Micro Wave2013 - 14 FINAL1

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB
Department of ECE
2015-2016
INDEX
NAME:
S.N
o
REG.NO:
Date
of
Exp.
Name of the experiment
Date
of
sub.
Mark
s
Sta
f
Sign
EC2405 OPTICAL & MICROWAVE LAB

Microwave Experiments:
1. Reflex Klystron Mode characteristics
2. Gunn Diode Characteristics
3. VSWR, Frequency and Wave Length Measurement
4. Directional Coupler Directivity and Coupling Coefficient S parameter measurement
5. Isolator and Circulator S - parameter measurement
6. Attenuation and Power measurement
7. S - matrix Characterization of E-Plane T, H-Plane T and Magic T.
8. Radiation Pattern of Antennas.
9. Antenna Gain Measurement
St.Josephs College of Engineering/
St.Josephs Institute of Technology
IS0 9001:2008
Department of ECE
2015-2016
Optical Experiments:
1. DC characteristics of LED and PIN Photo Diode.
2. Mode Characteristics of Fibers
3. Measurement of Connector and Bending Losses.
4. Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link
5. Numerical Aperture Determination for Fibers
6. Attenuation Measurement in Fibers
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Introduction to Microwave Power Supplies, Meters and Components.
2. Reflex Klystron Mode Characteristics
3. Gunn Oscillator Characteristics
4. Measurement of VSWR, frequency and wavelength.
5. Performance characteristics of Directional coupler
6. Performance Measures of Isolator and Circulator
7. Performance Characteristics of E Plane H Plane and Magic Tee
8. Radiation Pattern and Gain Measurement of Horn Antenna
9. Power And Attenuation Measurement
10. Mode Characteristics of Optical Fiber
11. Study of Losses in optical Fiber
12. Setting up a Fiber optic Analog and Digital Link
13. Numerical Aperture Determination for Fibers
14. Characteristics of LED
EXP NO:
DATE:
INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE POWER SUPPLIES AND METERS

AIM:
To study the microwave power supplies and meters.
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROWAVE FREQUENCY
Microwaves are classified into different bands depending on the frequencies. The frequency spectrum
ranging from 1GHz to infrared region can be classified into various bands as follows.
1 - 2 GHz
L band
2 - 3.95 GHz
S band
3.95 - 5.85 GHz
C band
5.85 - 8.2 GHz
J band
8.2 - 12.4 GHz
X band
12.4 - 18 GHz
Ku band
18 -26.5 GHz
K band
26.5 - 40 GHz
ka band
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40 - 60 GHz
U band
60 - 90 GHz
E band
90 - 140 GH
N band
All the equipments and the waveguides in our lab are designed to X band. The dimensions of the
waveguide are as follows.
1. Broad dimension (or) width of the waveguide = 0.9 inch
2. Narrow dimension (or) height of the waveguide = 0.4 inch
OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY:

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Make sure that the top cap of the klystron tube is fixed in its proper position.
Remove the socket from the klystron power supply, if it is connected.
Make sure that the beam voltage switch is in OFF position.
Check whether all the knobs are turned anticlockwise except the repeller knob. It should be turned
to its maximum clockwise position.
Turn the mode selector switch to AM position.
Switch on the klystron power supply (main switch) and wait for 2minutes and then turn the beam
voltage switch to ON position
Turn the selector knob to beam voltage position.
The beam voltage knob can be varied from 200-400 volts. Set the beam voltage to 290 volts.
Turn the selector knob from beam voltage to beam current mode. The pointer in the panel meter
indicates zero milliamps because the tube is not connected to the supply.
Turn selector knob one more position right i.e. To the repeller voltage mode. The panel meter
indicates around 210-270V depending on the model of the klystron power supply.
Turn the selector knob to beam voltage position.
Without changing the beam voltage knob which is set at 290 Volts, turn the beam voltage switch
to OFF position.
Make sure that the panel meter comes down to ZERO reading and then switch off the klystron
power supply, i.e. main switch.
Connect the socket to the klystron power supply.
Now switch on the klystron power supply and once again wait for 2 minutes.
Switch on the beam voltage and now the panel meter shows 290V.
Turn the selector knob to beam current mode, the panel meter indicates a current of about 13-17
milliamps depending on the klystron tube. Turn the amplitude and frequency knobs of AM to its
mid position.
The repeller voltage knob is slowly decreased from its maximum position. The beam current also
decreases.
At a particular value of the repeller voltage a dip will be obtained in the panel meter, at the same
time the maximum amount of power can be obtained in the CRO or the power meter. This mode is
called as the first mode of reflex klystron.
Turn the selector knob to the repeller voltage position and note down the repeller voltage.
PROCEDURE FOR SWITCHING OFF

1. For switching off the power supply, first bring the repeller voltage to its maximum position.ie. Set
the repeller voltage knob in its maximum clockwise direction.
2. Then set the frequency and amplitude knobs to its minimum position . i.e. set them in the
maximum anticlockwise direction.
3. Turn the selector knob to its beam current position. Do not disturb the beam voltage knob.
4. Turn the beam voltage switch to OFF position. Wait until the panel meter shows zero reading and
then switch off the main supply.
5. Remove the connecting socket from the power supply and then bring the beam voltage knob to its
minimum position. i.e. in its maximum anticlockwise direction.
PROCEDURE FOR OPERATING GUNN POWER SUPPLY

1. Before switching ON the Gunn power supply make sure that the Gunn bias and
modulation amplitude control knobs are fully anticlockwise in order to protect the Gunn diode
from a sudden surge.
2. Connect the Gunn power supply to the Gunn oscillator with the cable having BNC connector
and then connect the pin supply to pin modulator with the cable having TNC connector.
3. Set the modulation amplitude and frequency knob in the middle position.
4. Increase slowly the Gunn bias voltage until a square waveform is seen in the CRO. Now the
Gunn diode acts as a microwave oscillator.
5. Before switching off the Gunn power supply
a. Rotate the amplitude & frequency knob to its minimum position
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Department of ECE
2015-2016
b.Decrease the Gunn bias voltage to its minimum value.

c.Switch off the Gunn power supply.
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR OPERATING SWR METER

1. Check the mechanical zero of the meter. The meter pointer should rest at '2' on the (0-2)dB
expand scale. If not adjust the mechanical zero of the meter with the help of the 'meter zero'
knob.
2. Set input selector switch for the type of the detector to be used. Either crystal or bolometer can
be used. If crystal is used it can be high or low for unbiased crystal or biased for crystal that
requires bias. (For our experimental setup, always select crystal high mode)
3. Connect the BNC-BNC cable to the input connector of the meter and to the detector used in the
experimental setup.
4. Switch on the VSWR meter.
5. Set the expand switch to NORM position. Adjust slotted line carriage for a maximum SWR
meter deflection(pointer moves to the right). Change the range selector switch and gain controls
if necessary to maintain on scale meter indication.
6. Adjust gain fine control for SWR meter indicating one on the upper numerals of the top scale.
Adjust the slotted line carriage for a minimum deflection (pointer moves to the left
7. For SWR values between 1.25 and 3.2, read the upper numerals on top scale.
8. For greater resolution of values of less than 1.25,
a. Set the expand switch to zero.
b.Adjust the slotted line carriage for a minimum deflection. Adjust the gain fine control for a
meter indication of 1.
c.Adjust the slotted line carriage for a minimum SWR deflection. Read SWR on the upper
numerals of the center scale.
9. To read SWR values greater than 3.2,
a. Rotate the range selector switch one position clockwise and read the bottom numerals of the
top scale
b. If meter indication is off-scale to the left then rotate the range selector switch one more
position clockwise and read the upper numerals on the top scale and multiply the
readings by
ten.
c. If meter indication is still off-scale to the left (for SWR values ranging from 32-100), then
rotate the range selector switch one more position clockwise and read the lower numerals
on the top scale and multiply by ten.
Dip position: When the frequency meter is rotated in clockwise or anticlockwise direction, the
pointer slowly moves towards the left from its ref. Position and the point at which the pointer
suddenly returns (turning point) is called the dip position. Then it reaches its original reference
position.
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR OPERATING VSWR METER

when connected to Load.
1Ensure that all the knobs in the power supply and VSWR meter are of minimum position
2.Switch on the Klystron power supply and wait for 2 minutes
3.Switch ON the beam switch and turn it to beam voltage position
4.Set the beam voltage at 250V
5.Switch ON the CRO and VSWR meter
6.Keep the switch SW3 at INT position
7.Adjust the repeller voltage knob (70V) so that a distorted waveform is obtained
8.The operating repeller voltage is 70 V
9.Adjust the modulating frequency and the modulating amplitude to get a perfect square wave
10.Find g from slotted section
11.Replace the defector mount with load( horn), receiver (horn) was also placed on the stand at some
distance.
SPECIFICATIONS - KPS 210:BEAM SUPPLY :
1. Voltage
220V - 400V dc
2. Current
0 - 50 mA (max)
3. Regulation 0.5% for 10% variation in the main supply.
4. Ripple
5mV rms
REPELLER SUPPLY:
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Department of ECE
2015-2016
1. Voltage - 10V -300V dc

2. Current - 0 - 1 mA (max)
3. Regulation 0.25% for 10% variation in the main supply.
HEATER SUPPLY: 6.3V ac, 1.5A
MODULATION:
INTERNAL Square wave : 800 Hz - 2000 Hz, 0 - 60V (P-P)
Saw tooth : 50 Hz - 150 Hz, 0 - 60V (P-P)
EXTERNAL Through BNC Connector
OUTPUT CONNECTION OCTAL BASE:
Pin No. 2,7 for heater
Pin No. 1
for beam
Pin No. 8
for cathode
Pin No. 5
for repeller
OPERATION VOLTAGE: 220V ac 10% 50 Hz 60 VA

IS0 9001:2008
Department of ECE
2015-2016
INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

1. KLYSTRON MOUNT:
It consists of a piece of waveguide whose one end is fitted with the flange and at the other
end a movable shorting plunger is provided. The mounting arrangement with the octal base is
provided for klystron tube
A small hole on the center of the broad wall of the waveguide is
provided through which coupling loop of the klystron tube enters into the waveguide. Maximum
power is obtained by proper tuning of the movable plunger.
2. SLOTTED LINE:
It consists of three parts. The lower part consists of four legs with adjusting screws on which a
waveguide is mounted. The waveguide has a longitudinal narrow slot on the upper surface on the
broad wall. The upper most part is known as carriage which can accommodate the tunable detector
probe. A vernier scale fixed on this carriage moves over the main scale fitted on the legs. The
detector probe extends inside the waveguide through the slot without touching the waveguide wall.
The vernier scale and the main scale facilitates the measuring of the probe position. The
characteristic impedance of the slotted line must be matched with that of main line in between which
it is to be connected.
This slotted line can be used to measure the voltage maxima and voltage minima from which
the following is calculated,
a. Load impedance.
b. Standing Wave Ratio.
c. Frequency of microwave at any point from the dominant mode.
d. Reflection coefficient.
e. Guide wavelength.
3. TUNABLE DETECTOR PROBE:

Basically the probe is a coaxial line fitted with the square law detector. BNC
connector is provided as a measuring instrument through BNC-BNC cable. The inner conductor of
the probe penetrates inside the waveguide and it also touches the detector crystal. It is used in
combination with the slotted section for various measurements.
In general probe penetration should be minimum to avoid the reflection and the
distortion in the wave propagation inside the waveguide.
4. WAVEGUIDE ATTENUATORS
FIXED ATTENUATOR:
A slab made of the absorbing material and coated with aquadag is mounted in such a way
that it can be moved from the vicinity of the wall of the waveguide where the E-field is weak and
therefore the attenuation is small to the middle of the waveguide where the effective field is
maximum and hence the attenuation is high. To minimize the reflections, the supporting rods are
normal to the E-field and are spaced odd number of quarter wavelengths apart. The ends of the
slab are tapered. A well designed attenuator has a maximum VSWR equal to 1.05. In the flap
attenuator a slab is inserted through a longitudinal slot at the middle of the broad face of the
waveguide. The value of the attenuation is dependent on frequency.
The fixed attenuator comprises of a small piece of waveguide fitted with flange on both
ends. Inside the waveguide a nonconductive plate coated with a fine layer of nichrome (resistive
plate) is fitted parallel to the narrow wall. The fixed attenuator is calibrated for rated value at the
center frequency of used frequency band. The required amount of attenuation is determined by the
position of the resistive plate with respect to the narrow wall.
VARIABLE ATTENUATOR:
The variable attenuator comprises of two basic parts, a waveguide fitted with flange at
both the ends and a resistive plate with a sliding mechanism. The resistive plate can be positioned
at any place inside the waveguide with the help of the sliding mechanism. The position of the
resistive plate can be adjusted up to the accuracy of 0.02mm. The calibration chart of the
variable attenuator is available for center frequency from
which the attenuation for other
frequencies can be calibrated.
5. DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS:
Directional coupler is a 4 port device. It is actually very close to Hybrid Tee with a
difference that in the directional coupler the transmitted power can be divided in any ratio between
the two excited ports i.e. the directional coupler samples the power from the main transmission
line. Directional couplers are basically of 2 types:
1. Narrow wall coupler
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2015-2016
2. Broad wall coupler

They are further divided into 2 types based on their method of coupling,
1. Single hole or multi hole directional coupler
2. Long slot directional coupler
If power is applied through port A, it would be transferred to port B and part of this power
will be coupled at port D but there would be no power at port C. Hence the port at which part of the
power is coupled is called as coupling port and the port where no power is received is called as
isolated port. But practically due to reflections some power always goes to isolated port and hence it
is terminated with a matched load to avoid further reflections through isolated port. The coupling
factor and the directivity are the performance measures of the DC where the coupling factor =
10log(Pa/Pd) dB and Pa is power at port A , Pd is power at port D provided power at port B & C are
terminated with the matched load. The directivity is 10log(Pd/Pc) dB.
This is used for bending the waveguide smoothly by 90 . This may be made with a change
in direction in either E or H plane. In order to keep minimum reflections it is made several
wavelengths long. These bends acts as the transformer from a high impedance in the guide to a
lower impedance in the bend itself, and then back to higher impedance at the other end of the bend.
6. E PLANE BEND :
It is often required to bend the broader wall by 90 . This E plane bend is fitted with
flanges on its both ends and hence serves the purpose of bending the broader walls by 90 . The
inside dimensions are in close tolerance to keep the reflections very low.
H PLANE BEND :
It provides 90 angular deflections of microwave power in H plane ie.the narrow wall. Here
also the waveguide is fitted with flanges on its both ends and its dimensions are maintained in
close tolerance to keep the reflections low.
7. WAVEGUIDE TWIST :
They are used in waveguide to make the orientation of guide conform to that of an oscillator
or other devices coupled to it, in order to obtain a desired plane of polarization of waves leaving the
end of the guide or in order to change the direction of the waveguide through 90 . This can be made
by filling the straight waveguide with a deformable compound or its equivalent to keep the wall
from buckling, twisting the ends through 90 and then removing the filler.
8. E PLANE TEE:
Whenever it is required to combine or split 2 or more signals, tee junctions are used. This
may be used for impedance matching of transmission line. For this purpose a movable slot is
provided at the vertical arm. The main property of E plane Tee is to equally divide both main arms in
opposite phase. Similarly when the signals are fed to the 2 ends of the main arm, the net output at the
branch will be the difference of the two.
9. H PLANE TEE:
Whenever it is required to join or split 2 or more signals, tee junctions are used. Similar to E
plane Tee, the H plane Tee can be used for impedance matching. The signals fed from branch line
will be equally divided into 2 parts at both the arms of the main line with same phase and vice versa.
10. MAGIC TEE OR HYBRID TEE:

It is a combination of E plane Tee and H plane Tee. When all the 4 arms of a magic Tee are
matched properly there will be no direct transmission between the series and the parallel arm. If power
of equal amplitude and same in phase is fed through the parallel and series arm, then the power
leaving from one of its side arm will be the sum of total power while the power leaving from another
side arm will be zero and vice versa. It is used in transreceivers in telecommunication systems as an
isolator or developing device. It can also be used as adjustable phase shifter or line stretcher.
11. WAVEGUIDE DETECTOR MOUNT OR CRYSTAL DETECTOR:

The crystal is mounted such that it provides a complete dc path for rectification without
upsetting RF field. The mount must not constitute a mismatch. Therefore a diode at a distance of
quarter wavelength from the short circuited end of the guide is attached to the top wall of the
waveguide via a halfwave choke. This can be used for detection of microwave power as well as for
mixing microwave signals at the input stage of the receivers. The output signals can be coupled
through a BNC connector.
12. FREQUENCY METER (WAVE METER):

This is a reaction type frequency meter in which a resonant cavity of very high Q factor is
coupled to the main waveguide line through a small hole or slot. The size of the cavity is varied by a
plunger moved by a micrometer or other mechanism. This movement is calibrated at the dial of the
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plunger moving system. Since the cavity impedance is in series with the load a dip in the load power
occurs at the resonant frequency of cavity (equal to RF signal). The magnitude of dip depends on
the value of Q of the cavity. It is designed such that for a particular position of plunger, the cavity is
resonant at a single frequency. Even if the frequency of the wave is away from the resonant
frequency of the cavity at a particular position of plunger, the transmission is not affected.
13. TUNERS:
They are used for matching the transmission line with the load which decreases VSWR.
To achieve this either resistive or reactive component is used.
SLIDING SCREW:
It consists of a screw whose penetration in waveguide can be adjusted and is mounted on a
carriage. This carriage along with the screw can move over the main guide (broad wall) longitudinally
for more than half guide wavelength on the broad surface. A narrow slot is provided throughout
its length. At any longitudinal position of the carriage the screw can be precisely penetrated upto a
desired depth. They have the effect of shunt capacitance up to quarter the depth and remaining will
be inductive. Due to slot in the guide wall some power leaks through it and basically this is a
disadvantage of this component.
EH TUNER:
This is a combination of movable tuner and EH tee. It comprises a EH tee whose E & H
arms are provided with movable shorting plunger. The reactance presented by E & H arms depends on
the position of respective short circuiting plungers in the 2 arms. The reactance offered by EH
tuner is adjustable over a wide range. Since there is no slot or opening, there is less power loss.
14. THREE PORT CIRCULATOR OR ISOLATOR:

It consists of a ferrite prism mounted inside a three port junction and is biased by a
dc magnetic field, provided by a permanent magnet situated on the top and bottom of the junction.
It works on the theory of Faraday rotation effect. The direction of an arrow indicates the direction in
which the transmission will take place without much loss of power. The two parameter of the
circulators are isolation and insertion loss. Isolation is defined as the ratio of power in dB at the input
port to the isolated port. Insertion loss is defined as the ratio of the power in dB at the output port to
the input port. A three port circulator may be converted into isolator by terminating the isolated port
using a standard termination.
15. HORN ANTENNA:

The directional properties of the antenna are represented in terms of the
radiation pattern and the gain of horn antenna. The gain of pyramidal horn is given by g =
2ab / where a and b are the broad and narrow dimension of the waveguide. The radiation
intensity in the given direction is the power radiation from the horn per unit solid angle in that
direction and radiation efficiency is the ratio of power radiated to the total power supplied to the horn.
The power gain in a given direction is 4 times the ratio of radiation intensity in that direction to the
total power delivered to the horn.
16. MATCHED TERMINATION(LOAD):

It is capable of absorbing the incident energy without appreciable reflection. A tapered
resistance strip mounted at one end of the waveguide with the suitable support has a good match over
broad frequency band. The greater power dissipation can be obtained by coating the resistance strip by
aquadag material. The microwave power is converted to heat by the absorbing elements, and the heat
is dissipated by thermal radiations. The end of the waveguide is terminated by a metal block to
prevent the leakage of the microwave power to the atmosphere.
17.MOVABLE SHORT-PRECISION SHORT:

It is used as a variable impedance or a tuning element in the measuring equipment. It consist
of a movable short at one end of the waveguide with the special shorting plunger and the other end
consist of a flange. The plunger can be moved by means of a precision spindle. The spindle is
moved to and fro by means of either a knob or by a micrometer. The first one is known as
movable short and the latter one is known as precision short. Precision short is used for very fine
adjustment of the plunger.
18.COAXIAL TO WAVEGUIDE ADAPTOR:

In microwave circuits it is frequently required to change the transmission system from
coaxial to waveguide or vice versa. The adapter is designed in such a way that the standard
rectangular waveguide is first changed to ridged waveguide, and this latter waveguide is then
connected to coaxial line. The center conductor of the coaxial line extends into waveguide and is
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Department of ECE
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parallel to the E field of the wave. The other end of the coaxial line can be connected to any N type of
male connector for transmission into coaxial line.
19.PIN MODULATOR:
A pin diode is used in the pin modulator. The pin diode when operated at microwave
frequencies, conducts in both the direction due to its structural qualities. It can offer two impedance
states to the microwave signals. The diode when reverse biased approaches to open circuit or high
impedance & when forward biased a short circuit or a low impedance.
In the pin modulator this pin diode is fitted in the center of the broad wall and a TNC female
connector is provided to connect it with the power supply. A microwave power absorbing material is
fitted inside the waveguide after the pin diode and towards the load. This material absorbs the
reflected wave from the load towards the modulator and thus protects the pin diode from damage.
An arrow mark on this component indicates the direction in which the transmission line has to be
connected towards the load.
20.GUNN OSCILLATOR:
It uses the Gunn diodes. They are two terminal semiconductor devices made of Germanium
arsenide. It is also called as transferred electron diode(TED). It operates in the region of negative
resistances. In transistors the electrons are warm, but in Gunn diode very hot electrons are involved
i.e. it has a greater thermal energy.
The Gunn oscillator utilizes this Gunn diode which works on the principle that when a DC
voltage is applied across a sample of n type Germanium arsenide the current oscillates at microwave
frequency. This diode is placed inside the waveguide at the center of the broad wall and parallel
to narrow wall. It is fitted with a BNC connector for biasing the diode from the Gunn supply. It is
also provided with a suitable heat sink. At one end of the waveguide a flange is fitted and at the other
end a short is placed to form a resonant cavity. This cavity can be tuned to any resonant frequency.
A shorting plunger is moved inside and outside by a micrometer adjustment. A calibration chart is
provided for each Gunn oscillator in which the frequency versus micrometer readings are given to
know the Gunn oscillator frequency. The operating voltage is around 10 volts.
RESULT:
Thus the Microwave Power supplies, Meters and components are studied.
EXP NO:
DATE:
REFLEX KLYSTRON MODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:
To determine the following characteristics of the given reflex klystron tube,
1. Output Voltage Vs repeller voltage
2. Microwave frequency Vs repeller voltage
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply, Klystron mount with tube, Klystron mount, Isolator, Frequency meter,
Detector mount, CRO
THEORY:
The reflex klystron makes use of the velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron
beam in to microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed through
the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and finally reflects the electrons and
the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose an RF field exists between the resonator ,the
electrons traveling forward will be accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes in
the amplitude. The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded
electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need different time to
return, due to change in velocities. As a result returning electrons group together in bunches. As the
electron bunches pass through resonator they interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches
pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed by the voltage then energy will be delivered
to the resonator and klystron will oscillate .
PROCEDURE:
1.Set up the connections as shown in the block diagram and obtain the oscillations as described
in the general procedure.
2.Adjust the slotted section for obtaining maximum power output. Note the maximum power at the
output. Also note the corresponding repeller voltage.
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3.The microwave frequency at this power is obtained by rotating the frequency

Meter. When a dip is seen in the CRO stop rotating the frequency meter and note down the
frequency.
4. Note down the peak-to-peak voltage in the CRO which corresponds to the microwave power.
5. Switch back to the beam current mode by changing the position of the selector knob.
6. Now slowly increase and decrease the repeller voltage in order to note down the characteristics on
either side of the maximum power output.
7.Note down the power on either side of the maximum output power. Also note the corresponding
frequencies by turning the frequency meter. Also note down the corresponding repeller voltage by
changing the selector knob to the repeller voltage mode.
8.Switch back to the beam current mode. Adjust the repeller voltage on both sides of the maximum
power at which the microwave power is zero.
9.Note down the corresponding repeller voltage by switching the selector knob to the repeller
voltage mode. Then switch back to the beam current mode.
10. Further decrease the repeller voltage slowly to get the oscillations in the CRO. This is the second
mode of oscillation of the reflex klystron.
11.Find the corresponding microwave frequency and repeller voltage by adjusting the frequency
meter and selector knobs respectively. Repeat these set of readings on either side of the maximum
power and also at zero positions on either side of the maximum power.
12.Once again slowly decrease the repeller voltage to obtain the third mode of oscillations of reflex
klystron and note down the frequencies and repeller voltages
at maximum, minimum and
intermediate positions as mentioned above. A graph is drawn between the repeller voltage (X axis)
and output power (Y axis). Another graph is drawn between the repeller voltage and the microwave
frequencies (Y axis).
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Klystron
power
supply
Klystron
mount
with tube
Cathode ray
oscilloscope
Variable
attenuator
Isolator
Frequency
meter
Slotted
section with
probe
Detector
mount
MODEL GRAPH
Repeller voltage Vs output voltage
Repeller Voltage Vs Frequency

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TABULATION:
Mode
Repeller
Volts
Voltage
in Output Voltage
milli Volts
in Frequency in GHz
II
III
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of the given reflex klystron tube is analyzed and the graphs are plotted.
VIVA QUESTION:
1. List the advantages of Reflex klystron over multi-cavity klystrons.
2. Define drift space of a klystron tube.
3. Why should the repeller voltage be more negative than the beam voltage in a single cavity
klystrons?
4. What is meant by velocity modulation?
5. What is the maximum electronic efficiency of a Reflex klystron?
EXP NO:
GUNN OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS
DATE:
AIM:
1. To determine the characteristics of the Gunn Diode:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Gunn power supply, Gunn oscillator, Pin modulator, Isolator, Frequency meter, Slotted section with
probe, Detector mount, VSWR meter, Power Meter
THEORY:
The gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors which has two conduction bands separated by an energy gap. A disturbance at the
cathode give rise to high field region which travels towards the anode. When this field domain reaches
anode it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving towards anode and
so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode to anode (transit time) give oscillation
frequency.

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Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage. We have used a PIN
modulator for square wave modulation of the signal coming from gunn diode . A measure of the
square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth.
Threshold Voltage: It is defined as the voltage at which the current starts decreasing. It is also
called as peak voltage.
Valley Voltage: It is the voltage at which the negative resistance region ends.
Peak current: It is the current corresponding to peak voltage.
Valley current: It is the current corresponding to the valley voltage.
Negative resistance: It is the reciprocal of the slope of the negative resistance region of the Gunn
diode.
PROCEDURE:
For Determining the Parameters:
1. Set up the connections as shown in the block diagram. Switch on the Gunn power supply and Gunn
bias voltage.
2. Increase the Gunn bias voltage in steps of 0.5V using bias voltage control knobs and Note down
Gunn bias voltage.
3.Read the corresponding current in the panel meter of the power supply by switching the selector
knob from voltage mode to current mode. Repeat this till the maximum allowable Gunn bias voltage
(10V).
Note: Before switching the Gunn power supply make sure that the initial conditions are as explained
in the general procedure. In any case the Gunn current should not exceed 450mA. The Gunn diode
characteristics is obtained by drawing a graph between Gunn bias voltage in the X axis and Gunn
current in the Y axis. From this characteristics curve the following parameters can be obtained.
For Determining the FREQUENCY VS VOLTAGE:

1. Switch ON the Gunn power supply and Gunn bias supply.
2. By slowly increasing the bias voltage select a voltage which is just above the
Threshold voltage.
3. Note down the corresponding Gunn bias voltage.
4. Adjust the slotted section to obtain the maximum output from the oscillator.
5. Rotate the frequency meter and when a dip is obtained in CRO note down the corresponding
frequency.
6. Increase the Gunn bias voltage in steps of 0.5V using the bias voltage control knob.
7. Repeat this to the maximum allowable Gunn bias voltage.
For Determining the POWER VS VOLTAGE:

1. Repeat the above steps from 1-3.
2. Increase the Gunn bias voltage in steps of 0.5V and note down the Corresponding output voltage in
the CRO which corresponds to the power Output from the Gunn oscillator.
3. A graph is drawn between the Gunn bias voltage(X axis) and the Microwave frequency(Y axis).
Another graph with the Gunn bias voltage (X axis) and the output voltage(Y axis) is drawn. These 2
curves give the Gunn oscillator characteristics.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
VSWR
meter
Gunn
power
supply
Gunn
Oscillator
Isolator
Pin
modulator
Variable
attenuator
Frequency
meter
Slotted
section with
probe
CRO

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Detector
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TABULATION:
V - I Characteristics
SL
NO
Gunn
Bias Gunn bias SL NO
Voltage in volts current in
mAmps
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10
21
11
22
Gunn Bias Gunn

Voltage
in current
volts
mAmps
bias
in
Frequency Characteristics
Gunn bias Frequency
Sl no
voltage(V) In Ghz
MODEL GRAPHS
Freq (Ghz)
Voltage ( V)

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RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of the Gunn diode are analyzed and graphs were plotted.
Threshold Voltage=
Negative Resistance=
Viva Question
1. What is meant by TEDs?
2. What are the various materials used for Gunn diodes?
3. List difference between transistor and TEDs
4. Why are electrons very hot in TEDs?
5. What is the value of Saturated drift velocity of electrons in a semiconductor?
EXP NO:
DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF VSWR, FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH

AIM:
To measure the frequency and wavelength of the microwave source in free space and
waveguide practically.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Gunn power supply, Gunn oscillator, Pin modulator, Isolator, Frequency meter, Slotted section with
probe, Detector mount, VSWR meter, Power Meter, CRO
THEORY:
The gunn oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors which has two conduction bands separated by an energy gap. A disturbance at the
cathode gives rise to high field region which travels towards the anode. When this field domain
reaches anode it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving towards
anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode to anode (transit time) give
oscillation frequency.
Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage. We have used a
PIN modulator for square wave modulation of the signal coming from gunn diode.
A measure
of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth.
PROCEDURE:
VSWR Measurement:
1. Obtain the oscillations as described in experiment No.1.
2. Adjust the slotted section to get the maximum output power.
3. Connect the probe to the VSWR meter.
4. Keep the knob in the normal position, select the suitable dB range and take the third knob to the
200
point.
5. Keep the gains coarse and fine control in minimum position.
6. Adjust the gain control knob and bring the needle to point to1 on the normal VSWR scale (top most
scale). This is normalizing the meter.
7. Move the slotted section in one direction , the needle moves into the scale and at one point a
kickback occurs
8.The point of kick back is the VSWR reading.
Frequency and wavelength measurement:
1. Obtain the oscillations as described in experiment No.1.
2. Adjust the slotted section to get the maximum output power.
3. With the help of the frequency meter find the dip in CRO and note down the corresponding
frequency. This frequency is known as free space frequency.
4. Move the slotted section along the slot to find the first minimum power (measured with the voltage
in the CRO).
5. Record the position as X1, using the slotted section scales calibrated in centimeter.
6. Move the slotted section to obtain the second minimum power. Record its position as X 2.
7. The difference between X 1 & X2 will be g /2. From this waveguide wavelength can be
determined
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8. Using the value of the broad dimension of the wave guide and the waveguide wavelength can be
calculated theoretically using the equation where is free space wavelength.
9. Find the free space wavelength and waveguide wavelength for different values of gunn oscillator by
adjusting the micrometer fitted at one end of the gunn oscillator.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
VSWR
Meter
TABULATION:
Gunn
oscillator
micro
meter
reading
(cm)
Frequency
from
frequency
meter
fo (GHz)
Free space
wavelength
o (cm)
Position
of first
minimum
point
X1 (cm)
X1 X2
Position
of second (cm)
minimum
point
X2 (cm)
Practical
g (cm)
Theoretical
g (cm)
MODEL CALCULATION:
o = C / fo
C = 3 x 1010 cm
g = 2 (X1 X2)
1/ g 2 = 1/ o 2 1/4a2
Where a=2.24 cm.
RESULT:
Thus the VSWR, frequency and wavelength of the microwave is measured.
VSWR =
Theoretical g (cm) =
Practical g (cm) =
VIVA QUESTION:
1. What sensors are used for power measurements?
2. What is free space wavelength?
3. What are the difference between guided wavelength and free space wavelength
4. What do you mean by standing wave ratio?
5. What is the relationship between specimen length and frequency?

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EXP NO:
PERFORMANCE
COUPLERS
DATE:
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
DIRECTIONAL
AIM:
To measure the coupling factor and directivity of the given direction couplers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply, Klystron mount with tube, Klystron mount, Isolator, Detector mount, CRO,
Power Meter, Directional Coupler , 3dB,10dB.
THEORY:
A directional coupler is a four port component in which two transmission lines are coupled in
such a way that the output at a port of one transmission depends on the direction of propagation in the
other. In a two hole directional coupler, the energy in the main guide flows from left to right. In the
first hole a small portion of the energy is coupled to wave guide 2 and divides in to two equal parts a
and b traveling in the two directions. After o / 4, main energy is again coupled into the second guide
through hole 2 and divides in to two halves c and d. b and d add in phase. c is already delayed by /2
and has to travel another /2 to reach a. Total phase shift is radian and so a and c cancel out, with
the result the coupled energy in guide 2 will travel only from left to right. The main parameters of the
directional coupler are coupling factor and directivity.
Coupling Factor
The coupling factor of a directional coupler is the ratio of the input power to the coupled
power. Thus C= 10 log 10 (PA / PD)
Therefore if the power out of arm d is 1/100 of the power output in to the arm A, the
component is 20dB coupler .If the power out of the arm d is 10/100 of the power in to arm a the
component is 10 dB coupler. Similarly if the power out of arm d is 50/100 of the power into arm a, the
component is 3 dB coupler.
Directivity
A measure of the performance of a directional coupler is directivity. This is defined as the
ratio, expressed in dB, of coupled backward power. Thus,
Directivity = 10 log 10 (PB / PA)
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the power supply. Obtain the oscillations as per the general procedure.
2. Keep the repeller voltage at some fixed level.
3. Without connecting directional coupler, measure the power output (P A) at crystal detector (Input
power is DC)
4. Repeat the same for various repeller voltages.
5. Now connect the directional coupler after the slotted section. Port A of the DC is connected to the
slotted section.
6. The auxiliary arm B should be terminated with a matched load.
7. Since port D is closed permanently, power is measured at port C. The coupling factor is 10logP A/PC.
The direction of the coupler is now reversed. The power at port C is measured for different values of
repeller voltage (Pi)
8. Directivity is given by 10logPA/Pi
NOTE: Measurement may take using Power meters and CRO.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
Measurement using VSWR
Beam voltage = ------v, Beam current = ------mA, Repeller Voltage = ------v
Input power = --------w
DC
3dB
Coupled Power in db
10dB
RESULT:
Thus the coupling factors and Directivity for the given directional couplers were measured.
Coupling Factor=
Directivity=
VIVA QUESTION:
1. List the different types of directional couplers.
2. Bring out the differences between a directional coupler and a magic Tee.
3. Define the two performance factors of directional couplers.
4. List out any two applications of Directional Coupler.
5. Give the formula for calculating directivity.
EXP NO:
DATE:
PERFORMANCE MEASURES OF ISOLATOR AND CIRCULATOR

AIM:
To measure the isolation and coupling factors of the isolator and circulator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Power Meter, Isolator, Circulator
THEORY:
Circulator
It consists of a ferrite prism mounted inside a three port junction and is biased by a dc
magnetic field, provided by a permanent magnet situated on the top and bottom of the junction. It
works on the theory of Faraday rotation effect. The direction of an arrow indicates the direction in
which the transmission will take place without much loss of power. The two parameter of the
circulators are isolation and insertion loss. Isolation is defined as the ratio of power in dB at the input
port to the isolated port. Insertion loss is defined as the ratio of the power in dB at the output port to
the input port. A three port circulator may be converted into isolator by terminating the isolated port
using a standard termination.
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Isolator
An ideal Isolator allows complete transmission between its two ports in one direction of
propagation while no transmission occurs in the other direction. Thus isolators are one way
transmission devices. Isolators or Uniliners as the name suggest, when used between the generators
and Load network allow maximum, available power to be delivered to the load and yet reflections
from the load do not get transmitted back to the generator output terminals.
PROCEDURE :
1. Obtain the oscillations from microwave source.
2. Without connecting the passive device find the input power using power meter.
3. Without disturbing the setup connect the given passive device.
4. Connect the passive device with one of the collinear arm towards source and another arms with
detector mount.
5. Close the other collinear arms using matched termination
6. Note down the power output at collinear arms using power meter.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
Isolator Measurements
Input
Port 1 (
Port 2 (
Output
Port 2 (
Port 1 (
Circulator Measurements
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Input
Input
Input
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RESULT:
Thus the coupling and attenuation factors of the isolator and circulator were measured.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by isolator?
2. Define insertion loss & isolation of a microwave isolator.
3. What is meant by circulator?
4. Why isolators and circulators are called as non reciprocal devices?
5. Explain a typical application of a circulator.
EXP NO:
DATE:
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF E PLANE,H PLANE AND MAGIC TEE
AIM:
To measure the coupling factors of the given power splitters(E plane, H plane and Magic Tee).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Power Meter, E plane, H plane and Magic Tee
THEORY:
E Pane Tee
Whenever it is required to combine or split 2 or more signals, Tee junctions are used. This
may be used for impedance matching of transmission line. For this purpose a movable slot is
provided at the vertical arm. The main property of E plane Tee is to equally divide both main arms in
opposite phase. Similarly when the signals are fed to the 2 ends of the main arm, the net output at the
branch will be the difference of the two.
H PLANE TEE:
Whenever it is required to join or split 2 or more signals, tee junctions are used. Similar to E
plane Tee, the H plane Tee can be used for impedance matching. The signals fed from branch line will
be equally divided into 2 parts at both the arms of the main line with same phase and vice versa.
MAGIC TEE OR HYBRID TEE:

It is a combination of E plane Tee and H plane Tee. When all the 4 arms of a magic Tee are
matched properly there will be no direct transmission between the series and the parallel arm. If power
is of equal amplitude and in phase is fed through the parallel and series arm, then the power leaving
from one of its side arm will be the sum of total power while the power leaving from another side arm
will be zero and vice versa. It is used in transreceivers in telecommunication systems as an isolator or
developing device. It can also be used as adjustable phase shifter or line stretcher.

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PROCEDURE :
1. Obtain the oscillations from Microwave source.
2. Without connecting the Tee find the input power using power meter.
3. Without disturbing the setup connect the Tee section.
4. Connect the Tee with one of the collinear arm towards source and another arms with detector
mount.
5. Close the other collinear arms using Matched Termination
6. Note down the power output at collinear arms using power meter.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
Beam voltage = ------v, Beam current = ------mA, Repeller Voltage = ------v
Input power = --------w
E Plane Tee & H Plane Tee
Collinear arm 1
Collinear arm 2
Collinear arm 1
Collinear arm 2
E Plane Tee
H Plane Tee
Magic Tee
Magic Tee (Port 3 input)
Magic Tee (Port 4 input)
RESULT:
Thus the coupling factors of the given power splitters are measured
VIVA QUESTION:
1. List out the different types Tee Sections.
2. What is the difference between E plane and H plane Tee?
3. Why we call E plane Tee as the Summing ARM?
4. What is the difference between Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Devices?
5. Give the application of power splitter.
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EXP NO:
2015-2016
DATE :
RADIATION PATTERN AND GAIN MEASUREMENT OF HORN

ANTENNAS
AIM:
To find the radiation pattern and gain of the horn antenna .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Antenna: Pyramidal Horn
THEORY
If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end then there will be radiation from
this end. In case of a rectangular wave guide, it presents a mismatch of about 2:1 and it radiates in
many directions. The match will improve if the open wave guide is horn shaped. The radiation
pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or power intensity as a function aspect angle at a
constant distance from radiating antenna. This pattern consists of several lobes such as main lobe and
it is normally to keep the power in Side lobes and back lobe as low as possible. The power intensity at
the maximum of main lobe compared to the power intensity achieved from an imaginary omni
directional antenna with same power fed to antenna is defined as gain of antenna.
The angle between 2 ports on a main lobe where power intensity is half the maximum
power is called 3db bandwidth. The transmitted power P t and the received power P r can be measured
from which gain of an antenna can be calculated. When transmitting and receiving antennas are
identical with gain G then
Pr = Pt 2G2/(4 **S)2
Where S is distance between 2 antennas, o is wave length G = [(4 **S)/ 0] (Pr/Pt)
PROCEDURE
1. Obtain oscillations using given microwave sources.
2. Tune the slide screw tuner for maximum output.
3. Adjust the receiver terminal in such a way that the angle between transmitting and receiving
antennas is zero ie. Line of sight.
4. Tune the microwave source for maximum output.
5. Obtain full scale deflection at a convenient range.
6. Tune receiving horn to the left in 5 steps up to 50 and note corresponding Voltage values.
7. Repeat the above steps by moving the horn towards right and note the readings.
8. With the help of polar plot draw the radiation pattern.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Klystron
power
supply
CRO
Horn Antenna
Klystron
mount
with tube
Variable
Attenuator
Isolator
Frequency
Meter
Slide
Screw
Tuner
Detector
Mount
TABULATION:
SL NO
ANGLE
IN OUTPUT VOLTAGE
DEGREES
IN VOLTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
RESULT:
Thus the radiation pattern of given antenna was plotted and gain is calculated.
Gain =
VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is radiation pattern?
2. Define isotropic radiator.
3. Define HPBW.
4. What is radiation resistance?
5. List out the different types of horn antenna.
EXP NO:
DATE :
POWER AND ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To measure the attenuation using power measurement of the given component.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Power Meter, fixed attenuator , any passive component, 3dB,10dB.
THEORY: The attenuator is a two port bi directional device which attenuates some power when
inserted into the transmission line. The attenuator consists of a resistive vane inside the wave guide to
absorb microwave power according to its position with respect to the side wall of the wave guide. As
electric field is maximum at centre, in TE 10 mode, the attenuation will be max if the vane is placed at
the centre of the wave guide. Moving from centre towards the side wall attenuation decreases. In the
fixed attenuator the vane position is fixed whereas in variable attenuator its position can be changed
by the help of micrometer.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE :
1. Obtain the oscillations from microwave source.
2. Without connecting the passive device find the input power using power meter. This is P 1
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3. Now connect the given passive device or attenuator.

4. Note down the power output as P2 .
CALCULATION
The difference between P1 and P2 is the attenuation.
RESULT: The attenuation given by the device is --------------db.
VIVA QUESTION:
1.What is an attenuator?
2.What is power meter?
3. Define isolator.
4.What is variable attenuator?
5. What is frequency meter?
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
EXP NO:
DATE:
MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL FIBER

AIM:
To study the mode characteristics of single mode and multimode optical fibers and to study
the V numbers .
THEORY
CORE DIAMETER CALCULATION :
Calculation of SST-ST-PC-3-A Patchcord Core diameter
Manufacturers specify the mode field Diameter rather than core diameter for describing the single
mode fiber .Single core diameter of single mode fiber is needed Vnumber calculation ,it can be
calculation from the typical values of cutoff wavelength and NA of fiber which as given below
V = 2 * * NA /
Where,
is LD lasing Wavelength
NA is the Numerical Aperature of the fiber
a is the core Radius of the fiber
Core Radius a = V * / ( 2 * * NA )
For Single- Mode Operation V should be <= 2.405 .substituting the value of cutoff wavelength of the
fiber = 1260nm and NA of the fiber = 0.12
the core radius becomes ,
a = 2.405 * 1260 *10-9 / (2 * * 0.12 ) = 4.0190602 m.
Core Diameter = 2 *a. = 8.03812040m.
Calculation of SST-ST-PC-3-C Patch cord Core diameter
Substituting cutoff Wavelength of the fiber as 600nm and the NA of the Fiber as 0.12 the core radius
becomes,
a = 2.405 * 600 *10-9 / (2 * * 0.12 ) = 1.91384 m.
Core Diameter = 3.82768m.
V Number Calculation
Calculation of V number of SST-ST-PC-3-A patchcord at source wavelength is 650nm
V= (2* *a*NA)/wavelength of the source
where ,
is LD lasing wavelength 650nm or HeNe source wavelength
NA =0.12
a=4.0190602m
Calculate Vnumber of the fiber and find out the number of LP modes supported by the fiber using
relationship between the normalized frequency V and LP modes.
Calculation of V number of SST-ST-PC-3-C patchcord at source wavelength is 650nm
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Use above mentioned formula for Vnumber calculation of SST-ST-PC-3-C .Substitute core radius a
as 1.91384 m and NA as 0.12.Calculate Vnumber of the fiber and find out the number of LP modes
supported by the fiber using relationship between the normalized frequency V and LP modes.
Calculation of V number of ST-PC-3 patchcord at source wavelength is 650nm
Use Vnumber formula and substitute core radius a as 25 m and NA as 0.20 Calculate Vnumber of
the fiber.
The multimode fiber output with single mode fiber, the multimode fiber output can be directly seen
on white screen as shown in fig 1.
RESULT
Thus the Mode characteristics of single mode and multimode optical fibers V numbers are studied .
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are VNumbers in single mode fibers?
2. What are VNumbers in multimode fibers?
3. Define the various modes in optical fiber.
4. What is a He-He Laser Source?
5. What is Normalized propagation constant?
EXP NO:
DATE:
STUDY OF LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER

AIM:
To measure the bending loss in plastic fiber for different wavelengths of radiation as 950nm
and 660nm.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Power supply , Setting up for analog link (Kit-1-Transmitter Kit-2 Receiver),
20
MHz
Dual Trace Oscilloscope, 1 & 3 Meter Fiber Cable.
THEORY:
Optical fibers are available in different variety of materials. These materials are usually
selected by taking into account their absorption characteristics for different wavelengths of light. In
case of optical fiber, since the signal is transmitted in the form of light, which is completely different
in nature as that of electrons, one has to consider the interaction of matter with the radiation to study
the losses in fiber. Losses are introduced in fiber due to various reasons. As light propagates from one
end of fiber to another end, part of it is absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part
of the light is reflected back or in some other directions from the impurity particles present in the
material contributing to the loss of the signal at the other end of the fiber. In general terms it is known
as propagation loss. Plastic fibers have higher loss of the order of 180 dB/Km. Whenever the
condition for the angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to
refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more
is the loss. Another loss are due to the coupling of fiber at LED and photo detector ends.
PROCEDURE:
1. Refer to Fig 1 and make the following connections.
2. Slightly unscrew the cap of IR LED SFH 450V (950nm) from Kit-1. Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap and assure that the
fiber is properly fixed. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
3. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to Kit-1& Kit-2 while connecting this,
ensure that the power supply is OFF.
4. Connect the on board signal generator between the AMP Input and GND posts in Kit1 to feed
the analog signal to the amplifier.
5. Keep the signal generator in sine wave mode and select the frequency = 1KHz with
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amplitude = 2 V p-p is fed as an input.

6. Switch on the power supply.
7. Check the output signal of the amplifier at the post AMP output in Kit-1.
8. Now rotate the optical power control pot p1 located below power supply connector in Kit-1 in
anticlockwise direction. This ensures minimum current floe through LED.
9. Short the following posts in Kit-1 with the links provided.
Fig.1
CALCULATION:
ATTENUATION LOSS
=Attenuation Loss
P1/P2 = V1/V2 = e (L1+L2) =
BENDING LOSS:
TABULATION:
BEND DIAMETER (cm)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
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RESULT:
Thus the bending loss in fiber optic cable in measured and the attenuation is calculated
=
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What does signal attenuation determine?
2. What is the effect of distortion in an optical fiber?
3. Define signal attenuation
4. How is absorption caused in a fiber.
5. What are atomic defects?
EXP NO:
DATE:
SETTING UP A FIBER OPTIC ANALOG AND DIGITAL LINK

AIM:
To set up an 850 nm fiber optic digital and analog link and to plot its frequency response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:Power supply , Setting up for analog link (Kit-1-Transmitter Kit-2 Receiver),
20
MHz
Dual Channel Oscilloscope ,1 Meter Fiber cable
THEORY:Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically, a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The
transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical (light)
energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium, which carries this energy to
the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as
originally fed to the transmitter.
PROCEDURE:SETTING UP FIBER OPTIC ANALOG LINK
2. Slightly unscrew the cap of IR LED SFD 450V (950nm) from kit-1. Do not remove the cap
from the connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap and assure that the
fiber is properly fixed. Now tighten the cap by screwing it back.
3. Connect the power supply cables with power polarity to Kit-1 and Kit-2. While connecting
this, ensure that the power supply is OFF.
4. Connect the 1KHz on board sine wave mode and select the frequency of 1KHz with
amplitude of 1V p-p as an input.
5. Switch on the power supply.
6. Check the output signal of the amplifier at the post AMP output in Kit-1.
7. Now rotate the optical power control pot P1 located below power supply connector in Kit1 in
anticlockwise direction. This ensures minimum current flow through LED.
SETTING UP FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL LINK
2. Connect the power supply to the board.
3. Ensure that all switch faults are OFF.
4. Make the following connections.
a. Connect the function generator 1 KHz square wave output to the emitter 1s input.
b. Connect the fiber optic cable between the emitters output and detectors input.
c. Connect detector 1s output to the comparator 1s input.
d. Connect comparator 1s output to AC amplifier 1s input.
5. On the board switch emitter 1s driver to digital mode.
6. Switch ON the power.
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7. Monitor both the inputs of comparator 1. Slowly adjust the comparator bias. Reset until DC
level on the input lies midway between the high and low level of the signal on positive input.
8. Observe the input to emitter with output from AC amplifier 1 and note that the two signals are
same.
Fig.1
SETTING UP FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL LINK
Emitter circuit
Detector circuit
Comparator
Function
Generator
1 KHz
Gnd
AC amplifier
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Department of ECE
2015-2016
Circuit
Fig.2
TABULATION: for analog link

Input Vi =
Freq=
FREQUENCY
(Hz)
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
(V)
TABULATION: for digital link

Input Voltage
(V)
GAIN = 20 log (Vo/Vi)

(dB)
Output Voltage
(V)
MODEL GRAPH:
Gain(dB)
Freq(Hz)
RESULT:
Thus the fiber optic analog link was set and frequency response was plotted.
Analog Bandwidth =
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why do we prefer digital transmission rather than the analog transmission?
28
IS0 9001:2008
Department of ECE
2015-2016
2. Define BER.
3. What are the requirements of an optical receiver?
4. What are the requirements for a preamplifier?
5. Why do we prefer Tran impedance preamplifier rather than high impedance preamplifier?
EXP NO:
DATE:
NUMERICAL APERTURE DETERMINATION FOR FIBERS

AIM:
To measure the numerical aperture of the plastic fiber provided with the kit using 660 nm
wavelength LED.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Power supply, Numerical Aperture measurement Set up, 1 meter fiber cable, NA JIG Ruler.
THEORY:
Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is
totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the rotation
of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should
strike the fiber end within its cone of acceptance, else it is refracted out of the fiber core.
Consideration in a Measurement:
1. It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable and the
distance from the launched point and the cable be properly selected to ensure that the
maximum amount of optical power is transferred to the cable.
2. This experiment is best performed in a less illuminated room.
PROCEDURE:
1. Refer to fig.1 and make the following connections.
2. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap by
screwing it back.
3. Now short the jumpers as shown in the jumper diagram.
4. Connect the power cord to the kit and switch on the power supply.
5. Insert the other end of the fiber into the numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white
sheet facing the fiber. Adjust the fiber such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the
fiber.
6. Keep the distance of about 10mm between the fiber tip and the screen. Gently tighten the
screw and this fix the fiber in the place.
7. Now observe the illuminated circular patch of light on the screen.
8. Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters MR and PN as
indicated in the figure.
9. Mean radius is calculated using the following formula r =(MR + PN)/4
10. Find the numerical aperture of the fiber.

29
IS0 9001:2008
Department of ECE
2015-2016
Fig 1: optical Numerical Aperture kit
Fig 2 : optical illuminating stand

TABULATION:
S.
Diameter
NO. (cm) D
Radius (cm)
r

Fig 3 : illuminated surface
Height (cm)
h
NA= r/(h2 + r2)1/2
30
=sin -1(NA)
IS0 9001:2008
Department of ECE
2015-2016
RESULT:
Thus the numerical aperture of the plastic fiber was measured using 660nm wavelength LED
and the values was found to be as NA =
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
State Snells Law.

Give the refractive index expression for step index fiber.
What is critical angle of incidence?
Give the refractive index expression of a graded index fiber.
Define Numerical Aperture of a step index fiber.
EXP NO:
DATE:
CHARACTERISTICS OF LED
AIM
To determine the characteristic of an LED .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
a. OFT power supply
b. A digital multimeter
c. LED module -850nm (or) 1300nm.
d. Fibre optic power supply.
e. Fibre adapter-plastic (850nm).
f. ST adapter for meter (for 1300nm GF).
g. 1.25m plastic fibre(for 850nm PF).
h. 1m ST-ST patch cord.
i. LED MODULE ,850 nm Kit
KIT DIAGRAM LED MODULE ,850 nm
THEORY
LED is the vital part in a fiber optic communication link .It forms the Electrical-Optical
section of the transmitter in any link .In LED module the injection current through an 850nm/1300nm
fiber optic LED is varied and there by its characteristics are studied .The injection current through the
LED is controlled using a multi-turn potentiometer ,which enables the user to have a control it .the
module needs an external DC power supply to operate .The LED module is provided with appropriate
monitoring posts for taking the necessary measurements.
LED Module Setup: The LED module mainly consist of a fiber optic LED for which the
characteristics will be studied, a multi-turn potentiometer for varying the current through LED, a high
precision resistor for calculating the current.
CALCULATION:
Conversion Efficiency, = Po
-------where
IF
31
IS0 9001:2008

Po- Output Power and
IF
Department of ECE
2015-2016
- Forward current
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Optical Fibre Trainer power supply properly to the module using the DIN-DIN
cable provided with the power supply .Turn the multi-turn pot to its minimum position and
switch ON the module .
2. Measure the voltage V1 across the resistor R1 (180ohms for 850nm PF or 150ohms for
1300nm GF-mm)and calculate the current through the LED I F which is given as IF = V1 /
180 , for 850nm PF. Now measure the voltage V LED across the LED and note down.
3. Remove the dummy adaptor cap from the power meter PD exposing the larger area photo
detector. Mount the bare fiber adaptor-plastic over the PD .Carefully hold the LED source
very close to the photo-detector window perpendicular to it to couple all the optical power
from the LED to the power meter .Now without changing any voltage or the potentiometer,
measure the optical power output P of the LED.
4. Calculate the power in mW and note it down which is given as
Po = 10 P/10 . Turn the
potentiometer clockwise direction slightly towards the maximum till you get a convenient
reading V1 and repeat the step 1 to 3 and tabulate them as shown.
4. Repeat step 4 and note down several readings till the potentiometer reaches it maximum
position and plot the graph for VLED Vs IF and IF Vs Po.
6. Calculate the E-O conversion efficiency of the LED from the plotted graph I F Vs Po.
which is given as
= Po / IF
TABULATION:
S.No
V1 (volts)mv
IF (mA)
POWER
In db
Po
(mw)
V LED
(mv)
MODEL GRAPH
RESULT:
Thus the V-I and P-I characteristics of LED are analyzed and plotted.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Give some application of LED.
2. What is used to control the LED current ?
3. What are the two optical wavelength?
32
IS0 9001:2008
Department of ECE
2015-2016
4. What is injection carrier?

5.What is power meter in optical measurement?

33
IS0 9001:2008

Micro Wave2013 - 14 FINAL1

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EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

Name of the experiment

EC2405 OPTICAL & MICROWAVE LAB

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE POWER SUPPLIES AND METERS

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY:

PROCEDURE FOR SWITCHING OFF

PROCEDURE FOR OPERATING GUNN POWER SUPPLY

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

b.Decrease the Gunn bias voltage to its minimum value.

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR OPERATING SWR METER

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR OPERATING VSWR METER

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

1. Voltage - 10V -300V dc

St.Josephs College of Engineering/

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE COMPONENTS

3. TUNABLE DETECTOR PROBE:

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

2. Broad wall coupler

10. MAGIC TEE OR HYBRID TEE:

11. WAVEGUIDE DETECTOR MOUNT OR CRYSTAL DETECTOR:

12. FREQUENCY METER (WAVE METER):

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

14. THREE PORT CIRCULATOR OR ISOLATOR:

15. HORN ANTENNA:

16. MATCHED TERMINATION(LOAD):

17.MOVABLE SHORT-PRECISION SHORT:

18.COAXIAL TO WAVEGUIDE ADAPTOR:

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

REFLEX KLYSTRON MODE CHARACTERISTICS

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

3.The microwave frequency at this power is obtained by rotating the frequency

Repeller Voltage Vs Frequency

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

GUNN OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS

St.Josephs College of Engineering/

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

For Determining the FREQUENCY VS VOLTAGE:

For Determining the POWER VS VOLTAGE:

St.Josephs College of Engineering/

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

Gunn Bias Gunn

St.Josephs College of Engineering/

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

MEASUREMENT OF VSWR, FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

St.Josephs College of Engineering/

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

St.Josephs College of Engineering/

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

PERFORMANCE MEASURES OF ISOLATOR AND CIRCULATOR

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

MAGIC TEE OR HYBRID TEE:

St.Josephs College of Engineering/

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

RADIATION PATTERN AND GAIN MEASUREMENT OF HORN

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

POWER AND ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT