y 22

dA Rd R sin d R sin d d sin d d

4
2

Horizontal component
FRx

dF i pdA i pdAsin cos

p h

h y1

FRx 2

y2 y2
y
cos 2 sin 2 cos d d
4
2
2

y2 y2
cos
2 2

y1

1 1 cos

2 sin

9810

9810 2

4 2

sin cos d d

sin 2 cos d cos d

1 cos 2 sin

9810

sin 2 sin 3

2
3

9810

cos d cos d

cos d
0

9810 2 cos d 9810 sin 2 9810 1 ( 1) 2 (9810)

2

FRx 6164
. kN

horizontal force to the left

Alternately:
- 28 -

FRx p Ax h Ax 9810 (1 1) (1) 2 6164

. kN

Vertical component
FRy

dF j pdA j pdAcos
A

y2
y

2 cos
2
2

y1

d d

sin 2 cos3

3
2

1 1
d 9810
3 3

9810 2

9810 2
9810 2

3
3
2 2

FRy 20.55 kN

Alternatively:
FRy

9810 2

y 22

cos sin
4

2 cos cos sin d d

FRy

FRy

1 4 y
V 2
2 3 2

3
1 4
1 20.55 kN
2 3

9810

Line of action of horizontal force

y ' j FRx i

y j p dA cos sin i d d

- 29 -



y ' FRx k k 2

y '

9.81

p y sin 2 cos d d

2 cos cos sin

6164
.

y ' 0159
.

2 cos sin

sin2

cos 2 sin 2

y ' 0.159

y ' 0159
.
8

d cos d

cos2 sin 2 d cos d

sin 2 2

1 cos4
2

2 sin 3 sin4

3
8
32

cos d
0

0159
.


. 1 1
sin 2 0159

8
8
4
2

cos d 0159
.

y ' 0.125m

Alternatively:
1
Ix
y
y 0.125
2
yA
4 2 1
4

y Cp y

F=?

ro
- 30 -

Problems
1. A thin hemispherical shell of weight, G = 50N and radius, r0 = 0.075m is used to close a hole
in a container that is filled with water, at 20oC, to a height, h = 0.45m. Determine the vertical
force, F, necessary to lift the shell.

2. A quarter-cylindrical weir of weight, G=40kN, of width, b = 10m, and of radius, r0 = 2m, is

pin-supported at B and touches a step at C. The centre of gravity of the weir is a distance,
S = 0.85m from B. The curved surface of the weir is wetted by water as shown. Determine the
reaction forces at B and C.
(The density of water is 1000kg/m3)
ro

G ro

= /4
C

3. A cylindrical hole in the bottom wall of a container is closed by using a sphere of radius r0
and weight G. Determine the force with which the sphere is pressed against the wall.

Ans. F

15
ro3 G
8

- 31 -

h = 4ro
ro

ho
G

ro/2

Determination of the metacentric height for roll about the longitudinal axis

.M

M : Metacentre

. .G
B . .B

.G
.B

FB

(a) equilibrium position

(b) new equilibrium position

G: Centre of gravity in the equilibrium position

G: Centre of gravity in the displaced position
B: Centre of bouyancy in the equilibrium position
B: Centre of bouyancy in the displaced position
: roll angle
- 32 -

Roll of the boat is caused by moving a weight P across the deck

movement of P in turn caused B and G to shift to B and G, respectively

0:

GM

FB cos GM tan P cos x 0

Px cot
Px
;FB W GM
tan FB
W

Note: W includes P
Determination of the Metacentre and the Metacentric height before boat construction
Need shape of hull of boat for this.
--consider a two-view drawing of a boat

.M

dA
O
z

ytan

Plane of
Floatation
z

.G
.B

.
. .B

G
z
B

(i) equilibrium position

(a) crosssection

(ii) Position after displacement

through a small angle,

.dA

- 33 -

B: Centre of bouyancy
G: Centre of gravity
M: Metacentre
Assumptions:
vertical equilibrium is undisturbed
total weight of boat remains unaltered no volume change volumes of cross-hatched areas
are equal

NOTE:
Oy and Oz axes move with boat as it displaces
Ox is not necessarily the axis of rotation
The entire immersed volume, V , may be considered as being made up of elements like (see (ii)
above)
dA

Plane of
Floatation
z

y-coordinate y 0 of B (centroid of immersed volume) in the equilibrium position

gV y 0

g z dA y

note :

If the liquid is homogeneous y 0

z dA dV

1
zdA y
V A

(1)

zdA y 0 for a symmetrical immersed volume since elemental volumes will be at equal
A

but opposite distances from the axes of symmetry

y-coordinate y after displacement and the consequent movement of B to B
- 34 -

(see (ii) above)

ytan

z
z

gVy

g y z y tan dA

and for a homogeneous liquid,

y

1
y z y tan dA
V A

(2)

(2) - (1) V y y 0 A y 2 dA tan

note:

y
A

dA second moment of area of plane of flotation about 0

x

V y y 0 I x tan

(3)

For small displacement (up to about 8o),

y y 0 BM tan

V BM tan I x tan

.M

.
B . .B
G

BM I x / V

Metacentric Radius

Metacentric height:

GM BM BG

- 35 -

( y y0 )

GM

Ix
BG
V

NOTE: for stability analysis of pitching (i.e. stern up, bow down or vice versa),
Iy should be used instead of Ix in the above.
EXAMPLE
Would the block in the figure below be stable in the position shown? Show your calculations.
Stability
about the
x
longitudinal
(x) axis
L=3H
W=2H

H
H
water

GM

3
Ix
3H 2 H
H
H
BG

GM 0 block is unstable in roll

V
12 H 2 H 3H 2
6

Stability about the transverse (y) axis

2 H 3H
H H
GM
BG

GM 0 block is stable in pitch

V
12 H 2 H 3H 2
4
Iy

- 36 -

Particle
at time t

Particle at time (t + dt)

V dV

r'

V V x , y , z, t

V
V
V
V
dV
dx
dy
dz
dt
x
y
z
t

V dx V dy V dz V
dV

dt
x dt
y dt
z dt
t

DV
Dt

V
t

Material
or
Substantial

vx

V
V
V
vy
vz
x
y
z

Local

Convective

V
DV

V V
Dt
t

Eulers Equation of Motion

Restriction: fluid is invicsid and incompressible (i.e. Flow is ideal)
no shearing stresses pressure forces are the only surface forces
Consider the surface and body forces acting on a fluid element

- 37 -

dy

pdydz

dz
x

p
dx dydz
x

dx

(specific body force

vector)

- 38 -

Newtons Second law applied in the x-direction

p
Du
f x dV pdydz p
dx dydz dV
x
Dt

f x dV

fx

p
Du
dV dV
x
Dt

1p
Du

x
Dt

(1)

Similarly, for the y- and z-directions:

fy

1p
Dv

y
Dt

fz

(2)

i , j & k,

Multiply (1), (2) and (3) by

1 p
D
i fx i

iu
x
Dt

1p
Dw

z
Dt

(3)

respectively

(4)

1 p
D
jf y j

jv
y
Dt

(5)

1 p
D
kf z k

kw
z
Dt

(6)

Add (4), (5) and (6)

1 p p p
D
i f x jf y kf z i
j
k
i u jv kw

x
y
z
Dt

1

D V
f p
V
V V

Dt
t

If the body force is due to gravity alone,

f y U p gy

V
1
gy p
V V

Alternately,

f g

- 39 -

where U p g y


or

V
1
g p
V V

p g
V V
t

Example
A cubical box, 1 m on a side, half-filled with oil (S.G. = 0.8) is given a constant horizontal
acceleration of 0.2g. Determine the slope of the free surface and the pressure along the bottom
of the box.

Steady-state, free-surface
ax = 0.2g

1m

At steady-state, fluid can be treated as a solid body (i.e. no bulk relative motion)
Eulers equation is applicable (fluid is inviscid)

p g a

p
g x a x
x

p
g y a y
y

p
g z a z
z

- 40 -

ay = az = 0,

gx = gz = 0,

p
0.2 g
x

P P x , y

gy = -g, ax = 0.2g

p
g 0
y

dP

p
0
z

P
P
dx
dy
x
y

Pfree surface = Patm = const

dPfree surface = 0

P P dy
x
dx dy 0
x y
dx surffreeace P
y

02. g
dy
02.
free
dx surface
g
dP a x dx gdy P a x x g y const

At x = 0, y = 0.5 + b, P = Patm
Patm g 0.5 b const
const Patm g 0.5 b

P a x x g y g 0.5 gb Patm

b 0.5tan(180 ) 0.5

sin(180 )
sin
0.5
0.5tan
cos(180 )
cos

b 0.5 0.2 0.1 m

- 41 -

P a x x g y g 0.5 0.1 Patm 0.2 gx g y g 0.6 Patm

At the base, y = 0
Pbase 0.2 0.8 (9.81) x 0.6 0.8 (9.81) 101.3

Pbase 106 157

. x
Problems
1. A tank, 6m long, 2m wide and 3m deep, containing water to a depth of 1.5m, is accelerated at
a rate of 3m/s2 in a direction making an angle of 30o with the horizontal. Find the maximum
pressure in the tank.
2. An open rectangular container contains water to a depth of 600mm when at rest. the
container is subjected to the components of acceleration shown. the box is sufficiently high to
prevent spillage. In motion, find
900

6 m/s2
600

.A 300B..C 450
1.5 m/s2

a) the depth of water at the left-hand side;

b) the depth of water at the right-hand side;
c) the pressure at point A;
d) the pressure at point B;
e) the pressure at point C.

- 42 -

3. An open-top cubical box 1m x 1m x 1m is half filled with water, and then subjected to
horizontal and vertical components of acceleration ax=5m/s2 and ay=2m/s2. Find the force on the
front face (i.e., the leading side) of the box.

.A
2m

.B

4. A closed tank of water is rotated about a vertical axis (see the figure), and at the same time
the entire tank is accelerated upward at 4m/s2. If the rate of rotation is 10 rad/s what is the
difference in pressure between points A and B (pB-pA)? Point B is at the bottom of the tank at a
radius of 0.5m from the axis of rotation, and point A is at the top on the axis of rotation.

5. A tank of liquid (S=0.80) that is 1ft in diameter and 1ft high (h=1ft) is rigidly fixed (as
shown) to a rotating arm having a 2-ft radius. The arm rotates so that the speed at point A is
20ft/s. If the pressure at A is 30psf, what is the pressure intensity at B?
diameter

B
h

liquid

.A
r

- 43 -

ay = 2 m/s2

1m

ax = 5 m/s2

0.5m

yf

Steady-state level

Solution to #3
above
-no relative motion in fluid at steady-state
Eulers equation is applicable
Euler:

p g a

ax = 5 m/s2
gx = gz = 0

ay = 2 m/s2
gy = -g

az = 0

P P x , y

x-direction: x g x a x
p

y-direction: y g y a y

p
5 (i )
x
p

g 2
y

- 44 -

(ii )

z-direction: z g z a z
dP

p
0 (iii )
z

P
P
dx
dy
x
y

Pfree surface = Patm = const

dPfree surface = 0

x 5 5
dy
04234
. tan

free
dx surface P g 2 1181
.
y
dP 5 dx 11.81 dy P 5 x 11.81 y const (vi)

1
0.4234
tan
0.2117 m,
2
2

At x 0,

yf

1
b ( 0.5 0.2117) 0.2883
2

1
b (0.5 0.2117) 0.7117 m,
2

P Patm

Patm 5 0 1181
. 0.7117 const

const Patm 8.4052

Pabs 5 x 11.81 y Patm 8.4052
Pgauge 5 x 11.81 y 8.4052

At front face, x = 1 m, y = yf = 0.2883 m

Force acting on an element of area of the front face:

dF pdA pwdyi

0.2883
dF i
1 5 8.4052 1181
. y dy
0

- 45 -

1181
. y2
F i 5 y 8.4052 y

0.2883

0.491i kN

- 46 -