natural hydrocarbon seeps
in the SBCcan those be detected as
oceanic or atmospheric perturbations?
Atmospheric Correction
How best to remove the atmosphere?
Imagine
.An imaging optical sensor that meets the following specifications:
A dynamic range of order 1010-1012 (~35-40 bits)
An ability to resolve over 10,000 wavebands over the visible.
A detection limit equivalent to photon flux at the 0.000001% light level
(relative to surface noon) while still resolving colors, and three orders of
magnitude more when shifted (automatically) to monochromatic mode
centered at 498 nm
A spectral response optimized for coastal, green water environments.
Logarithmic ranging
IR and UV blocking to high degree.
Dynamic focusing.
Ability to handle 104 radiance range in a single image.
Spatial resolution of 60 arc-minutes (~250 meters at 700 km altitude)
<100 msec response time
On-sensor adaptive preprocessing, coupled to advanced image processing
~ 3 cm in size
Other models available sensitive in UV, IR, polarization
The product of
3 billion years of R&D!
Reflectance (R)
The Fundamental
problem in ocean optics
is to relate the IOPs to
the AOPs.
Measuring Light
Secchi Disk
PAR (light) meter--cosine or scalar
Beam Transmissometer (beam-c)
Radiance/Irradiance meters
Backscatter meter
ac meter
Reflectance (color) meter